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This is part of "Child Psychology, A Contemporary Viewpoint" which discusses gender-role standards and stereotypes, gender differences in development, biological factors in gender differences, the influence of the family on gender typing, and extrafamilial influences on gender roles.

This website is covering child psychology and children's development related to gender. This page discusses gender roles, stereotypes, and differences. Also mentioned briefly is that there is no evidence of differed gender roles if boys and girls raised by gays and lesbians. Other influences on gender roles, including television and school is discussed. Also mentioned is the fact that most people, especially children are actually to various degrees both masculine and feminine, not completely one or the other.

According to the World Health Organization, "Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women." Behavior is never either nature or nurture. It is always a very complex interweaving of both. Because behavior is always an interaction of nature and nurture, socialization can modify even significant sex differences.

This webpage, an essay previously published in Ms. Magazine, a feminist magazine explores why some young women fear feminism. It explores why this fear might be present. Interestingly, it explores gender consciousness and how this changes once placed within the feminist lens. Feminism takes the consciousness of womanhood and asks questions and analyzes how this consciousness of womanhood can help and harm woman publicly and privately.

This site has a few more examples of Jim Crow laws across various states in the US. It also has a reference to the timeline of the segregation period in the US. While we remember that there was segregation in the US, it is sometimes hard to imagine how restrictive this period was until we read examples of different laws in different places. All based on the supreme court statement of "Separate but Equal." When reading these laws, I couldn't help but think of all the restrictions that still exist these days on other communities.

This webpage is part of an online exhibition on the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History website, titled "Separate Is Not Equal Brown v. Board of Education". Listed are a handful of Jim Crow laws that prohibited various interactions between white people and individuals of other races and ethnicities. These laws prohibited intermarriage, mandated separate facilities for travel and education, and even imposed jail time for women who carried the child of a black or mixed race man. In communities around the country property owners would sign a restrictive covenant that stated they promised not to sell their homes to individuals who were not white. The bus that Parks was arrested on belonged to a company that adhered to segregation laws. Living in a city as diverse as New York makes it so challenging for me to imagine that there was a time when people couldn't ride a bus together if they belonged to different racial groups. On any given day I find myself sitting or standing next to a variety of people from all kinds of ethnic and cultural background. Thank goodness for the Civil Rights movement and the activists that stood up for equality.

In the southern town of Indianola, Mississippi, a number of segregated schools still exist and thrive to this day. Inexpensive private schools for white children were founded in response to federal orders of desegregation between the years of 1964-1972. The stark difference between the resources available for the white schools as oppose to black schools is blatant - run down buildings, spotty internet, and outdated learning materials plague the public schools predominantly attended by black students. I believe this article is relevant to the Parks' photo because it shows us that even though this country has made strides in regards to equality, blatant segregation still exists.

This Smithsonian site is a great place to get lots of information about many different subjects-including Rosa Parks arrest for riding in an "unauthorized" area of a bus. The details of the arrest record of Mrs. Parks and the (now historical) copies of her fingerprints together with a detailed diagram of the scene of her "crime" are astonishing to see.

This website provides more context and background to the infamous moment on the Montgomery bus captured in the initial image shown. The lore states that Parks refused to give up the seat because her feet were tired after a long day of working but in reality, she was aware of plans of local activists to challenge the bus laws. Her arrest propelled the civil rights movement forward and resulted in a year long bus boycott. This website presents Rosa Parks angle differently than most others tend to. It's interesting to see her described as a part of the movement as opposed to someone who just happened to be somewhere.

This site explains the difference between women in different social classes. While upper class women were often shopping and being courted by various wealthy men, the lower class women were typically prostitutes just to survive or had a large family to take care of.

This site reports the the correlation between the income gap and mortality rates. A chart is available revealing the life expectancy change in the last 20 years of the 20th century, including the difference between the life span of men and women. Cause for the financial separation in the U.S. isn't identified, but some ideas are that "Lower-income people are more likely to not have health insurance..." and "Smoking has declined more rapidly among people with greater education and income". In the appearance of the man in the photo, I definitely make the connection with him and not having poor health care and habits.

I though it important to clarify the main definitions of change that has taken place, embracing women, leading further to equality. This was prompt by the image of Donna Gottschalk, her viewpoint and voice from a female perspective, being a feminist. Feminist and its history refer to the re-reading of history from a female perspective. It is not the same as the history of feminism, which outlines the origins and evolution of the feminist movement. It also differs from women's history, which focuses on the role of women in historical events. The goal of a feminist and the history is to explore and illuminate the female viewpoint of history through rediscovery of female writers, artists, philosophers, etc., in order to recover and demonstrate the significance of women's voices and choices in the past. Two particular problems which feminist history attempts to address are the exclusion of women from the historical and philosophical tradition, and the negative characterization of women or the feminine therein; however, feminist history is not solely concerned with issues of gender per se, but rather with the reinterpretation of history in a more holistic and balanced manner. "If we take feminism to be that cast of mind that insists that the differences and inequalities between the sexes are the result of historical processes and are not blindly "natural," we can understand why feminist history has always had a dual mission-on the one hand to recover the lives, experiences, and mentalities of women from the condescension and obscurity in which they have been so unnaturally placed, and on the other to reexamine and rewrite the entire historical narrative to reveal the construction and workings of gender." -Susan Pedersen This site is then useful in exploring the image because Donna Gottschalk, has through writing, art and voice of the past address not only the exclusion of women in traditional history, but the negative characteristics placed on the LGBT communi

Because of Rosa Park's fearless defiance towards the bus driver that placed her in jail, an act that was a social norm at this time, the NAACP was able to take on her case with success of getting it to the Supreme Court, to end these segregation laws, which forced people of color to yield to people of white skin whenever a seat is needed. The individuals which were part of the NAACP and The Women's Political Council were powerful in drafting three demands for the bus company: that seating is available on a strictly first-come, first-served basis; that drivers conduct themselves with greater civility to black passengers; and that black drivers are hired for predominately black routes. On refusal of the bus company to comply with the stated demands as I've pointed out above, the Montgomery Improvement Association was formed and elected as president was Martin Luther King. With subsequent campaigns by King, the boycott lasted a whole year. King defended injunction of the M-I-A. Rosa Park's case was ruled in favor by the Supreme Court, and on the 21 of December 1956 bus segregation had ended. Martin Luther King joined Ralph Abernathy and other boycott leaders for a ride on the first desegregated bus. This site is useful to this image because it points out the rigorous and at times dangerous processes in fighting for equality. It is also useful because it briefly explained in this era the leaders involved like Mr. King and Mr. Abernathy. I have always thought that Mrs. Parks fought the battle of jail time and making a difference in her time mostly by herself.

On October 25, 2005, the New York Times released an in-depth article on Rosa Parks - she had passed. This article delved into the history of her iconic image and her story, from seamstress to rebel to civil rights leader. Every story, article, dedication, etc. is different as no one feels exactly the same as the next, nor do they all have to same resources and references. The NY Times' article included a bit of everything, from her birth & childhood to her education, her personal life, and her thoughts on the late Dr. King. This article supported that her heroic action was not meant to be an act of straight defiance, but of a grown individual trying to show that all people are on the same level.

Rosa Parks is quoted as saying, "I thought about Emmett Till, and I could not go back. My legs and feet were not hurting, that is a stereotype. I paid the same fare as others, and I felt violated." Many of us know about the story of Emmitt Till, and plenty of us do not. The year of 1955 and prior year's race was largely marginalized by class, but probably more by nationality, as Roderick A. Ferguson states in his excerpt "Race. Queer formations are excepted when one is white but not queers of color. According to freedom's relation to unfreedom to modern ethics, different permutation of morality continue to shape social formations (Roderick A. Ferguson). To Emmitt Till, a 14 year old African American teenager, I find that this was and still is the case in the year of 2013. I won't go into detail of how this young boy on vacation was damaged, but his murder and the trial became largely energy serge for moral courage, that Mrs. Park's used along with other ill treatment's she experienced to stand her ground. The Emmett Till case was a spark for a new generation to commit their lives to social change; as stated by historian Robin Kelley. Robin Kelley also states that the case was not just about the murder of a teenage boy, but about transforming the south so that no one would have to die like Mr. Till. Civil rights activists used the murder of Emmett Till as a rallying cry for civil rights protest, transforming a monstrous crime into a springboard for justice. The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed closely on the heels of the case. This site adds to this platform the importance of understanding how history can spark reactions in our society, and further shape our society. Heidi Beckles

This page provides a little of the back story of Allie Mae Burroughs, who became the subject of a depression era iconic portrait by Walker Evans.  The image was taken as a series of four, all very similar in pose, expression and tone.  This page explained briefly on their lives as depression era sharecroppers with no real opportunity to advance from this life of hard work and poverty.  Interestingly enough, Allie Mae is compared to the Mona Lisa, in their absence of expression and hiding of thought.

This page includes graphs and charts of data from 2005. Also, the page is one large list of statistics relating to daily spending, global income, children's health and mortality, problems concerning water availability and cleanliness, and U.S. spending on various goods. Again, looking at the photo, I think this link sheds light on how the many different global, national, individual financial facts are caused by and are the causes of such factors as unsafe and unsanitary living conditions, poor health care, or unsatisfactory education.

That book," Doug says, caused "a lot of bad blood" in his family. "That writer, Jimmy what's-his-name," never told the family he was writing a book, "exploited" them for profit, and "humiliated" them by laying bare the difficult reality of their lives. While the Burroughs family worked in the field, Agee and Evans stayed back at the house. The family assumed they were simply lazy, but later learned from the book that the "spies" spent their days poking through drawers to record every spool of thread, scrap of fabric, and clip of newsprint they discovered within. That was invading their privacy. This site really helps explain a lot of how people of lower class were manipulated, misused and how people of different skin tones other than black also dealt with the same harsh realities in America. Heidi Beckles

In less than a lifetime, the GLBT cause has made many advancements. This site provides a great insight into how much has changed since those first few marches in 1970. The site also include several other photographs from the marches in Manhattan and in other cities in America.

The terms "gender" and "sex" are interchangeable for many people. This idea has become so common, particularly in western societies, that it is rarely questioned. Nevertheless biological sex and gender are different; gender is not inherently connected to one's physical anatomy. Sex is biological and includes physical attributes such as sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, internal reproductive structures, and external genitalia. At birth, it is used to identify individuals as male or female. Gender on the other hand is more complex. Along with one's physical traits it also entails what one's internal sense of self, whether it be male, female, both or neither as well as one's outward presentations and behaviors related to that perception. This relates to the image due to categorization of gays and lesbians. Their gender is based on the perception of themselves, not their biological sex.