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Zach Fenlon

The cognitive benefits of play: Effects on the learning brain - 0 views

  • In 1964, Marion Diamond and her colleagues published an exciting paper about brain growth in rats. The neuroscientists had conducted a landmark experiment, raising some rats in boring, solitary confinement and others in exciting, toy-filled colonies.
    • Zach Fenlon
       
      This is very interesting because it proves the research that i found for my project but with new studies. It is also amazing to see that this topic has been researched since the 60s.
  • the “enriched” rats had thicker cerebral cortices than did the “impoverished” rats (Diamond et al 1964).
  • rats raised stimulating environments had bigger brains.
    • Zach Fenlon
       
      I wasn't aware that play could affect even the size of the brain, even though it is rats and not humans. I was always under the impression that the brain doesn't change sizes once it has reached it's adult state.
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  • Several experimental studies show that school kids pay more attention to academics after they’ve had recess
  • Note that physical education classes are not effective substitutes for free playtime
    • Zach Fenlon
       
      This means that the affects of organized play are not as valuable as free play. 
  • To reap all the benefits of play, a play break must be truly playful.
  • when kids pretend together—“results in improved performances in both cognitive-linguistic and social affective domains.”
    • Zach Fenlon
       
      this is exactly what i discussed in my project. 
  • Some research suggests that the way kids play contributes to their ability to solve divergent problems.
  • The results? Kids given divergent play materials performed better on divergent problems. They also showed more creativity in their attempts to solve the problems (Pepler and Ross 1981).
  • Researchers found that the complexity of block play predicted kids’ mathematics achievements in high school.
    • Zach Fenlon
       
      I didn't realize that studies have identified what play affects what skills. 
  • The association between block play and math performance remained even after researchers controlled for a child’s IQ. It therefore seems plausible that block play itself influenced the cognitive development of these kids.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      No site summary or evaluation of credibility.
  •  
    This link was very interesting because it specified new elements of how play affects the play, even what types of play.
Zach Fenlon

Reading, Writing, and Games Can Keep Aging Brains Healthy - 0 views

    • Zach Fenlon
       
      I found this to be very interested because after my research, i was under the impression that reading and writing didn't contribute to the healthy brain as much as other kinds of play
  • Using brain imaging, researchers were able to look at how water molecules move through the brain. This movement can be affected by factors such as age, disease, and injury. "In healthy white matter tissue, water can't move as much in directions perpendicular to the nerve fibers,"
    • Zach Fenlon
       
      I found this very interesting because in my research i never fully understood the physical aspect of play to the brain. Now i can combine my knowledge and truly understand how play makes a difference 
  • Participants in the study included 152 elderly adults who were part of a large-scale study on Alzheimer's disease risk factors.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • They also underwent brain MRI scans. Participants who reported higher cognitive activity levels were found to have higher diffusion anisotropy values in the brain.
  • but this new research also suggests that such things can also help preserve the brain's structural integrity.
  •  
    This link was very interesting because in my project i focused mostly on play in childhood brain development, and not as much in adults. I think this link shows just another reason why play is so important, to adults specifically.
Daryl Bambic

Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures | BioScience | Oxford Academic - 1 views

  • because emotions have evolved in specific contexts.
  • Categorically denying emotions to animals because they cannot be studied directly does not constitute a reasonable argument against their existence.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      To deny that something is real without first investigating its existence is not good science.
  • Field research
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      meaning in nature and not in a lab
  • ...48 more annotations...
  • phenotypes
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      This means a type of behaviour related to a species, like mating behaviour for example.
  • My goal is to convince skeptics that a combination of “hard” and “soft” interdisciplinary research is necessary to advance the study of animal emotions.
  • broadly defined as psychological phenomena that help in behavioral management and control
  • Likewise, no single theory of emotions captures the complexity of the phenomena called emotions
  • It is important to extend our research beyond the underlying physiological mechanisms that mask the richness of the emotional lives of many animals and learn more about how emotions serve them as they go about their daily activities
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Ignore the previous sentence because this one explains it: the study of emotions needs to focus more on how they help us in life and less on the biology of them.
  • emotions are real and that they are extremely important,
  • René Descartes
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      The philosopher who said, "I think therefore I am". He divided humans into mind/body.
  • B. F. Skinner
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Skinner was a pioneer in behaviour conditioning. He taught that emotions, because we can't measure them, are not important to understanding behaviour.
  • Why then are there competing views on the nature of animal emotions? In part, this is because some people view humans as unique animals, created in the image of God
  • researchers studying animal behavior came to realize that there was too little in studies of animal emotions and minds that was directly observable, measurable, and verifiable, and chose instead to concentrate on behavior because overt actions could be seen, measured objectively, and verified
  • Most researchers now believe that emotions are not simply the result of some bodily state that leads to an action
  • William James and Carl Lange
  • James and Lange argued that fear, for example, results from an awareness of the bodily changes (heart rate, temperature) that were stimulated by a fearful stimulus.
  • Walter Cannon's criticisms
  • there is a mental component that does not have to follow a bodily reaction
  • drugs producing bodily changes like those accompanying an emotional experience
  • do not produce the same type of conscious experience of fear
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      The textbook spoke of this.
  • Primary emotions, considered to be basic inborn emotions
  • Natural selection has resulted in innate reactions that are crucial to individual survival.
  • are wired into the evolutionary old limbic system (especially the amygdala), the “emotional” part of the brain
  • substrate
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Substitue 'circuit' for this word
  • . Each is connected to the other two but each also has its own capacities
  • current research (LeDoux 1996) indicates that all emotions are not necessarily packaged into a single system, and there may be more than one emotional system in the brain.
  • Secondary emotions are those that are experienced or felt, evaluated, and reflected on. Secondary emotions involve higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex.
  • ethologists
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Ethology is the study of animal behaviour and mind
  • cognitive ethologists want to know what it is like to be another animal.
  • concerns how emotions and cognition are linked
  • A sense of self in the act of knowing is created,
  • various brain structures map both the organism and external objects
  • I am inclined merely to delete it [the mental realm] from biological explanation, because it is an entirely private phenomenon, and biology must deal with the publicly demonstrable.”
  • abanac postulated that the first mental event to emerge into consciousness was the ability of an individual to experience the sensations of pleasure and displeasure
  • Examples of animal emotions
  • Social play
  • Studies of the chemistry of play support the idea that play is enjoyable.
  • dopamine (and perhaps serotonin and norepinephrine)
  • rats enjoy being playfully tickled.
  • grief in geese
  • grief and depression in orphan elephants is a real phenomeno
  • It is unlikely that romantic love (or any emotion) first appeared in humans with no evolutionary precursors in animals
  • common brain systems and homologous chemicals underlying love that are shared among humans and animals
  • No one discipline will be able to answer all of the important questions that still need to be dealt with in the study of animal emotions
  • However, research that reduces and minimizes animal behavior and animal emotions to neural firings, muscle movements, and hormonal effects will not likely lead us significantly closer to an understanding of animal emotions.
  • All research involves leaps of faith from available data to the conclusions
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      What do you think about this sentence?
  • studies of the behavior of captive animals
  • Field work also can be problematic. It can be too uncontrolled to allow for reliable conclusions to be drawn.
  • behavior is primary; neural systems subserve behavior
  • Emotions are an integral part of human life, so why not for other animals?
  • in many instances, differences in degree rather than differences in kind.
Catherine Delisle

Mighty Optical Illusions - 0 views

shared by Catherine Delisle on 07 Feb 11 - Cached
    • Catherine Delisle
       
      LOOK AT "CAMOUFLAGE CANS BY LIU BOLIN" This optical illusion is very interesting because you don't notice anything until you look at the bottom of the photo and see the shoes. If you move up from there until about three quarters of this photo, you'll see the head, the neck and the hands. This is very interesting because we can see how our eyes can play tricks on us and then see something that they hadn't seen before.
    • trevor kearns
       
      The camouflage can illusion was mind blowing. I looked at the picture for at least a minute before realizing there was a person. I was amazed at how well the person could blend in to the background and wish they showed how the painter painted this.
    • anonymous
       
      Wow thats really amazing. The camouflage artist is extremely interesting. Liu Bolin completely camouflages into the background by just painting himself. I find this is extremely good optical illusion because we can see exactly how are eyes play tricks on us. I was very impressed with how well he actually blended in with the background.
  •  
    Such a cool optical illusion ! It's really incredible how well the person blends in with the cans... Such a talented artist !
  •  
    What optical illusions there are. Some are kind of silly however, there are certain ones that truly put things into perspective.
  •  
    This was very interesting! It's a really cool optical illusion...and I agree with Catherine that you don't notice anything at first until you look on the bottom and then it really clearly shows! It took me a while to realize there was a person in the picture!
Daryl Bambic

Bipolar Disorder - 3 views

This is a credible site because it is recent and it is a medical website with the proper information on this disorder. It is also filled with tons of valuable information as well as facts to treat ...

brain psychology adolescents mania depression mixed episodes

Seb Potvin

The Stanford Prison Experiment: A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment - 0 views

  • The prisoner was then issued a uniform. The main part of this uniform was a dress, or smock, which each prisoner wore at all times with no underclothes. On the smock, in front and in back, was his prison ID number. On each prisoner's right ankle was a heavy chain, bolted on and worn at all times. Rubber sandals were the footwear, and each prisoner covered his hair with a stocking cap made from a woman's nylon stocking.
    • Seb Potvin
       
      Prisoners and guards where given uniforms to play their roles in the experiment. Chains where put on the prisonners so they could really feel like they where stuck in prison.
  • functional simulation
Daryl Bambic

Is Anybody in There? Searching for Consciousness in an Injured Brain | Wired Science | ... - 2 views

  • eft to languish in nursing homes where no one bothers with physical therapy or even to check for glimmers of regained consciousness
  • many patients with no outward signs of awareness retain some degree of consciousness
  • In Wallis’ case, brain scans revealed evidence that his brain had rewired itself to some extent to compensate for the injury
  • ...13 more annotations...
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Brains re-wiring themselves is called brain plasticity.  
  • y rare, a 2009 study by Belgian researchers found that 41 percent of hospital and rehab patients with a vegetative state diagnosis were actually minimally conscious
  • ike a flickering light, and you’re going to miss it unless you systematically look for it,” Fins said.
  • n a few cases, this technology has enabled rudimentary communication with patients trapped inside an unresponsive body. In the future, some scientists believe, it may be possible to directly decode these patients’ thoughts.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      For an explanation of how this decoding might work, go to the end of the article.
  • Getting these methods right is crucial, as pressure mounts to use them in medical decisions, including whether or not to terminate life support, and in the legal battles that sometimes ensue. There are a number of ongoing legal cases in Canada that involve vegetative or minimally conscious patients and end of life decisions, says Adrian Owen, a neuroscientist at the University of Western Ontario. “I’m absolutely sure fMRI is going to play a role in one or more of these cases in the next 12 months.”
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      The role of technology in ethical decision making.
  • technology that created these disorders in the first place.
  • ut a badly damaged brain is not necessarily unconscious. The recent research tells us quite clearly that human consciousness is not binary. It can exist in degrees, fade in and out, even when the body is unresponsive.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Consciousness is not binary but a question of degrees.
  • wen also described a new way to assess mental function in unresponsive patients. It involves scanning someone’s brain as they watch an 8 minute clip of an Alfred Hitchcock film. When healthy people do this, various parts of the brain synchronize their activity at certain times in the clip. Owen argues that if brain injury patients exhibit similar patterns, it could be a telltale sign of residual cognitive function.
  • imple yes-no communication probably isn’t enough to allow patients to participate in decisions about their care.
  • Gallant’s lab has shown that it’s possible to reconstruct still images and video clips from the patterns of activity elicited in the brain of the person viewing them. If Gallant can see what your visual cortex is doing, he can tell you, more or less, what you’re looking at.
Chrissy Le

The Rules of Attraction in the Game of Love | LiveScience - 0 views

  • Symmetry equals sex
  • If every division were to go perfectly, the result would be a baby whose left and right sides are mirror images.
  • But nature doesn't work that way.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • men with higher degrees of symmetry enjoy more sexual partners than men of lower symmetry.
  • Both men and women rated symmetrical members of the opposite sex as more attractive and in better health than their less symmetrical counterparts. The differences can be just a few percent—perceivable though not necessarily noticeable.
  • "It makes sense to use symmetry variation in mate choice," said evolutionary biologist Randy Thornhill of the University of New Mexico. "If you choose a perfectly symmetrical partner and reproduce with them, your offspring will have a better chance of being symmetric and able to deal with perturbations."
  • Women with a WHR of 0.7—indicating a waist significantly narrower than the hips—are most desirable to men.
  • Psychologist Devendra Singh of the University of Texas studied people's waist-to-hip ratio (WHR).
  • 0.8 to 1.0 WHR in men is attractive to women, although having broad shoulders is more of a turn-on.
  • Where fat is deposited on the body is determined by sex hormones; testosterone in men and estrogen in women. If a woman produces the proper amount and mixture of estrogen, then her WHR will naturally fall into the desired range. The same goes for a male's testosterone.
  • "The idea is that beauty is conveying information about health and fertility, and we admire that,
  • Men's faces are shaped by testosterone, which helps develop a larger lower face and jaw and a prominent brow.
  • Research reported last month found women both smell and look more attractive to men at certain times of the month.
  • The rules of attraction, it turns out, seem sometimes to play out in our subconscious.
  • A 2002 study found women prefer the scent of men with genes somewhat similar to their own over the scent of nearly genetically identical or totally dissimilar men.
Joe Inhaber

Music and the Brain - 0 views

  • In general, responses to music are able to be observed. It has been proven that music influences humans both in good and bad ways.
  • usic is thought to link all of the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe
  • change a person's mood, and has been found to cause like physical responses in many people simultaneously
  • ...12 more annotations...
    • Joe Inhaber
       
      Mozart is good for you because it relaxes the brain.
  • The power of music to affect memory is quite intriguing. Mozart's music and baroque music, with a 60 beats per minute beat pattern, activate the left and right brain. The simultaneous left and right brain action maximizes learning and retention of information. The information being studied activates the left brain while the music activates the right brain. Also, activities which engage both sides of the brain at the same time, such as playing an instrument or singing, causes the brain to be more capable of processing information.
  • strengthen or weaken emotions
  • certain types of music such as Mozart's Sonata for Two Piano's in D Major before taking a test
  • releases neurons in the brain which help the body to relax.
  • average of 119
  • f 111,
  • average of 110
  • Healthy and Not So Healthy Effects
  • studying the effects of the beat of the music. It was found that slow music could slow the heartbeat and the breathing rate as well as bring down blood pressure. Faster music was found to speed up these same body measurements.
  • One cannot deny the power of music.
  • study music have higher grade point averages that those who don't
vince chatigny-barbosa

The Psychology of Success, Leading Your Company Article - Inc. Article | Inc.com - 0 views

  • Why do some leaders thrive while others struggle? The answers might surprise you.
  • Today's Editor's Picks Tech Bubble? Why It’s Different This Time What Sleep Deprivation Is Doing to You What a 9-Year-Old Can Teach You About Selling Shaking Up Commercial Real Estate How to Pitch a CEO: 4 Tips They're hype
  • rconfident risk-takers
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • big decisions
  • often fail
  • to see the big picture.
  • Interpersonal
  • They're charismatic visionaries who don't play well with others
  • That's the stereotype of successful entrepreneurs.
  • on the fly but
  • They make
  • AIS--
  • Myth: They thrive on risk
  • the way they respond to stress
  • They score in the 83rd percentile on what TAIS calls "performance under pressure.
  • 5% higher than CEOs in general
  • Myth: They're control freaks
  • Myth: They're lousy at strategy
  • Myth: They're bullies
  • enjoy facing adversity
  • manage and mitigate their risk.
  • 91st percentile on their need to control things
  • ocus over time
  • essentially, willingness to sacrifice anything necessary to achieve a goal
  • quick on their feet
  • awareness
  • analysi
  • CEOs score higher than 82% of the population on their ability to express support and encouragement
  •  
    Here is an article (A research is included) on how the psychology of success is present in the business world. How do successful entrepreneurs differentiate themselves from others? The article speaks solely from a business standpoint. 
vince chatigny-barbosa

What Success Does for the Brain - 1 views

  • the brain appears to react more to success than failure, supporting previous evidence that we learn more from a positive outcome than a negative one.
  • Monkeys
  • family pets respond more to reward than punishment
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • the prefrontal cortex and the striatum—“keep track of recent successes and failures for many seconds, long enough for it to play a role in guiding the learning the next time an opportunity to learn comes up
  • monkeys’ brains are similar enough to humans
  • neural processing in the brain improves after a recent success and doesn't improve much after a recent failure
  • [T]he neurons themselves retained a memory of the correct action, paving the way for continued success
  • a study by psychology professor Mario Liotti. Liotti and his team examined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brains of swimmers who failed to qualify for the 2004 Olympic team. The scans were recorded while the swimmers watched videos of their failed qualifying races. Liotti “found that a region of the brain that plans future actions (the pre-motor cortex) appeared inhibited when the elite athletes saw themselves “lose,”
  • But endorphins, which are “stimulated by exercise alone and heightened when accompanied by experiences like winning or a spectacular performance,” create “ephemeral” reactions in the brain
Julian Pendenza

BEATING THE ODDS - 1 views

  • Every state except Utah and Hawai'i permits some form of gambling.
  • Not surprisingly, gambling losses have skyrocketed. Every year, American consumers blow more money on gambling than we spend on music, movies, professional sports, theme parks, and cruises combined, says Dixon—an estimated $68 billion in 2002, according to one source.
    • Julian Pendenza
       
      Important fact
  • 1 percent
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • 3 percent in the last 20 years
  • they are hugely in debt...and their families are in a shambles.
    • Julian Pendenza
       
      One of the main problems of gambling
  • the most common treatment option for the problem, recorded a success rate of only 8 percent after two years of treatment. Therapy can boost the success rate considerably, but many people still don't respond well or simply don't have access to it.
    • Julian Pendenza
       
      This is a reason of why this is such a big problem in today society
  • First, he's set up a "casino room" in his lab. This room, equipped with a one-way mirror for observing subjects, has slot machines, a roulette wheel, a craps table, and a poker table. No money is used to play these games, only tokens, but the physical experience of gambling is otherwise the same. (Research subjects do sometimes get extra course credit or gift cards as incentives for participating.)
    • Julian Pendenza
       
      Procedure for expierement
  • • Immediate gratification.
  • • Irrational beliefs
  • Pathological gamblers "don't have rational discounting curves," says Dixon. "They would rather have smaller amounts of money immediately than more later.
  • Perceptions of winning and losing.
  • Impulsivity and the gambling environment.
  • The illusion of control
  • The fact that money isn't the only motivation for gambling is something that Dixon and his students know from the Gambling Intervention Program, which he began at SIUC in early 2005. This free eight-week program, closely modeled after a program developed by psychologist Nancy Petry at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, is tailored to the individual.
    • Julian Pendenza
       
      justification
  •  
    Behaviour research and its relation with Gambling, written by Marilyn Davis. Based on the research done by a professor of behaviour analysis and therapy with SIUC's rehabilitation Institution. This is a credible site because it is a ''.edu'' site which means educational organization. There for its a site whose purpose is to educate. Also it is a site created for the Southern Illinois University.
Marie-Lise Pagé

Clues to addiction | Harvard Gazette - 0 views

  • neurons in the brain interact to reinforce behaviors ranging from learning to drug use
  • prediction error has long been considered the product of dopamine neurons firing in response to an unexpected “reward,
  • reward prediction error is actually the product of a complex interplay between two classes of neuron
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
       
      Dopamine is not the only hormone having a role in the addiction.
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  • one that relies on dopamine
  • an inhibitory class of neurons that uses the neurotransmitter GABA.
  • GABA neurons
  • are inhibiting the dopamine neurons
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
       
      Both are working together to provoque the addiction.
  • GABA neurons help dopamine neurons calculate reward prediction error.
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
       
      ** Research more about the reward prediction error
  • many drugs, such as opioids and cannabinoids, target the GABA neurons,”
  • it sheds new light on how behaviors can be reinforced,
  • by inhibiting those GABA neurons, you can lose this feedback cycle, so you keep getting reinforcing signals from the dopamine neurons.
  • new theories or treatments for addiction.”
    • Marie-Lise Pagé
       
      Good to cure addiction and help many people but at the same time should we play with their body to get rid of their addiction?
  •  
    The article talks about the reactions of neurons to addiction and a cure can be found.
Daryl Bambic

The teenage brain | Science News for Students - 1 views

  • dopamine.
  • Dopamine levels in general peak during adolescence.
  • increased activity in the ventral striatum
  • ...27 more annotations...
  • prefrontal cortex’s ability to boss the brain increases with age.
  • reward system can outmuscle the master planner.
  • adolescent brain specifically evolved to respond to rewards so teens would leave behind the protection provided by their parents and start exploring their environment — a necessary step toward the independence they will need in adulthood.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Evolutionary reward...the teen phase of development is what has pushed us forward with the new discoveries
  • So that’s why you have parents to act as your prefrontal cortex,” Frank jokes. Then, all too often, he says, “you reach adolescence and you don’t listen to your parents anymore.”
  • brain acts as the sculptor and chops away excess synapses. Scientists refer to this process as synaptic pruning.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Great image of pruning as sculpting
  • If you have ever thought that the choices teenagers make are all about exploring and pushing limits, you are on to something
  • necessary phase in teen development
  • exploratory period.
  • Even laboratory mice experience a similar phase during their development.
  • Young mice that explore most tend to live longest
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The scanner relies on a powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed images of the brains
  • Teens also can play games that require them to make choices,
  • observing and measuring which parts of the teens’ brains are most active
  • During the risk-taking and rewards-based tests, one region deep inside the brain shows more activity in adolescents than it does in children or adults, Crone says. This region, known as the ventral striatum, is often referred to as the “reward center”
  • Adolescents are particularly sensitive and responsive to influence by friends, desires and emotions, researchers say. It’s one of the hallmarks of this stage in life.
  • eel good” response helps explain why they often give in to impulsive desires.
  • to be shouting louder” between the ages of 13 and 17 than at any other time during human development.
  • prefrontal cortex, it’s the brain’s master planner.
  • brain is locked in a tug-of-war between the logical pull of the prefrontal cortex and the impulsive pull of the ventral striatum.
  • toward years of serious risk-taking
  • prefrontal cortex seems to lag in developing. It turns out this delay serves an important evolutionary function,
  • So it’s important that the master planner not be too rigid or restrictive during adolescence. Instead, it stays open to learning.
  • One of the processes involves axons, or fibers that connect nerve cells. From infancy, these fibers allow one nerve cell to talk to another. Throughout the teen years, fatty tissue starts to insulate the axons from interfering signals — it is a bit like the plastic that coats electrical cables.
  • In axons, the insulating tissue allows information to zip back and forth between brain cells much more quickly. It also helps build networks that link the prefrontal cortex with other brain regions, allowing them to work together more efficiently.
  • The second key process involves synapses. A synapse is like a dock between nerve cells. Nerve cells communicate by transmitting chemical and electrical signals. Those signals move through the synapses.
  • brain starts discarding many of these connections
  • So the brain strengthens the synapses it really needs and eliminates those that either slow things down or aren’t useful.
Daryl Bambic

1.1 Psychology as a Science | Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian Edition - 1 views

  • Because values cannot be considered to be either true or false, science cannot prove or disprove them.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Falsifiability + Popper
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      See Popper and why it is important to be able to prove something false.
  • This factual information can and should be made available to help people formulate their values about abortion and incarceration, as well as to enable governments to articulate appropriate policies
  • Although scientists use research to help establish facts, the distinction between values and facts is not always clear-cut. Sometimes statements that scientists consider to be factual turn out later, on the basis of further research, to be partially or even entirely incorrect
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • A major goal of psychology is to predict behaviour by understanding its causes. Making predictions is difficult, in part because people vary and respond differently in different situations.
  • differences in extraversion, intelligence, self-esteem, anxiety, aggression, and conformity.
  • we cannot always predict who will become aggressive or who will perform best in graduate school or on the job.
  • predictions made by psychologists (and most other scientists) are only probabilistic.
  • behaviour is that almost all behaviour is multiply determined, or produced by many factors.
  • depression is caused by lower-level genetic factors, by medium-level personal factors, and by higher-level social and cultural factors.
  • single cause.
  • are not independent of one another
  • much human behaviour is caused by factors that are outside our conscious awareness,
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), who argued that many psychological disorders were caused by memories that we have repressed and thus remain outside our consciousness.
  • Research demonstrates that individuals who are exposed to highly stressful situations over long periods of time develop more health problems than those who are not
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      "Research demonstrates"...what is wrong with this? Can we know how this study was conducted? What were the variables? Was it correlation or causation?
  • Although science is not perfect, the requirements of empiricism and objectivity result in a much greater chance of producing an accurate understanding of human behaviour than is available through other approaches.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Great psychologists have not used the scientific method and contributed important insights into human behaviour. What role does the unconscious mind play in behaviour?
  • biological influences
  • abilities and characteristics of individual people
  • social groups,
  • cognitive and motivational biases
  • Research psychologists use scientific methods to create new knowledge about the causes of behaviour, whereas psychologist-practitioners, such as clinical, counselling, industrial-organizational, and school psychologists, use existing research to enhance the everyday life of others.
    • Daryl Bambic
       
      Leave a sticky note for yourself or others with whom you share this page.
  • collect and interpret data in their everyday lives
  • accepting explanations for events without testing them thoroughly may lead us to think that we know the causes of things when we really do not.
  • Empirical methods include the processes of collecting and organizing data and drawing conclusions about those data
  • scientific method as the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research.
  • Statements that cannot be objectively measured or objectively determined to be true or false are not within the domain of scientific inquiry
  • Values are personal statements such as “Abortion should not be permitted in this country,” “I will go to heaven when I die,”
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