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jace givens

Yellow Fever Information - The Mount Sinai Hospital - 0 views

  • Fever Headache Muscle pain Backache Chills Loss of appetite Nausea and/or vomiting
  • High fever Abdominal pain Bleeding from the gums, nose, eyes, and/or stomach Vomit that appears black due to blood content Low blood pressure Liver failure, which may lead to jaundice Kidney failure Confusion Seizure Coma
  • SymptomsYellow fever symptoms appear within a week after a person is bitten by an infected mosquito. Typically, acute phase symptoms will persist for 3 to 4 days, and then disappear. A small percentage of people progress into the toxic phase. The toxic phase symptoms begin within 24 hours of the end of the acute phase. Recovery from yellow fever provides lifetime immunity from the disease.
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  • DefinitionYellow fever is a disease carried by female mosquitoes. The species of mosquito that carry yellow fever are native to sub-Saharan Africa and South America, but can also be found in other areas. Although it may be rare in developed countries, yellow fever is endemic in impoverished areas where people cannot afford to get vaccinated.
  • Prevention Vaccination is the best way to prevent yellow fever. The yellow fever vaccine is recommended for people aged 9 months to 59 years who are traveling to or living in areas where the disease is present. Your doctor will help decide if the vaccine is right for you.
Madison Groves

Yellow Fever | Disease Directory | Travelers' Health | CDC - 2 views

  • Yellow fever is a disease caused a virus, which is spread through mosquito bites. Symptoms take 3–6 days to develop and include fever, chills, headache, backache, and muscle aches. About 15% of people who get yellow fever develop serious illness that can lead to bleeding, shock, organ failure, and sometimes death.
  • Travelers to certain parts of South America  and Africa  are at risk for yellow fever.
  • What can travelers do to prevent yellow fever?
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  • Prevent mosquito bites:
  • Travelers can protect themselves from yellow fever by getting yellow fever vaccine and preventing mosquito bites.
  • Yellow fever is a disease caused a virus, which is spread through mosquito bites. Symptoms take 3–6 days to develop and include fever, chills, headache, backache, and muscle aches. About 15% of people who get yellow fever develop serious illness that can lead to bleeding, shock, organ failure, and sometimes death.
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    Good ways to protect yourself from mosquitoes to prevent yellow fever
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    awesome explanations
Nicole Hicks

WHO | Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations - 0 views

    • Nicole Hicks
       
      This looks like a great source for Cholera
  • Menu Cholera Task Force Publications Country profiles
  • Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the ingestion of bacterium Vibrio cholerae present in faecally contaminated water or food
Stefani Hudson

Cholera Awareness - TeacherTube - 0 views

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    here is a video about prevention runtime = 00:39
Madison Groves

yellow fever -- Britannica School - 3 views

  • Paul I. Howell, MPH; Prof. Frank Hadley Collins/Centers for Disease Control and...Paul I. Howell, MPH; Prof. Frank Hadley Collins/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Image Number: 9534)An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of mosquitoes. Yellow fever is one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world, and in earlier centuries it was one of the great plagues of the New World. At one time the tropical and subtropical regions of
  • After the bite of the infecting mosquito, there is an incubation period of several days while the virus multiplies within the body. The onset of symptoms is then abrupt, with headache, backache, rapidly rising fever, nausea, and vomiting. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) is a common sign in persons and gives rise to the name yellow fever. This acute stage lasts two or three days, after which the patient either begins to recover or gets worse. Death may occur six or seven days after the onset of symptoms.
  • The yellow fever patient’s recovery is long, but, when it does occur, it is complete and is accompanied by a lifelong immunity.
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  • Many persons may experience only a mild infection that lasts a few days.
  • no specific treatment for those with yellow fever beyond good nursing and supportive care.
  • The disease, however, is completely preventable. People can be rendered immune to the virus through vaccination, and outbreaks can be contained by eliminating or controlling mosquito populations.
  • Nevertheless, the disease is still present in tropical Africa and South America, where access to vaccine is sometimes lacking.
  • There is no specific treatment for those with yellow fever beyond good nursing and supportive care. The disease, however, is completely preventable. People can be rendered immune to the virus through vaccination, and outbreaks can be contained by eliminating or controlling mosquito populations. Thanks to such measures, the great yellow fever epidemics of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are no more. Nevertheless, the disease is still present in tropical Africa and South America, where access to vaccine is sometimes lacking
  • An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of
  • An infectious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of mosquitoes. Yellow fever is one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world, and in earlier centuries it was one of the great plagues of the New World. At one time the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas were subjected to devastating epidemics, and serious outbreaks occurred not only as far north as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston but also as far away as Spain, France, England, and Italy.
  • tious disease, yellow fever infects humans, all species of monkeys, and certain other small mammals. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and among humans by several species of
    • Madison Groves
       
      i had no idea it was spread by a mosquito
jace givens

CDC - Yellow Fever - 1 views

    • jaxson dillard
       
      good info
  • Yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
    • jace givens
       
      VERY HELPFUL!!!!!!
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  • Yellow fever is a very rare cause of illness in U.S. travelers. Illness ranges in severity from a self-limited febrile illness to severe liver disease with bleeding. Yellow fever disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings, laboratory testing, and travel history, including the possibility of exposure to infected mosquitoes. There is no specific treatment for yellow fever; care is based on symptoms. Steps to prevent yellow fever virus infection include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and getting vaccinated.
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    prevention fro yellow fever
Madison Groves

WHO | Yellow fever - 2 views

  • Yellow fever
  • Yellow fever (YF) is a viral haemorrhagic fever transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Yellow fever can be recognized from historic texts stretching back 400 years. Infection causes a wide spectrum of disease, from mild symptoms to severe illness and death. The "yellow" in the name is explained by the jaundice that affects some patients, causing yellow eyes and yellow skin. There are three types of transmission cycle: sylvatic, intermediate and urban. All three cycles exist in Africa, but in South America, only sylvatic and urban yellow fever occur.
  • Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever occurs in tropical rainforests where monkeys, infected by sylvatic mosquitoes, pass the virus onto other mosquitoes that feed on them; these mosquitoes, in turn bite and infect humans entering the forest. This produces sporadic cases, the majority of which are often young men working in the forest e.g. logging. The intermediate cycle of yellow fever transmission occurs in humid or semi-humid savannahs of Africa, and can produce small-scale epidemics in rural villages. Semi-domestic mosquitoes infect both monkey and human hosts and increased contact between man and infected mosquito leads to disease. This is the most common type of outbreak seen in recent decades in Africa. Urban yellow fever results in large explosive epidemics when travellers from rural areas introduce the virus into areas with high human population density. Domestic mosquitoes, most notably Aedes aegypti, carry the virus from person to person. These outbreaks tend to spread outwards from one source to cover a wide area. Yellow fever can be prevented by vaccination. In order to protect people living in areas at high risk of yellow fever transmission, WHO's dual strategy for prevention of yellow fever epidemics relies on preventive mass immunization campaigns followed by infant routine immunization. Yellow fever causes epidemics that can affect 20% of the population. When epidemics occur in unvaccinated populations, case-fatality rates may exceed 50%. No treatment beyond supportive care exists. For more information
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  • WHO fact sheet Disease Outbreak News: yellow fever International travel and health: yellow fever International Health Regulations (IHR)
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    Some Good facts on how Yellow Fever is spread.
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    yellow fever
jace givens

WHO | Yellow fever - 0 views

  • Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. Up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment will die from yellow fever. There are an estimated 200 000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30 000 deaths, worldwide each year, with 90% occurring in Africa. The virus is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and Latin America, with a combined population of over 900 million people. The number of yellow fever cases has increased over the past two decades due to declining population immunity to infection, deforestation, urbanization, population movements and climate change. There is no specific treatment for yellow fever. Treatment is symptomatic, aimed at reducing the symptoms for the comfort of the patient. Vaccination is the most important preventive measure against yellow fever. The vaccine is safe, affordable and highly effective, and a single dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient to confer sustained immunity and life-long protection against yellow fever disease and a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine is not needed. The vaccine provides effective immunity within 30 days for 99% of persons vaccinated.
    • jaxson dillard
       
      key facts of the yellow fever
  • WHO response WHO is the Secretariat for the International Coordinating Group for Yellow Fever Vaccine Provision (ICG). The ICG maintains an emergency stockpile of yellow fever vaccines to ensure rapid response to outbreaks in high risk countries. The Yellow Fever Initiative is a preventive control strategy of vaccination led by WHO and supported by UNICEF and National Governments, with a particular focus on most high endemic countries in Africa where the disease is most prominent. The Initiative recommends including yellow fever vaccines in routine infant immunizations (starting at age 9 months), implementing mass vaccination campaigns in high-risk areas for people in all age groups aged 9 months and older, and maintaining surveillance and outbreak response capacity. Between 2007 and 2012, 12 countries have completed preventive yellow fever vaccination campaigns: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The Yellow Fever Initiative is financially supported by the GAVI Alliance, the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO), the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), the Ministries of Health, and the country-level partners.
    • jaxson dillard
       
      the response of yellow fever
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  • Once contracted, the virus incubates in the body for 3 to 6 days, followed by infection that can occur in one or two phases. The first, "acute", phase usually causes fever, muscle pain with prominent backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, and nausea or vomiting. Most patients improve and their symptoms disappear after 3 to 4 days.
  • However, 15% of patients enter a second, more toxic phase within 24 hours of the initial remission. High fever returns and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops jaundice and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding can occur from the mouth, nose, eyes or stomach. Once this happens, blood appears in the vomit and faeces. Kidney function deteriorates. Half of the patients who enter the toxic phase die within 10 to 14 days, the rest recover without significant organ damage.
  • Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during the early stages. It can be confused with severe malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis (especially the fulminating forms of hepatitis B and D), other hemorrhagic fevers (Bolivian, Argentine, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers and others flavivirus as West Nile, Zika virus etc) and other diseases, as well as poisoning. Blood tests can detect yellow fever antibodies produced in response to the infection. Several other techniques are used to identify the virus in blood specimens or liver tissue collected after death. These tests require highly trained laboratory staff and specialized equipment and materials.
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    signs and symptoms of the yellow fever
matthew humphries

Cholera Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - What are cholera symptoms and signs? - MedicineNet - 0 views

  • The symptoms and signs of cholera are a watery diarrhea that often contains flecks of whitish material (mucus and some epithelial cells) that are about the size of pieces of rice. The diarrhea is termed "rice-water stool" (See figure 1) and smells "fishy." The volume of diarrhea can be enormous; high levels of diarrheal fluid such as 250 cc per kg or about 10 to 18 liters over 24 hours for a 70 kg adult can occur. People may go on to develop one or more of the following symptoms and signs: Vomiting Rapid heart rate Loss of skin elasticity (washer woman hands sign; see figure 2) Dry mucous membranes Low blood pressure Thirst Muscle cramps Restlessness or irritability (especially in children)
  • Those infected require immediate hydration to prevent these symptoms from continuing because these signs and symptoms indicate that the person is becoming or is dehydrated and may go on to develop severe cholera.
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    symptoms and early prevention
Stefani Hudson

cholera -- Britannica School - 0 views

  • Cholera is spread when people eat food or drink water that has been contaminated with the cholera bacterium. Shellfish and other seafood, especially if eaten raw, are a frequent culprit in this illness. Other foods that commonly transmit cholera are fruits and vegetables that are grown in contaminated soil or washed in contaminated water. Cholera frequently occurs in countries that do not have modern facilities for treating water before people can drink it or wash with it.
    • Stefani Hudson
       
      This is how it works
  • If untreated, the patient may die within a few hours.
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  • By April 2013, more than 650,000 cases of cholera had been reported in Haiti, resulting in more than 8,000 deaths.
Trinity Oslin

Fighting Influenza . : The Great Pandemic : : The United States in 1918-1919 : . - 2 views

  • that diseases are caused by microorganisms.
  • Building on this new understanding of disease, scientists and physicians achieved incredible successes, identifying fifty causative agents of diseases ranging from typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera, plague and malaria between 1880 and 1920.
    • Trinity Oslin
       
      what causes the influenza and the sympyoms
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  • scientists mistakenly believed that influenza was caused by a bacteria. not a virus. Called Pfeiffer’s bacillus, this bacteria had been first identified as the cause of influenza
  • Early symptoms of the disease now included a temperature in the range of 102 to 104 degrees.
  • bacillus also failed to cause influenza.
  • sore throat, exhaustion, headache, aching limbs, bloodshot eyes, a cough and occasionally a violent nosebleed.
  • digestive symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea.
  • As a viral infection, influenza can be prevented by a vaccine and during the early weeks of the pandemic,
  • itizens wear gauze masks. Unfortunately, while masks are highly effective at preventing diseases which are caused by bacteria , they are less effective in providing protection against viral diseases
Dylan Zachary

The Smallpox Vaccine - What You Need to Know - 4 views

  • Smallpox vaccination provides full immunity for 3 to 5 years and decreasing immunity thereafter. If a person is vaccinated again later, immunity lasts even longer. Historically, the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95% of those vaccinated. In addition, the vaccine was proven to prevent or substantially lessen infection when given within a few days of exposure. It is important to note, however, that at the time when the smallpox vaccine was used to eradicate the disease, testing was not as advanced or precise as it is today, so there may still be things to learn about the vaccine and its effectiveness and length of protection.
  • After the vaccine is given, it is very important to follow instructions follow to care for the site of the vaccine.
  • Because the virus is live, it can spread to other parts of your the body, or even to other people.
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    • Dylan Zachary
       
      facts about the vaccine 
    • katelyn dunn
       
      length of protection, the vaccine
katelyn dunn

Facts About Smallpox - 2 views

  • Smallpox does not occur in nature. People cannot get smallpox by traveling to a foreign country, nor can they get it from people visiting this country. The only known stocks of the virus exist in high-security labs in Atlanta and Russia.
  • Vaccine given within 4 days of exposure can prevent the disease or lessen symptoms.
  • Smallpox is spread from one person to another by infected saliva droplets that expose a susceptible person who has face-to-face contact with the ill person. Persons with smallpox are most infectious after the onset of rash. Vaccine given within 4 days of exposure can prevent the disease or lessen symptoms. The vaccine does not contain smallpox virus. The incubation range for smallpox is 7 to 17 days following exposure. Initial symptoms include high fever, fatigue, and head and back aches. A characteristic rash, most prominent on the face, arms, and legs, follows in 2-3 days. 70% of patients with smallpox recover. Further, to help the media provide accurate information to the public through articles, interviews, or other venues, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials and ASTHO Affiliated Organizations are making the following experts available to answer questions about smallpox and related public health issues.
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    this is the environmental health services, so this site must be true about smallpox
Stefani Hudson

The Story of Cholera - YouTube - 2 views

    • Stefani Hudson
       
      this is kind of gross but has good ingformation
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    the story of cholera
jace givens

Yellow Fever Vaccine: Student Research Center - powered by EBSCOhost - 0 views

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    hat is yellow fever? How can I prevent yellow fever? Who should get yellow fever vaccine? Who should not get yellow fever vaccine? What are the risks from yellow fever vaccine? What if there is a severe reaction? How can I learn more? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]   Copyright of AHFS Consumer Medication Information is the property of American Society of Health System Pharmacists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
jace givens

Yellow Fever Vaccine: Student Research Center - powered by EBSCOhost - 0 views

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    What is yellow fever? How can I prevent yellow fever? Who should get yellow fever vaccine? Who should not get yellow fever vaccine? What are the risks from yellow fever vaccine? What if there is a severe reaction? How can I learn more? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
jacklynn jackson

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic - 4 views

  • In the fall of 1918 the Great War in Europe was winding down and peace was on the horizon.
  • The Americans had joined in the fight, bringing the Allies closer to victory against the Germans. Deep within the trenches these men lived through some of the most brutal conditions of life, which it seemed could not be any worse. Then, in pockets across the globe, something erupted that seemed as benign as the common cold. The influenza of that season, however, was far more than a cold. In the two years that this scourge ravaged the earth, a fifth of the world's population was infected. The flu was most deadly for people ages 20 to 40. This pattern of morbidity was unusual for influenza which is usually a killer of the elderly and young children. It infected 28% of all Americans (Tice). An estimated 675,000 Americans died of influenza during the pandemic, ten times as many as in the world war. Of the U.S. soldiers who died in Europe, half of them fell to the influenza virus and not to the enemy (Deseret News). An estimated 43,000 servicemen mobilized for WWI died of influenza (Crosby). 1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and death and yet of peace. As noted in the Journal of the American Medical Association final edition of 1918:
  • The influenza pandemic circled the globe. Most of humanity felt the effects of this strain of the influenza virus. It spread following the path of its human car
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  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average life span in the US was depressed by 10 years. The influenza virus had a profound virulence, with a mortality rate at 2.5% compared to the previous influenza epidemics, which were less than 0.1%. The death rate for 15 to 34-year-olds of influenza and pneumonia were 20 times higher in 1918 than in previous years (Taubenberger). People were struck with illness on the street and died rapid deaths. One anectode shared of 1918 was of four women playing bridge together late into the night. Overnight, three of the women died from influenza (Hoagg). Others told stories of people on their way to work suddenly developing the flu and dying within hours (Henig). One physician writes that patients with seemingly ordinary influenza would rapidly "develop the most viscous type of pneumonia that has ever been seen" and later when cyanosis appeared in the patients, "it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate," (Grist, 1979). Another physician recalls that the influenza patients "died struggling to clear their airways of a blood-tinged froth that sometimes gushed from their nose and mouth," (Starr, 1976). The physicians of the time were helpless against this powerful agent of influenza. In 1918 children would skip rope to the rhyme (Crawford):
  • The origins of this influenza variant is not precisely known. It is thought to have originated in China in a rare genetic shift of the influenza virus. The recombination of its surface proteins created a virus novel to almost everyone and a loss of herd immunity. Recently the virus has been reconstructed from the tissue of a dead soldier and is now being genetically characterized. The name of Spanish Flu came from the early affliction and large mortalities in Spain (BMJ,10/19/1918) where it allegedly killed 8 million in May (BMJ, 7/13/1918). However, a first wave of influenza appeared early in the spring of 1918 in Kansas and in military camps throughout the US. Few noticed the epidemic in the midst of the war. Wilson had just given his 14 point address. There was virtually no response or acknowledgment to the epidemics in March and April in the military camps. It was unfortunate that no steps were taken to prepare for the usual recrudescence of the virulent influenza strain in the winter. The lack of action was later criticized when the epidemic could not be ignored in the winter of 1918 (BMJ, 1918). These first epidemics at training camps were a sign of what was coming in greater magnitude in the fall and winter of 1918 to the entire world.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.
  • The war brought the virus back into the US for the second wave of the epidemic. It first arrived in Boston in September of 1918 through the port busy with war shipments of machinery and supplies. The war also enabled the virus to spread and diffuse. Men across the nation were mobilizing to join the military and the cause. As they came together, they brought the virus with them and to those they contacted. The virus killed almost 200,00 in October of 1918 alone. In November 11 of 1918 the end of the war enabled a resurgence. As people celebrated Armistice Day with parades and large partiess, a complete disaster from the public health standpoint, a rebirth of the epidemic occurred in some cities. The flu that winter was beyond imagination as millions were infected and thousands died. Just as the war had effected the course of influenza, influenza affected the war. Entire fleets were ill with the disease and men on the front were too sick to fight. The flu was devastating to both sides, killing more men than their own weapons could
  • The pandemic affected everyone. With one-quarter of the US and one-fifth of the world infected with the influenza, it was impossible to escape from the illness. Even President Woodrow Wilson suffered from the flu in early 1919 while negotiating the crucial treaty of Versailles to end the World War (Tice). Those who were lucky enough to avoid infection had to deal with the public health ordinances to restrain the spread of the disease. The public health departments distributed gauze masks to be worn in public. Stores could not hold sales, funerals were limited to 15 minutes. Some towns required a signed certificate to enter and railroads would not accept passengers without them. Those who ignored the flu ordinances had to pay steep fines enforced by extra officers (Deseret News). Bodies pilled up as the massive deaths of the epidemic ensued. Besides the lack of health care workers and medical supplies, there was a shortage of coffins, morticians and gravediggers (Knox). The conditions in 1918 were not so far removed from the Black Death in the era of the bubonic plague of the Middle Ages.
  • In 1918-19 this deadly influenza pandemic erupted during the final stages of World War I. Nations were already attempting to deal with the effects and costs of the war. Propaganda campaigns and war restrictions and rations had been implemented by governments. Nationalism pervaded as people accepted government authority. This allowed the public health departments to easily step in and implement their restrictive measures. The war also gave science greater importance as governments relied on scientists, now armed with the new germ theory and the development of antiseptic surgery, to design vaccines and reduce mortalities of disease and battle wounds. Their new technologies could preserve the men on the front and ultimately save the world. These conditions created by World War I, together with the current social attitudes and ideas, led to the relatively calm response of the public and application of scientific ideas. People allowed for strict measures and loss of freedom during the war as they submitted to the needs of the nation ahead of their personal needs. They had accepted the limitations placed with rationing and drafting. The responses of the public health officials reflected the new allegiance to science and the wartime society. The medical and scientific communities had developed new theories and applied them to prevention, diagnostics and treatment of the influenza patients.
  • The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people. It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351.
  • The effect of the influenza epidemic was so severe that the average life span in the US was depressed by 10 years.
  • "The 1918 has gone: a year momentous as the termination of the most cruel war in the annals of the human race; a year which marked, the end at least for a time, of man's destruction of man; unfortunately a year in which developed a most fatal infectious disease causing the death of hundreds of thousands of human beings. Medical science for four and one-half years devoted itself to putting men on the firing line and keeping them there. Now it must turn with its whole might to combating the greatest enemy of all--infectious disease," (12/28/1918).
  • I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. I opened the window, And in-flu-enza.
  • riers, along trade routes and shipping lines. Outbreaks swept through North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Brazil and the South Pacific (Taubenberger). In India the mortality rate was extremely high at around 50 deaths from influenza per 1,000 people (Brown).
  • With the military patients coming home from the war with battle wounds and mustard gas burns, hospital facilities and staff were taxed to the limit. This created a shortage of physicians, especially in the civilian sector as many had been lost for service with the military. Since the medical practitioners were away with the troops, only the medical students were left to care for the sick. Third and forth year classes were closed and the students assigned jobs as interns or nurses (Starr,1976). One article noted that "depletion has been carried to such an extent that the practitioners are brought very near the breaking point," (BMJ, 11/2/1918). The shortage was further confounded by the added loss of physicians to the epidemic. In the U.S., the Red Cross had to recruit more volunteers to contribute to the new cause at home of fighting the influenza epidemic. To respond with the fullest utilization of nurses, volunteers and medical supplies, the Red Cross created a National Committee on Influenza. It was involved in both military and civilian sectors to mobilize all forces to fight Spanish influenza (Crosby, 1989). In some areas of the US, the nursing shortage was so acute that the Red Cross had to ask local businesses to allow workers to have the day off if they volunteer in the hospitals at night (Deseret News). Emergency hospitals were created to take in the patients from the US and those arriving sick from overseas.
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    the influenza
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    influenza facts  
Madison Groves

Vaccines: VPD-VAC/yf/main page - 0 views

    • Nicole Hicks
       
      Stay away from mosquitos!!
  • Yellow fever can be prevented by vaccination. Travelers should also take precautions against mosquito bites when in areas with yellow fever transmission. Travelers should get vaccinated for yellow fever before visiting areas where yellow fever is found.
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    more about the yellow fever vaccine
Caden Lewis

The Diseased City - 2 views

    • Caden Lewis
       
      A lot more facts than I can read Good Luck!!(Amazing facts)
  • In the summer of 1793 Philadelphia was unusually hot, and dry, and congested. By June, a thousand refugees fleeing from revolution on the island of Santo Domingo had poured into the city. Their tales of slave revolt and of a fever epidemic engendered some support, and $15,000 dollars in relief money was quickly raised.
  • In August of 1793, several prominent Philadelphia physicians gathered to discuss a worrying trend: an increasing number of patients with symptoms of nausea, black vomit, lethargy, and yellow skin coloration. Among those present was Dr. Benjamin Rush, the city's most prominent doctor, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and supporter of the state and national constitutions. He quickly concluded that the culprit was the dreaded yellow fever.
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  • dirty, and cramped environment of Philadelphia
  • Dr. Stephen Currie faulted the moral constitution of all Philadelphia's inhabitants; and as the quote at the top of this page indicates, saw the prevalence of fever as a direct result of this lack. In fact, the Caribbean immigrants did carry the fever with them, though in a form that would not be recognized by doctors for over a century (see below). And this highly contagious disease found a welcome host in the fe
  • As the fever spread, and as doctors were unable to agree either on its cause or its proper treatment, panic soon held sway
  • Philadelphia of 1793 was the nation's largest city and its national capitol, as well as the Pennsylvania state capital. The fever thus, was not just a 'local' problem, but one of national significance, and particularly foreboding to a young republic. Jefferson, Washington and Hamilton were only the most famous residents of the area; and as the disease attacked the prominent and common alike, all remained susceptible to the fever. So, the national government disbanded with the hope of returning in cooler weather.
  • . Both Alexander Hamilton and his wife contracted the fever and were treated as outcasts on their flight to Albany--a pattern that would repeat itself for almost all of the diseased refugees.
  • Rumors of husbands abandoning wives, and parents their children ran rampant. However, many Philadelphians stayed in order to minister to the sick, and to prevent the total collapse of the city. Among those who remained, Stephen Girard, most physicians, the African-American clergymen, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, and the largely African American corps of attendants and nurses stand among the foremost in bravery. Their unselfish participation stood in contrast to those who fled the city.
presley spoonemore

influenza -- Britannica School - 0 views

    • Summer Rae
       
      Influenza of 1918
  • A viral infection of the respiratory passages known as influenza, or flu, may be accompanied by symptoms of fever, chills, headache, muscle ache, sore throat, and weakness. It is spread by breathing airborne droplets infected with one of three influenza viruses—A, B, or C. The incubation period is two to three days. In general, type A is more debilitating than type B, and type B more than type C. Since type C causes only minor illness, it is sometimes mistaken for a common cold. A person who has type C virus becomes immunized against type C for life. A person infected with a strain of type A or type B becomes immune to that strain but is still susceptible to infection with new strains of the virus. New forms of the type A virus arise throughout the world.
  • Since influenza is caused by a virus, the infection must run its course, usually lasting seven to ten days. Treatment includes bed rest, drinking fluids, and the use of pain relievers. Antibiotics may be used against secondary bacterial infection. The most effective preventive measure against influenza is vaccination. At the start of each year’s influenza season, vaccines of the various strains of type A and B viruses expected to be in circulation that season are available. The vaccine’s success rate is about 60 to 70 percent, and immunity is short-lived
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