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According to research led by V. S. Ramachandran, director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego, a region of the brain known as the angular gyrus is probably at least partly responsible for the human ability to understand metaphor. Ramachandran and colleagues tested four right-handed patients with damage to the left angular gyrus. Fluent in English and otherwise intelligent and mentally lucid, the patients showed gross deficits in comprehending such common proverbs as "the grass is always greener on the other side" and "an empty vessel makes more noise." Asked to explain the sayings, the patients tended give responses that were literal. The metaphorical meaning escaped them almost entirely.

Chinese love proverbs and four character idiomatic expressions, which are also known as "chengyu" 【成語】。Idioms can reveal a lot about a culture. Here's a fun one: 行尸走肉 xíng shī zǒu ròu. Literally, this means "walking corpse and running flesh"--said of someone who's zombie-like due to workaholism.

Pretty much anyone can become fluent in pretty much any language at pretty much any age. It's not even true that young children learn languages faster than older children or adults: if you expose different age groups to the same amount of instruction in a foreign language, the older ones invariably do better, both initially and in the long run. Learners of any age can achieve a brilliant, even native like, command of the vocabulary of another language, including such challenging structures as idioms or proverbs.

There's a Czech proverb that says, "As many languages you know, as many times you are a human being." Like other multilingual speakers, people often think of themselves as a different person whenever they speak a different language. But that feeling has less to do with the structure of the languages themselves than with the personal associations they have with each one.