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September 11 attacks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • humiliation resulting from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world - this discrepancy made especially visible due to recent globalisation.
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      Basically analyzing on Al Qaeda's motives which includes these two motives that are highlighted. How their strong beliefs and causes provoke the US, how the Islamic world is not as superior as the Western world, How they desire allies to support their movement by having the US holding a larger grudge against the Islamic world...
  • Top Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks on 9/11 and called "upon Muslim Americans to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families".
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      Muslim Americans were affected by the 9/11 event and formed organizations that would use their resources and help the affected citizens and their families.
  • The second-biggest operation of the U.S. Global War on Terrorism outside of the United States, and the largest directly connected to terrorism, was the overthrow of the Taliban rule of Afghanistan by a U.S.-led coalition.
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      US avenged the 9/11 event by seriously dealing with the root cause, the Taliban of Afghanistan.
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The Mozart Effect: Fact or Fiction? - 0 views

  • music can positively affect human beings, yet they believe that these positive effects are not limited simply to the music of Mozart or other classical composers
  • music stimulates certain areas of the brain that are crucial to its performance in intuitive and logical matters
  • babies
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  • music has helped their brains to develop at a faster rate
  • autism, attention deficit disorder and epilepsy showed that while they are exposed to music
  • ocial skills and concentration improved dramatically i
  • our own voices can help ease pain and heal our bodies. T
  • music can lower or increase a person's heart rate and blood pressure, depending on the type of music.
  • The auditory nerve in the inner ear can strongly affect many muscles in the body.
  • some others have had no significant response at all, or even worse, negative responses.
  • exposure to such music actually decreased their subjects' capacity to concentrate.
  • may not be so for everyone
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Violence and Video Games - 0 views

  • As the level of violence in video games has increased, so has concern for the effects on those who play - especially those who play a lot. Many are quick to point out that most school shootings in recent years have been carried out by avid gamers, and their games of choice were always dark and violent.
  • But it begs the question: Which comes first? Can aggressive and violent behavior be attributed to violence in video games? Or do those who play already have violent tendencies which draw them to violent games? It's a type of "chicken or the egg" debate that has strong advocates on both sides.
  • The more lifelike they've become, the more interest there has been in the correlation between violent games and violent behavior.
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  • In order to play and win, the player has to be the aggressor. Rather than watching violence, as he might do on television, he's committing the violent acts. Most researchers acknowledge that this kind of active participation affects a person's thought patterns, at least in the short term.
  • Another factor that concerns both researchers and parents is that violence in video games is often rewarded rather than punished.
  • If played frequently enough, games like this can skew a young person's perception of violence and its consequences.
  • In 2002, researchers Anderson and Bushman developed the General Aggression Model (GAM). Often considered one of the greatest contributions to the study of violence and video games, the GAM helps explain the complex relationship between violent video games and aggressive gamers.
  • The GAM takes some (though not all) of the heat off video games by acknowledging that a gamer's personality plays into how he is affected by violence. Anderson and Bushman refer to three internal facets - thoughts, feelings, and physiological responses - that determine how a person interprets aggressive behavior. Some people's responses are naturally more hostile, making them predisposed to respond more aggressively to violent video games.
  • Short-term effects were easily identified in the GAM; the most prominent being that violent games change the way gamers interpret and respond to aggressive acts. Even those who aren't predisposed to aggression respond with increased hostility after playing a violent video game. The game becomes what's called a "situational variable" which changes the perception of and reaction to aggressive behavior.
  • No long-term studies have been conducted to date, so there are only hypotheses.
  • Anderson and Bushman theorized that excessive exposure to violent video games causes the formation of aggressive beliefs and attitudes, while also desensitizing gamers to violent behaviors.
  • Parents would be wise to monitor the amount of time their kids spend gaming and watch closely for any negative effects.
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BBC NEWS | Europe | France targets anorexia in media - 0 views

  • The bill targets pro-anorexia websites
  • The French National Assembly has passed a groundbreaking bill which seeks to criminalise the promotion in the media of extreme thinness.
  • nd publications that encourage girls and young women to starve themselves.
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  • It will affect websites, fashion houses, magazines and advertisers.
  • those found to have encouraged severe weight loss could be fined up to 45,000 euros and face three years in prison.
  • "Encouraging young girls to lie to their doctors, advising them on foods that are easier to regurgitate and inciting them to beat themselves up each time they eat is not freedom of expression," Ms Bachelot told the assembly.
  • It is necessary because we know now that we have a risk to some part of the population, young girls, who are pressed by different types of lobbies and the risk is increasing."
  • he law could also affect the fashion industry and magazine editors who publish photographs of extremely thin models.
  • Page last updated at 21:43 GMT, Tuesday, 15 April 2008 22:43 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version
  • he BBC's Emma Jane Kirby in Paris says that with 40,000 anorexics in France, many parliamentarians feel the law cannot come soon enough.
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Euthanasia - Described and Debated - 0 views

  • active and passive
  • the elimination of the old, weak, and disabled.
  • People who are "not useful" could be exterminated simply for that reason
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  • request death for the sick because of questionable reasons. Someone might only be thinking of their own gain, knowing that they are mentioned in a will.
  • Many believe that "only God can give life and only God should take it away" (Cundiff, 64). There is also the question to consider of the fallibility of physicians. Many lives could be ended too hastily as a result of incorrect prognosis or diagnosis.
  • While the pain should be treated (for example, with painkillers), the person should not be forced to live through methods like life-support,
  • In most cases, people who request assisted suicide or euthanasia are actually crying for help
  • Euthanasia could easily become a way to minimize health care costs.
  • physicians are being offered cash bonuses if they fail to provide care for their patients. Doctors could face financial risks for actually doing their jobs.
  • Medical care is something that must be provided. We cannot walk out on people who are suffering
  • No person is entitled to consent to have death inflicted on him, and such consent does not affect the criminal responsibility of any person by whom death may be inflicted on the person by whom consent is given.
  • it is called passive
  • "the government [does] not have the right to [allow] one group of people . . . to kill another group of people"
  • The government also does not intend to make anyone suffer
  • The allowance of euthanasia would open up doors of undesirable practices.
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Manhunt blamed for UK murder - News at GameSpot - 0 views

  • n the UK, the parents of a teenage murder victim have blamed the crime on the Rockstar game Manhunt.
  • The parents of Stefan Pakeerah, 14, said their son was lured to a park by a 17-year-old player of the game, who stabbed and beat their son to death with a knife and claw hammer.
  • "When one looks at what Warren did to Stephan and looks at the brutality and viciousness of the game, one can see links,"
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  • "Stefan's murder compares to how the game is set out, using weapons like hammers and knives. If games like this influence kids, they should be taken off the shelves."
  • The uproar has prompted the UK's biggest retailer to do exactly that.
  • Rockstar also defended itself by stating, "We reject any suggestion or association between the tragic events and the sale of Manhunt." However, the publisher/developer did offer its condolences to the victim's family.
  • As was to be expected, erroneous news reports in the wake of the murder have reignited the controversy that surrounded Manhunt when it was first released.
  • However, the madman/snuff-filmmaker who has kidnapped the convict does offer him rewards based on the grisliness of his killings, albeit in a very unglamorous fashion.
  • the BBC also talked to a child psychologist about whether or not there is a link between violent games and violent behavior in children. "There's been no longitudinal research, following adolescents over a long period, looking at how gaming violence might affect their behavior," said Professor Mark Griffiths of Nottingham Trent University, who called for more research.
  • The BBC also pointed out that Manhunt has an 18 certificate--the equivalent of an "M" rating--and shouldn't be played by minors at all.
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Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment by MedicineNet.com - 0 views

  • Anorexia nervosa, commonly referred to simply as anorexia, is one type of eating disorder.
  • A person with anorexia often initially begins dieting to lose weight.
  • The individual continues the endless cycle of restrictive eating, often accompanied by other behaviors such as excessive
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  • Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female, but males can develop the disorder as well.
  • anorexia typically begins to manifest itself during early adolescence
  • In the U.S. and other countries with high economic status, it is estimated that about one out of every 100 adolescent girls has the disorder.
  • According to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), an estimated 0.5%-3.7% of women will suffer from this disorder at some point in their lives.
  • ny experts consider people for whom thinness is especially desirable, or a professional requirement (such as
  • models, dancers, and actors
  • At this time, no definite cause of anorexia nervosa has been determined. However, research within the medical and psychological fields continues to explore possible causes.
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EBSCOhost: Anorexics younger - Eating disorders in children under 13 have quadrupled - 0 views

  • QUEENSLAND primary schools are enlisting body image experts to help students with suspected anorexia as the average age of eating disorder victims continues to get younger.
  • The number of children aged 13 years and under diagnosed with an eating disorder by community mental health services in Queensland has more than quadrupled over the past five years.
  • Experts say nearly one-third of all child and youth mental health beds in the state's public hospitals are now taken up by anorexia nervosa patients.
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  • `I have certainly seen plenty of 11 and 12-year-olds kids in grade 6 and 7 with an eating disorder
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Preimplantation sex selection for family balancing in India - Hum Reprod - 0 views

  • Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) enables the identification of genetic diseases in the embryo before pregnancy is established, and eliminates the need for possible pregnancy termination after prenatal diagnosis of a genetically affected fetus.
  • Some couples underwent more than one treatment cycle and a total of 42 sex selection cycles was started. All couples already had at least one daughter.
  • the poor survival of non-transferred embryos following cryopreservation and the limited amount of cellular material available for diagnosis.
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BBC News | Sci/Tech | End to cosmetic tests on animals - 0 views

  • The testing of cosmetics on animals in the UK has finally ended.
  • The end to the tests comes after months of negotiations to persuade companies to stop using animals - mainly guinea pigs, rats and mice - in the last remaining tests.
  • No fresh licences will be issued, meaning an effective ban, a Home Office spokesman said.
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  • But the change will only affect a tiny fraction of laboratory animals - less than 0.1% of the 2.7m animals used in testing in the UK each year.
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The "Mozart Effect"- Real or just a hoax? - 0 views

  • 1998, Zell Miller, the governor of the state of Georgia, started a new program that distributed free CDs with classical music to the parents of every newborn baby in Georgia.
  • idea came from a new line of research showing a link between listening to classical music and enhanced brain development in infants.
  • mother was convinced that musical ability will not only help us to be more well rounded people, but also that it will help us to be smarter individuals.
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  • music
  • College students were required to listen to ten minutes of Mozart's sonata for two pianos in D major, a relaxation tape, or silence.
  • original experiment was published in 1993
  • Mozart to test for improvements in memory and this idea thus became known as the "Mozart Effect".
  • scientists at the University of California at Irvine.
  • read and write music, keep tempo, memorize pieces
  • results lasted only 10-15 minutes
  • should be a measurable correlation between musically trained minds and their intelligence
  • brain = behavior,
  • brain areas such as the primary motor cortex and the cerebellum,
  • involved in movement and coordination
  • larger in adult musicians than in non-musicians
  • auditory cortex
  • responsible for bringing music and speech into conscious experience, was also larger
  • Few other studies suggest that "music alone does have a modest brain effect
  • rats were able to complete a maze more rapidly
  • The results showed that the students' scores improved after listening to the Mozart selection.
  • brain changes associated with musicians enhance mental functions
  • music lesson
  • after 8 months
  • recognize shapes (
  • improvements in the spatial-temporal test
  • ability to put puzzles together
  • one day after
  • still showed this improvement
  • able to score higher
  • better understand concepts
  • listening to Mozart before this test had no effect on the students
  • chance of musical training becoming a possible treatment of brain damage.
  • depression, autism, and aphasia
  • Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT
  • recovered speech capabilities, which were thought to be lost.
  • Auditory Integration Training, is showing great potential for benefiting the growth and development of various special children.
  • do not believe that there is conclusive evidence to believe in the Mozart effect.
  • there is some evidence that the brain is affected indeed somehow by music and that music lessons can not hurt the growing stages of a child.
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Video Games: A Cause of Violence and Aggression | Serendip's Exchange - 0 views

  • when action is taken upon the frustration and stress, and the action is taken out in anger and aggression, the results may be very harmful to both the aggressor and the person being aggressed against, mentally, emotionally, and even physically.
  • , violent video games were considered to be more harmful in increasing aggression than violent movies or television shows due to their interactive and engrossing nature.
  • Although there have been studies that have found video game violence to have little negative effects on their players,
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  • However, violent games do affect children, as the studies show, especially early teens, and I feel that there needs to be a stricter regulation regarding the availability of these games to young children.
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Debate: Portrayal of women in mass media - Debatepedia - 0 views

  • A big part of media audience consists of teenagers, who are particularly vulnerable
  • This is because the mentality of young people is in the process of formation.
  • The impact of media on the morality of the younger generation can affect the future of our society negatively.
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  • Women are portrayed as perfect models. Although very often "Photoshop-edited",
  • hile stressing the importance of being slim. This leads in consequence to "promotion of anorexia", which is clearly undesirable.
  • Many girls idolize models and feel the need to mirror their thinness.
  • Models of a very low weight are setting bad examples to these girls
  • can be held responsible for the increasing number of girls with eating disorders
  • The fashion industry is not to blame for eating disorders. Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses and are not simply triggered by models and images of thin people.
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Osama bin Laden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • Bin Laden and fellow al-Qaeda leaders are believed to be hiding near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      One of those many possiblities of Osama's whereabouts
  • Beliefs and ideology
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      His strong beliefs urged him to help form the Islamist movement Al-Qaeda and a number of activites, bombings, etc including the most important event- 9/11 attacks in the US.
  • "Allah knows it did not cross our minds to attack the towers but after the situation became unbearable and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-Israeli alliance against our people in Palestine and Lebanon, I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were that of 1982 and the events that followed – when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the U.S. Sixth Fleet. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way (and) to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women." – Osama bin Laden, 2004[
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      What urged Osama to take this deadly step of the 9/11 attacks on the US....
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  • Claims as to the location of Osama bin Laden have been made since December 2001, although none have been definitively proven and some have placed Osama in different locations during overlapping time periods.
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      True statement. This can be used in research paper while including reports of Osama's hiding locations
  • On October 18th 2010, Osama bin Laden is alive and well and living comfortably in a house in the north-west of Pakistan protected by local people and elements of the country's intelligence services, according to a senior Nato official
    • Anushka Gandhi
       
      Most recent update of Osama's 'whereabouts' reported by a Nato official.
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Part 2 - How video games are good for the brain - The Boston Globe - 0 views

  • A type of scan that illuminates brain activity showed that at the end of the three months, the girls’ brains were working less hard to complete the game’s challenges. What’s more, parts of the cortex, the outer layer of their brains responsible for high-level functions, actually got thicker. Several of these regions are associated with visual spatial abilities, planning, and integration of sensory data.
  • Other researchers are hoping to use video games to encourage prosocial behaviors - actions designed to help others.
  • Generalizability to non-game situations is the big question surrounding other emerging games, particularly software that is being marketed explicitly as a way to keep neurons spry as we age. The jury is still out on whether practicing with these games helps people outside of the context of the game. In one promising 2008 study, however, senior citizens who started playing Rise of Nations, a strategic video game devoted to acquiring territory and nation building, improved on a wide range of cognitive abilities, performing better on subsequent tests of memory, reasoning, and multitasking. The tests were administered after eight weeks of training on the game. No follow-up testing was done to assess whether the gains would last.
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  • Now that researchers know these off-the-shelf games can have wide-ranging benefits, they’re trying to home in on the games’ most important aspects, potentially allowing designers to create new games that specifically boost brain power.
  • “Until now, people have been asking can you learn anything from games?’’ MIT’s Klopfer said. “That’s a less interesting question than what aspects of games are important for fostering learning.’’
  • Do students learn more with a more narrative game?
  • is assessing whether games that are novel, include social interaction, and require intense focus are better at boosting cognitive skills. McLaughlin and her colleagues will use the findings to design games geared toward improving mental function among the elderly.
  • Does this mean that Tetris is good for your brain?’’ Haier said. “That is the big question. We don’t know that just because you become better at playing Tetris after practice and your brain changes . . . whether those changes generalize to anything else.’’
  • an international team of researchers, including several from Iowa State University, reported that middle school students in Japan who played games in which characters helped or showed affection for others, later engaged in more of these behaviors themselves.
  • Researchers also found that US college students randomly assigned to play a prosocial game were subsequently kinder to a fellow research subject than students who played violent or neutral games.
  • Unlike, say, movies or books, video games don’t just have content, they also have rules. A game is set up to reward certain actions and to punish others. This means they have immense potential to teach children ethics and values
  • (Of course, this is a double-edged sword. Games could reward negative, antisocial behavior just as easily as positive, prosocial behavior.)
  • Some off-the-shelf games already contain strong prosocial themes
  • he classic Oregon Trail, which make players responsible for the well-being of other characters and feature characters who take care of one another.
  • “Ultimately, the video game needs to be an entertaining experience,’’ Seider said. “The game has to be fun.’’
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Global Warming "Very Likely" Caused by Humans, World Climate Experts Say - 0 views

  • Global Warming "Very Likely" Caused by Humans, World Climate Experts Say
  • Global warming is here, it's human-caused, and it will continue for centuries even if greenhouse-gas emissions are stabilized, an international panel of climate experts said in a report issued today.
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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  • human activity to Earth's warming temperatures
  • Fossil fuel use, agriculture, and land-use change are fundamentally affecting the systems on our planet," Achim Steiner
  • reach unanimous agreement on the wording of each sentence in the 20-page summary for policymakers. "Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic [human-caused]
  • The phrase "very likely" translates to a 90 percent probability
  • In 2001 the panel concluded humans were "likely," or with 66 percent probability
  • Each time they've used a more explicit statement about the human contribution
  • dies the threat of global climate change, said the report will cause some people to "be somewhat more concerned"
  • but doubted it would be
  • would be
  • "revolutionary" in spurring action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Jacoby, who stu
  •  
    A very reliable source, National Geographic mentions that Climate Experts say that Humans are "very likely" the main cause.
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