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Mihikaa Naik

Spatial intelligence and the 'Mozart effect': Does listening to Mozart make you smarter? - 0 views

  • widely believed to be an established fact
  • ntelligent – it is intricate, skillful, precise and sophisticated
  • rain activity becoming
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • coordinated or synchronized
  • Francis Rauscher and her colleagues published a stud
  • Nature in 1993
  • Mozart effect’ (as the Press called it
  • quickly captivated the public imagination
  • many examples of single scientific studies that initially catch he public imagination and get a lot of press coverage, but are subsequently proved to be invalid or relatively insignificant.
  • effect of Mozart on cognitive performance has been found
  • specific type of spatial task
  • no way can be considered to be a test of general intelligence
  • visualise folding and cutting a piece of paper
  • . Listening to Mozart has been shown to have no effect on working memory performance
  • therefore misleading to understand the Mozart effect
  • The effect is likely to be due to arousal or mood, not changes in cognition
  • Differences
  • in mood have been shown to have an effect on performance
  • positive mood
  • esearch provide no evidence that the improvement differ
  • other engaging stimuli that are equally pleasing to participants
  • authors’ views on their own study
  • over-reaction in the popular press
  • jumping to conclusions
Mihikaa Naik

"The Mozart Effect": A Small Part of the Big Picture - 0 views

  • the Mozart Effect actually does not increase general intelligence and lasts only a few minutes, it does not provide a substitute for music study and practice.
  • Studies have shown that music education and music-making have positive effects on many mental and behavioral factors that are themselves not part of music.
  • mass media have played a major role in starting and maintaining public excitement about the Mozart Effect.
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  • This story began in 1993 when Frances Rauscher, Gordon Shaw and Katherine Ky published a brief paper in the prestigious journal Nature
  • . The report by Rauscher, Shaw and Ky suggested that listening to music actually caused the brain to perform better in spatial reasoning, at least for a few minutes.
  • Mozart Effect was born as the idea that listening to Mozart increases intelligence
  • In short, they argue that the Mozart Effect is caused by a more pleasant mood.
  • Mozart Effect described here applies to children
  • long term involvement in music lessons
  • the question is whether or not brief exposure to certain music can produce long term improvements in intelligence, either limited to spatial/temporal abilities or to more general intelligence, then the answer is no.
  • Understanding and appreciating musical forms, genres, meanings and performances in historical, social and cultural context
  • Educated Listening in music classes for one or more school years
  • Reading musical notation, integrating sight, sound, touch and movements to perform and express self musically, solo, in cooperative group or both
  • Instrumental or vocal lessons and regular practice for several years
  • Mozart Effect requires only 10 minutes of exposure (not necessarily even attentive listening) to music.
Mihikaa Naik

The "Mozart Effect"- Real or just a hoax? - 0 views

  • 1998, Zell Miller, the governor of the state of Georgia, started a new program that distributed free CDs with classical music to the parents of every newborn baby in Georgia.
  • idea came from a new line of research showing a link between listening to classical music and enhanced brain development in infants.
  • mother was convinced that musical ability will not only help us to be more well rounded people, but also that it will help us to be smarter individuals.
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  • music
  • College students were required to listen to ten minutes of Mozart's sonata for two pianos in D major, a relaxation tape, or silence.
  • original experiment was published in 1993
  • Mozart to test for improvements in memory and this idea thus became known as the "Mozart Effect".
  • scientists at the University of California at Irvine.
  • read and write music, keep tempo, memorize pieces
  • results lasted only 10-15 minutes
  • should be a measurable correlation between musically trained minds and their intelligence
  • brain = behavior,
  • brain areas such as the primary motor cortex and the cerebellum,
  • involved in movement and coordination
  • larger in adult musicians than in non-musicians
  • auditory cortex
  • responsible for bringing music and speech into conscious experience, was also larger
  • Few other studies suggest that "music alone does have a modest brain effect
  • rats were able to complete a maze more rapidly
  • The results showed that the students' scores improved after listening to the Mozart selection.
  • brain changes associated with musicians enhance mental functions
  • music lesson
  • after 8 months
  • recognize shapes (
  • improvements in the spatial-temporal test
  • ability to put puzzles together
  • one day after
  • still showed this improvement
  • able to score higher
  • better understand concepts
  • listening to Mozart before this test had no effect on the students
  • chance of musical training becoming a possible treatment of brain damage.
  • depression, autism, and aphasia
  • Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT
  • recovered speech capabilities, which were thought to be lost.
  • Auditory Integration Training, is showing great potential for benefiting the growth and development of various special children.
  • do not believe that there is conclusive evidence to believe in the Mozart effect.
  • there is some evidence that the brain is affected indeed somehow by music and that music lessons can not hurt the growing stages of a child.
Mihikaa Naik

Music and Memory and Intellegence - 0 views

  • these researchers believed that memory was improved because music and spatial abilities shared the same pathways in the brain.
  • laboratories have tried to use the music of Mozart to improve memory, but have failed.
  • original work on the Mozart Effect was flawed because: only a few students were tested it was possible that listening to Mozart really did not improve memory. Rather, it was possible that the relaxation test and silence IMPAIRED memory
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  • another attempt to demonstrate the Mozart Effect
  • unable to show that listening to the music of Mozart had any effect on spatial-reasoning performance. They conclude by stating: "...there is little evidence to support basing intellectual intervention on the existence of the Mozart effect."
  • monkeys listened to Mozart piano music for 15 minutes before they had to do a memory test. The researchers found that listening to Mozart music did NOT improve the monkeys' performance compared to when the monkeys listened to rhythms or white noise. They also found that listening to Mozart during the test impaired memory and while white noise during the test improved memory slightly.
  • governor of the state of Georgia (Zell Miller)
  • There have been no studies that have looked at the effects of music on the intelligence of babies.
  • , there is no evidence that music enhances memory permanently.
Ingrid Sande

Long-term effects of alcohol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • The long term effects of alcohol range from possible health benefits for low levels of alcohol consumption to severe detrimental effects in cases of chronic alcohol abuse. High levels of alcohol consumption are correlated with an increased risk of developing alcoholism, cardiovascular disease, malabsorption, chronic pancreatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption.[2][3] Long-term use of alcohol in excessive quantities is capable of damaging nearly every organ and system in the body.[4] The developing adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol.[5]
Mihikaa Naik

The Mozart Effect: A Closer Look - 0 views

  • most mysterious and complex object known to man: the brain
  • Neuroscientists were interested in how the brain develops and functions.
  • Mozart's music increases I.Q.
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  • music does have a impact on cognitive ability.
  • If brain activity can sound like music, might it be possible to begin to understand the neural activity by working in reverse and observing how the brain responds to music?
  • Mozart selection showed an increase in spatial IQ test scores. A further test showed that listening to other types of music (non-specified "dance" musis) did not have the same effect.
  • listener's preference--to either music or the narration of a story, and not particularly listening to Mozart, made for improved test performance.
  • "There's nothing wrong with having young people listen to classical music, but it's not going to make them smarter."
  • the experiments that compared listening to Mozart to silence, and which had not included listening to other compositions.
  • Music is aural stimulation. The "successful" Mozart effect studies at best indicated that one area of cognitive processing increased only for a very short time, after listening to music for a short period of time.
Mihikaa Naik

The Mozart Effect: Fact or Fiction? - 0 views

  • music can positively affect human beings, yet they believe that these positive effects are not limited simply to the music of Mozart or other classical composers
  • music stimulates certain areas of the brain that are crucial to its performance in intuitive and logical matters
  • babies
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  • music has helped their brains to develop at a faster rate
  • autism, attention deficit disorder and epilepsy showed that while they are exposed to music
  • ocial skills and concentration improved dramatically i
  • our own voices can help ease pain and heal our bodies. T
  • music can lower or increase a person's heart rate and blood pressure, depending on the type of music.
  • The auditory nerve in the inner ear can strongly affect many muscles in the body.
  • some others have had no significant response at all, or even worse, negative responses.
  • exposure to such music actually decreased their subjects' capacity to concentrate.
  • may not be so for everyone
Mihikaa Naik

Frequently Asked Questions - 0 views

  • Mozart Effect® is an inclusive term signifying the transformational powers of music in health, education, and well-being.
  • Research with Mozart's music began in France in the late 1950s when Dr. Alfred Tomatis began his experiments in auditory stimulation for children with speech and communication disorders.
  • 1990, there were hundreds of centers throughout the world using Mozart's music containing high frequencies, especially the violin concertos and symphonies, to help children with dyslexia, speech disorders, and autism.
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  • Mozart's music is the most popular and researched music for helping modify attentiveness and alertness.
  • The time of day, the sounds in the environment such as air conditioners, and outside sounds all modify the way we can concentrate
  • ). Dr. Georgi Lozanov suggests slow Baroque music for optimal learning
  • When rhythm, melody, and harmony are organized into beautiful forms, the mind, body, spirit, and emotions are brought toward harmony.
  • Music reaches multiple areas of the brain, more than just language and therefore can be quite effective in a clinical environment
  • Studies show that playing music early in life helps build the neural pathways that allow language, memory, and spatial development to take place.
Mihikaa Naik

New evidence for the Mozart Effect? - 0 views

  • enriched sound environment -exposing rats to piano music- helps the recovery from neural damage
  • Compared to rats that also had brain damage, but that did not listen to music, they performed significantly better in a spatial memory task (finding their way in a maze) and in their emotional reactivity (using a marble burying task).
  • music has a larger role in shaping the brain than previously thought.
Ben Walters

Violence and Video Games - 0 views

  • As the level of violence in video games has increased, so has concern for the effects on those who play - especially those who play a lot. Many are quick to point out that most school shootings in recent years have been carried out by avid gamers, and their games of choice were always dark and violent.
  • But it begs the question: Which comes first? Can aggressive and violent behavior be attributed to violence in video games? Or do those who play already have violent tendencies which draw them to violent games? It's a type of "chicken or the egg" debate that has strong advocates on both sides.
  • The more lifelike they've become, the more interest there has been in the correlation between violent games and violent behavior.
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  • In order to play and win, the player has to be the aggressor. Rather than watching violence, as he might do on television, he's committing the violent acts. Most researchers acknowledge that this kind of active participation affects a person's thought patterns, at least in the short term.
  • Another factor that concerns both researchers and parents is that violence in video games is often rewarded rather than punished.
  • If played frequently enough, games like this can skew a young person's perception of violence and its consequences.
  • In 2002, researchers Anderson and Bushman developed the General Aggression Model (GAM). Often considered one of the greatest contributions to the study of violence and video games, the GAM helps explain the complex relationship between violent video games and aggressive gamers.
  • The GAM takes some (though not all) of the heat off video games by acknowledging that a gamer's personality plays into how he is affected by violence. Anderson and Bushman refer to three internal facets - thoughts, feelings, and physiological responses - that determine how a person interprets aggressive behavior. Some people's responses are naturally more hostile, making them predisposed to respond more aggressively to violent video games.
  • Short-term effects were easily identified in the GAM; the most prominent being that violent games change the way gamers interpret and respond to aggressive acts. Even those who aren't predisposed to aggression respond with increased hostility after playing a violent video game. The game becomes what's called a "situational variable" which changes the perception of and reaction to aggressive behavior.
  • No long-term studies have been conducted to date, so there are only hypotheses.
  • Anderson and Bushman theorized that excessive exposure to violent video games causes the formation of aggressive beliefs and attitudes, while also desensitizing gamers to violent behaviors.
  • Parents would be wise to monitor the amount of time their kids spend gaming and watch closely for any negative effects.
Ben Walters

Does game violence make teens aggressive? - Technology & science - Games - On the Level... - 0 views

  • Can video games make kids more violent? A new study employing state-of-the-art brain-scanning technology says that the answer may be yes.
  • brain scans of kids who played a violent video game showed an increase in emotional arousal – and a corresponding decrease of activity in brain areas involved in self-control, inhibition and attention.
  • he does think that the study should encourage parents to look more closely at the types of games their kids are playing.
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  • “Based on our results, I think parents should be aware of the relationship between violent video-game playing and brain function.”
  • he scans showed a negative effect on the brains of the teens who played “Medal of Honor” for 30 minutes. That same effect was not present in the kids who played “Need for Speed.”
  • And it’s also not known what effect longer play times might have. The scope of this study was 30 minutes of play, and one brain scan per kid
  • But what about violent TV shows? Or violent films? Has anyone ever done a brain scan of kids that have just watched a violent movie?
  • Kids in his study experienced increased emotional arousal when watching short clips from the boxing movie “Rocky IV.”
  • Larry Ley, the director and coordinator of research for the Center for Successful Parenting, which funded Mathews’ study, says the purpose of the research was to help parents make informed decisions. “There’s enough data that clearly indicates that [game violence] is a problem,” he says. “And it’s not just a problem for kids with behavior disorders.”
  • But not everyone is convinced that this latest research adds much to the debate – particularly the game development community. One such naysayer is Doug Lowenstein, president of the Entertainment Software Association.
  • “We've seen other studies in this field that have made dramatic claims but turn out to be less persuasive when objectively analyzed.”
  • And they’ve got plenty of answers at the ready for the critics who want to lay school shootings or teen aggression at the feet of the game industry. Several studies cited by the ESA point to games’ potential benefits for developing decision-making skills or bettering reaction times. Ley, however, argues such studies aren’t credible because they were produced by “hired guns” funded by the multi-billion-dollar game industry.
  • Increasingly parents are more accepting of video game violence, chalking it up to being a part of growing up. “I was dead-set against violent video games,” says Kelley Windfield, a Sammamish, Wa.-based mother of two. “But my husband told me I had to start loosening up.” Laura Best, a mother of three from Clovis, Calif., says she looks for age-appropriate games for her 14 year-old son, Kyle. And although he doesn’t play a lot of games, he does tend to gravitate towards shooters like “Medal of Honor.”  But she isn’t concerned that Kyle will become aggressive as a result. “That’s like saying a soccer game or a football game will make a kid more aggressive,” she says. “It’s about self-control, and you’ve got to learn it.”
  • “Let’s quit using various Xboxes as babysitters instead of doing healthful activities,” says Ley, citing the growing epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States. And who, really, can argue with that?
Ingrid Sande

CDC - Fact Sheets-Underage Drinking - Alcohol - 0 views

  • Alcohol use by persons under age 21 years is a major public health problem.1 Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth in the United States, more than tobacco and illicit drugs.
  • Although drinking by persons under the age of 21 is illegal, people aged 12 to 20 years drink 11% of all alcohol consumed in the United States.2 More than 90% of this alcohol is consumed in the form of binge drinks.2 On average, underage drinkers consume more drinks per drinking occasion than adult drinkers.3 In 2008, there were approximately 190,000 emergency rooms visits by persons under age 21 for injuries and other conditions linked to alcohol.4
  • The 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey5 found that among high school students, during the past 30 days 42% drank some amount of alcohol. 24% binge drank. 10% drove after drinking alcohol. 28% rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol.
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  • Consequences of Underage Drinking Youth who drink alcohol1, 3, 8 are more likely to experience School problems, such as higher absence and poor or failing grades. Social problems, such as fighting and lack of participation in youth activities. Legal problems, such as arrest for driving or physically hurting someone while drunk. Physical problems, such as hangovers or illnesses. Unwanted, unplanned, and unprotected sexual activity. Disruption of normal growth and sexual development. Physical and sexual assault. Higher risk for suicide and homicide. Alcohol-related car crashes and other unintentional injuries, such as burns, falls, and drowning. Memory problems. Abuse of other drugs. Changes in brain development that may have life-long effects. Death from alcohol poisoning. In general, the risk of youth experiencing these problems is greater for those who binge drink than for those who do not binge drink.8 Youth who start drinking before age 15 years are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependence or abuse later in life than those who begin drinking at or after age 21 years.9, 10
  • Prevention of Underage Drinking Reducing underage drinking will require community-based efforts to monitor the activities of youth and decrease youth access to alcohol.
  • reducing youth exposure to alcohol advertising, and development of comprehensive community-based programs. These efforts will require continued research and evaluation to determine their success and to improve their effectiveness.
Aneesh Mysore

The Effect of Video Games on the Brain | Serendip's Exchange - 0 views

  • When the younger brother won, the older brother got up and started kicking him and yelling insults
  • Mario Cart," which is really not a very violent game; the object is to win a car race by coming in first while maneuvering through different courses.
  • "Beta wave activity in people in the [highest amount of video game playing] was constantly near zero,
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  • even when they weren't playing, showing that they hardly used the prefrontal regions of their brains. Many of the people in this group told researchers that they got angry easily, couldn't concentrate, and had trouble associating with friends"
Simran Fabiani

Anorexia: A Media-Borne Illness - BusinessWeek - 0 views

  • he top shows watched by female college students: Gossip Girl, Project Runway, and America’s Next Top Model. Likewise for magazines: Vogue, Seventeen, and Allure.
  • The media I’ve listed contribute to shaping what society considers beauty. The common denominators are tall, desperately skinny women who look fabulous. It should come as no surprise the media is to blame for today’s artificial standard of beauty.
  • The constant bombardment of skinny models and diet plans will certainly have an effect on women whose bodies are just not meant to be that small.
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  • Low self-esteem and eating disorders are the side effects from the media’s portrayal of artificial beauty
  • as of 2004, 8 million people—7 million of them women—had an eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, etc.).
  • According to the American Psychiatric Assn.’s Diagnostic & Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, people who suffer from anorexia typically have an underlying personality disorder and seek more control over their environment.
  • indicate that discipline and control, rather than thinness, were their true goals
  • 66% of Americans do not even come close to conforming to that supposed ideal. Meanwhile, less than 3% of the U.S. population suffers from an eating disorder
  • We know Barbie is anatomically impossible.
  • magazine covers featuring celebrities have been airbrushed,
  • blaming the media for eating disorders is a lot like laying the blame for underage smoking on TV characters
  • "over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in 20 are above average in size.
  • Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies
  • 80% of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter."
Dillon Patel

NASA - Global Warming - 0 views

  • Global Warming
  • Causes of global warming
  • the late 1800's. A majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for most of the warming. Human activities contribute to global warming by enhancing Earth's natural greenhouse effect.
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  • The greenhouse effect warms Earth's surface through a complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere. Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are known as greenhouse gases.
  • Climatologists (scientists who study climate) have analyzed the global warming that has occurred since
  • human activities that contribute to global warming
  • burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)
  • clearing of land.
  • reates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 from the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to produce food.
  •  
    VERY RELIABLE SOURCE Talks about Global Warming in General, the impact of it, the causes of it, it mentions my argument, how Humans are mainly responsible, and other very important details.
anouska khambatta

Ten myths of Indian economic policy - Rediff.com Business - 0 views

  • Higher minimum support prices for foodgrains are good for farmers. Not so.
  • The move to a Goods and Services Tax will reduce the burden of taxation. I hope not! Or the already massive fiscal deficit will soar higher.
  • There is no role for monetary policy when inflation is driven by supply shortfalls. Not quite.
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  • Our labour laws protect labour. Quite the opposite
  • The exchange rate only matters to exporters. This is a common misperception, even among trained economists.
  • Reducing fiscal deficits hurts growth. In the present "stimulated" environment, there is much anxiety that a reduction in the current record high fiscal deficits (over 10 per cent of GDP) will hurt growth.
  • Subsidies on food, fuel and electricity mainly help the poor. Not so. The food subsidy mainly helps better-off farmers and consumers in only four or five states where the public distribution system has effective coverage.
  • Foreign capital inflows are always good for our economy. Twenty years ago, most Indians believed the opposite, that all private foreign capital inflows were bad and somehow designed to impoverish us.
  • Private provision of infrastructure can effectively substitute for government. Private public partnerships (PPPs) are the ruling mantra of the day. Since the government has failed badly in providing adequate power, roads, ports, water, sanitation and so forth, we must turn to PPPs for our deliverance.
  • The trader (or middle man) is at the root of many of our economic problems. This is one of our really hoary and hairy myths. Whenever the rate of inflation rises, governments blame rapacious traders and deploy regulations to control their stocking and other activities.
Yasmin Tandon

Foreign Aid for Development Assistance - Global Issues - 0 views

  • both the quantity and quality of aid have been poor and donor nations have not been held to account.
  • 1970,
  • world’s rich countries agreed to give 0.7% of their gross national income as official international development aid, annually
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  • Furthermore, aid has often come with a price of its own for the developing nations:Aid is often wasted on conditions that the recipient must use overpriced goods and services from donor countriesMost aid does not actually go to the poorest who would need it the mostAid amounts are dwarfed by rich country protectionism that denies market access for poor country products, while rich nations use aid as a lever to open poor country markets to their productsLarge projects or massive grand strategies often fail to help the vulnerable; money can often be embezzled away.
  • This web page has the following sub-sections:
  • “Trade, not aid”
  • excuse for rich countries to cut back aid that has been agreed and promised at the United Nations.
  • This target was codified in a United Nations General Assembly Resolution, and a key paragraph says:
  • The donor governments promised to spend 0.7% of GNP on ODA (Official Development Assistance) at the UN General Assembly in 1970—some 40 years ago
  • developed countries will rapidly and progressively take what measures they can … to reduce the extent of tying of assistance and to mitigate any harmful effects
  • make loans tied
  • Developed countries will provide, to the greatest extent possible, an increased flow of aid on a long-term and continuing basis.
  • almost all rich nations have constantly failed to reach their agreed obligations of the 0.7% target. Instead of 0.7%, the amount of aid has been around 0.2 to 0.4%, some $100 billion short.
  • the quality of the aid has been poor.
  • USA’s aid, in terms of percentage of their GNP has almost always been lower than any other industrialized nation in the world, though paradoxically since 2000, their dollar amount has been the highest.Between 1992 and 2000, Japan had been the largest donor of aid, in terms of raw dollars. From 2001 the United States claimed that position, a year that also saw Japan’s amount of aid drop by nearly 4 billion dollars.
  • Aid beginning to increase but still way below obligations
  • In 2009, the OCED and many others feared official aid would decline due to the global financial crisis. They urged donor nations to make aid “countercyclical”; not to reduce it when it is needed most, but those who didn’t cause the crisis.
  • And indeed, for 2009, aid did increase as official stats from the OECD shows. It rose 0.7% from just under $123 bn in 2008 to just over $123 bn in 2009 (at constant 2008 prices).
Aditi Buti

Causes of Terrorism -- The Two Causes of Terrorism - 0 views

  • The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change. Another way of saying this is: the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that they chose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.
  • Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong—when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
Mihikaa Naik

Mozart's Legacy: Early music lessons may help children later in life - 0 views

  • music instruction stimulates general intelligence.
  • Kindermusik is an early childhood program that introduces children as young as 1 to music, with the intent of stimulating a variety of abilities.
  • music and math relationship
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  • interact with other kids, and learn to appreciate music, hopefully stimulate the brain…
  • coordination and movement, with social skills, and it's some one-on-one time with your child
  • strong foundation for language development.
  • music instruction has much longer-term benefits than listening to music
  • can learn a lot about how music works just by hearing it
  • you're an adult, don't count on a piece of music to work magic on your brain.
  • teachers who play Mozart to their students in the hopes their test scores will improve. "And for a lot of students it's not going to work simply because Mozart is weird to them. They're not used to it. They don't like it, and so nobody performs well under stress."
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