Authentic Science Research 2013-2014

There are several different ways to test antibiotic resistance. The category is Diffusion methods. About 1mil of a solution is used and bacteria growth is observed. The second is Disk diffusion method which uses an agar plate. The antibiotic is placed in a ring outside the bacteria and if the bacteria grows outside of the ring it is resistant to the antibiotic, if it doesn't the antibiotic works. There are other methods such as the E-Test, which involves a plastic strip and varying strengths of an antibiotic; Genotypic Methods, which allows testing for a specific mutation; and other more expensive methods of testing.

There are several different ways to test antibiotic resistance. The category is Diffusion methods. About 1mil of a solution is used and bacteria growth is observed. The second is Disk diffusion method which uses an agar plate. The antibiotic is placed in a ring outside the bacteria and if the bacteria grows outside of the ring it is resistant to the antibiotic, if it doesn't the antibiotic works. There are other methods such as the E-Test, which involves a plastic strip and varying strengths of an antibiotic; Genotypic Methods, which allows testing for a specific mutation; and other more expensive methods of testing.

Antibiotic Resistance is a real problem plaguing healthcare. To prevent antibiotic from never working, steps need to be taken now. For example, patients should not save medicine for the next time they are sick. Another thing a person can do is not skip doses of medicine. There are also many things doctors and pharmacists can do. They can collaborate to better educate patients and be careful about how medicine is prescribed.

Antibiotic Resistance is a real problem plaguing healthcare. To prevent antibiotic from never working, steps need to be taken now. For example, patients should not save medicine for the next time they are sick. Another thing a person can do is not skip doses of medicine. There are also many things doctors and pharmacists can do. They can collaborate to better educate patients and be careful about how medicine is prescribed.

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This article explains about the same experiment that WHY YOUR BRAIN LOVES MUSIC-TELEGRAPH does. See summary for that article.

A very depressed zebrafish normalized by antidepressants. Chronic stress can lead to depression and anxiety in humans. The fish lack the receptor cortisol this means they exhibited a consistent high level of stress. When antidepressants where added to the water the fishes behavior returned to normal. Finding this new drug treatment has opened a door for new research to be done on treating psychiatric disorders.

Big new break through in the steps to curing cancer. Harvard Scientist have found a new drug combination that stops the growth of cancer and could be the answer to curing all cancer. Although the research isn't the cure from cancer its the start that is needed to find cancer. In order for the two drugs to work they must be given together. The two drug combination could possible cure most types of cancer but for some it could spell disaster.

Alzheimer's disease is present in all humans but not everyone will develop the disease. A critical separation between a protein an d an enzyme that when combined triggers AD. There are two tell-tale signs of AD one being beta-amyloid or clumps of protein. Then there is tangles of proteins inside the neurons. Both proteins if aloud to combine we would say have AD. This findings are the base of the steps needed to further are research on AD.

A study done by University of Cincinnati shows that children exposed to large amounts of traffic related air pollution or TRAP had higher risk of developing Hyperactivity. 576 kids where chosen to be in the study. The study started as infants and the kids where fallowed till age 7. These kids where compared to kids living near high ways and kids that didn't. The study showed kids that lived near major roadways scored higher on the hyperactivity test than kids who didn't.

A study done by NYU Langone Medical Center found that men with ADHD showed a higher chance for obesity s an adult. People with ADHD typically have trouble controlling impulsive behaviors. The study started with 207 boys average age 8. Then compared to 178 men that had ADHD as a child. As a result because of lack of impulse control and poor planning ADHD had higher obesity rates at 41.1% vs. 21.6% of men with out ADHD as a child.

Someone with a learning disability doesn't necessarily have low or high intelligence. It just means the child must be taught a bit different to work around this disability. There are two main types of learning disability's auditory processing or visual processing. This mean some kids have to see or hear something in order for them to learn it.

A study done by Tel Aviv University shows that breastfeeding within the first year of life can greatly reduce the chances of kids having ADHA. A clear link between the rates of breastfeeding and the chances of ADHD was found. In this test they tested kids with ADHD and there siblings that did not have it. At three months only 43% of kids with ADHD where breastfed. Unlike 69% of siblings that don't have ADHD where breastfed. At 6 months 29% of kids with ADHD where breastfed and 50% of there siblings. Although a mother will most likely feed all the kids the same some factors play in that could change that rate they are breastfed at.

ADHD in adults is much different from kids. ADHD is present in 2-4% of adults. This causes problems staying organized, difficulty getting work done, and procrastination. Other symptoms that where found are restlessness, behavioral, learning, and emotional problems. Most people will act before they think and try to do multiple things at once.

The Cincinnati Children's Hospital did a study on teenage drivers. This study showed that in a 40 min driving period kids with ADHD strayed from the lane and drove faster than kids without. Then they had the kids text when driving. Texting adds a great risk to kids with ADHD because of the focus that is needed to text. This has cause the hospital to push that no texting and driving laws be passed and enforced.

A groundbreaking discovery in the mice ability to regenerate the tips of their digits leaves scientists hopeful for human regeneration in the future. Researches have found that as long as enough of the nail remains, any amputated digit tip has the capability to regrow. This process can be performed because of the colony of stem cells present under the nail base; however, this process can only proceed if enough of the nail epithelium remains on the amputated digit. The process that occurs after amputation starts with the activation of the Wnt pathway in the epithelium located underneath the remaining nail. After the nerves are attracted to the area, FGF2 (protein) directs the nerves into growing mesenchymal cells, cells used for regrowth. However, if too much of the digit is amputated, too much epithelium is lost, the Wnt pathway is never activated, and there is no regeneration. On another note, humans and mice are somewhat related to amphibians in their regeneration abilities; this further gives scientists hope for human regeneration in the future. The opposing side argues why humans differ from salamanders, and points out the flaws in this scientific discovery. 

This article is revealing the facts found from a study done on humans. This study shows that over thinking something can actually cause a person to preform worse at the task. This article also states the differences between the two types of memory. People where asked to think about riding a bike. Most people performed very poorly when it came to the details of riding bike. Only when they where guessing do most perform oaky.

A woman with a solitary fibrous cancer, the cancer is only seen a couple hundred times a year, was enrolled MI-ONCOSEQ which led to the discovery of the mutation that causes this cancer. Researchers at University of Michigan ran the tumors genome and identified a mutations. The mutation was unusual, a fusion between two genes, NAB2 and STAT6. Normally mutation are identified because of the they are seen over and over again. However, in this woman's case, there were no known mutations, so scientists looked at what had changed. Then 51 other samples of solitary fibrous tumors were tested for the mutation; all of them tested positive for the mutation. The NAB2-STAT6 fusion may prove hard to treat with target therapy, but scientists may be able to disrupt its growth cycle which leads to this fusion. More research still needs to be done to determine ways in which the knowledge of this mutations can be applied, but for now it is a great start at tackling these rare tumors.

In cancer cells good genes are turned off, while bad ones are turned on through a process called DNA Methylation. The good genes could suppress the cancer if the methyl groups suppressing the genes were removed. Soy Isoflavones, antioxidants found in anything made of soy flour, have been shown to reverse Methylation. This allows the good genes to become activated. This can not only help prevent cancer, but help improve the efficiency of existing treatments, radiation and chemotherapy. The prevention of methylation may also help slow the progression and spreading of cancer. Soy Isoflavones have virtually no negative side affects making them another useful tool in finding better ways to fight and cure cancer.

If a mutation occurs in a person's genes it can cause cancer. The future of cancer therapy is identifying and targeting these mutations. A trial at the University of Florida, known as NSCABP-FC-7 takes the genetic fingerprint of a patients DNA and gives them a personalized treatment based on the information. The idea is to move away from the traditional cytotoxic treatment, and towards less toxic personalized medicine. However, the toxicity of cancer drugs is decreasing due to technology's increasing ability to target and destroy specific cells, and not healthy cells. Washington University St. Louis as well as other institutions have become part of the study. Overall, the future of cancer treatment lies in targeted therapies and personalized medicine.

Proton therapy in a painless, noninvasive type of radiation to treat malignant tumors. It has been used successfully in against a variety of tumors and has fewer side affects then conventional photon therapy. Both Photon and Proton therapies work in the same ways by destroying cancer cells and preventing them from dividing. Proton therapy penetrates less healthy tissue than photon therapy. That means that proton therapy has fewer side effects and a faster recovery. Proton therapy needs time to grow. Costs for therapy rooms are falling, but many insurances do not cover proton therapy and many medical professionals need to be educated about and trained to use proton therapy. Overall proton therapy is a quickly becoming a more efficient, better way to treat cancer.

The cause of most cases of pediatric leukemia is not known, as most sufferers do not display any risk factors for the disease. However scientists have begun to understand how certain changes in DNA can cause leukemia. Cancer can be caused by mutation oncogenes, the genes that control when cells divide. A translocation between chromosomes 2 and 22 causes almost all cases of childhood chronic myeloid leukemia and childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Other genetic mutations can be inherited, however most of the mutations that cause leukemia develop after birth. Environmental factors, when combined with a genetic predisposition for leukemia, may trigger the disease. However the cause of most pediatric leukemia remains unknown.