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Reprint from ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, Vol. 70. January 1989 - Spasticity: Quantitative Measurements as a Basis for Assessing Effectiveness of Therapeutic Intervention

Reseach Mission is to advance neuromuscular functional assessment using objective measurements of muscle tone, strength, and gait. Goal: To apply innovative techniques to facilitate improved treatment strategies and research evaluation.Our work includes measurement of neuromuscular and musculoskeletal function and dysfunction, with emphasis on quantification of the interrelationships of muscle tone, strength, and gait related to medical diagnosis such as: *Cerebral Palsy*Parkinson's Disease*Spinal Cord Injury *Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis*Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus*Obesity*Normal aging *Stroke*Transverse Myelitis*Traumatic Brain Injury

A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health. MedlinePlus will direct you to information to help answer health questions. MedlinePlus brings together authoritative information from NLM, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations. Preformulated MEDLINE searches are included in MedlinePlus and give easy access to medical journal articles. MedlinePlus also has extensive information about drugs, an illustrated medical encyclopedia, interactive patient tutorials, and latest health news.

The Johns Hopkins Medicine Brain Science Institute's (BSi) mission is to solve fundamental questions about brain development and function and to use these insights to understand the mechanisms of brain disease

Mission at the American Medical Association is to promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health

For most children, a clear sign that a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is not working is a painful headache. Because Braden could not communicate his pain to me, I quickly had to learn to look for other symptoms.

I am a twenty-eight-year-old woman with spastic Cerebral Palsy. This means that I have very tight muscles and heightened muscle tone, which makes walking difficult. As a result, I use a wheelchair to be mobile. By looking at me, the only way to tell there is something wrong is my wheelchair. Most who know me do not call attention to my physical limitations; they simply make accommodations to include me in whatever they may be doing at the time. I am a very smart and driven individual. If I were able to walk, there would be absolutely no difference in you or me.

Most children have a preconceived notion that every day of summer should be exciting and adventurous. Children with special needs are no exception. As parents, we feel an obligation to provide our children with memorable summer breaks, without breaking the bank! Determining how to manage that day-to-day challenge can be exhausting for parents of a special needs child, especially when you factor in possible accessibility issues that may arise for children in wheelchairs or with mobility challenges.

Cyanonosis / cyanotic article and definition in relation to seizures at Medline Plus, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and NIH National Institutes of Health

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Definition at Medline Plus, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and NIH National Institutes of Health

New England Journal of Medicine abstract of study to evaluate the effects of induction of moderate hypothermia in infants who had perinatal asphyxia. Study concluded that Induction of moderate hypothermia for 72 hours in infants who had perinatal asphyxia did not significantly reduce the combined rate of death or severe disability but resulted in improved neurologic outcomes in survivors. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN89547571 [controlled-trials.com] .)

This notebook is intended to aid primary care providers in their pursuit of optimal care, well-informed patients, and healthy families.Content: This site is derived from a peripheral brain collection of medical notes and is divided over 4316 topics within 616 chapters and 31 subspecialty books. Information is gleaned from reputable sources, referenced where possible, taken from lectures and workshops, peer reviewed articles and bulletins, and key texts.

Mayo Clinic is the first and largest integrated, not-for-profit group practice in the world. Doctors from every medical specialty work together to care for patients, joined by common systems and a philosophy of "the needs of the patient come first." Mayo Clinic is governed by a 33-member Board of Trustees.

National Institute of Health NIH, National Library of Medicine PubMed article Abstract: Defining cerebral palsy: pathogenesis, pathophysiology and new intervention. The focus of this paper is to explore antenatal antecedents as etiologies of CP and the impact of obstetric care on the prevention of CP.

"The focus of the study is on the plentiful neurons that communicate with each other through the neurotransmitter glutamate. While glutamate is a necessary excitatory substance in the nervous system, in excess, it overstimulates and becomes toxic - excitotoxic - to neurons. Fortunately, neighboring astrocytes can mop up the excess via molecular transporters embedded in their outer membranes. The chief transporter is a protein called EAAT2. Earlier Rothstein's group showed that astroglia - and their EAAT2 protein - are critical for normal neuron activity. In test rats whose astroglia lack the EAAT2 equivalent there's not only a flood of toxic glutamate but a resulting neuron death that leads to paralysis."

2009 School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Study to investigate the risk factors associated with Cerebral Palsy

Central Nervous system at MedlinePlus - A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine - Definition - Brain components -

Abdominal ultrasound at MedlinePlus - A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine - Definition and description of Abdominal Ultrasound Procedure

National Library of Medicine - National Institute of Health - PubMed Article Abstract: Floppy infant syndrome - Review - On long-term follow up, cerebral palsy and mental retardation turn out to be the 2 most common causes of FIS. This review focuses on neuromuscular causes of FIS. With the advent of molecular diagnosis, a few conditions can be diagnosed by DNA analysis of the peripheral lymphocytes (myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy); however, for the most part, electrodiagnostic studies and muscle biopsy remain as essential diagnostic tools for FIS.

National Library of Medicine - National Institute of Health - PubMed Abstract - Brain magnetic resonance imagine in suspected extrapyramidal cerebral palsy; observations in distinguishing genetic-metabolic from acquired causes