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anonymous

Une note de géométrie de Blaise Pascal découverte à Clermont-Ferrand - Libéra... - 1 views

  • Un manuscrit de géométrie du philosophe et scientifique Blaise Pascal, seule note connue écrite de sa main dans cette matière, a été découvert par un chercheur clermontois de l'université Blaise-Pascal de Clermont-Ferrand.
anonymous

Vingt personnalités appellent à supprimer les notes au primaire - Libération - 0 views

  • Vingt personnalités, parmi lesquelles Boris Cyrulnik, Daniel Pennac ou Marcel Rufo, se sont jointes à l’appel lancé par l’Afev pour réclamer la suppression des notes à l’école élémentaire, afin d’éviter une stigmatisation des élèves et la sélection par l’échec.
anonymous

Le Figaro - France : Comment se «fabriquent» les notes du baccalauréat - 0 views

  • D'ici à début juillet, le ministère de l'Éducation nationale se réjouira de l'excellent taux de réussite des élèves au bac. Dans les familles, on débouchera le champagne. Le taux de réussite au bac est passé de 73,5 % en 1960 à 85,8 % en 2010 et les mauvaises langues enseignantes ne manquent pas de critiquer les consignes systématiques de correction à la hausse émanant des inspecteurs de l'Éducation nationale. Certains n'hésitent pas à parler de «tripatouillage des notes».
Dvorah Massa Adachihara

Non ! A l'école les notes n'ont rien à voir avec une évaluation. - 0 views

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    Le point de vue très juste d'Eveline Charmeux. ...Si l'évaluation révèle que l'on n'a pas vraiment fait de progrès, cela voudra dire qu'il faut changer la manière de travailler. "
anonymous

Les notes pointent la faute - Le Figaro - Madame. - 0 views

  • Où est le bonheur d’aller à l’école en France ? Je me demande si l’ultime tabou français n’est pas cette notion de plaisir dans l’apprentissage. Or, d’après l’étude de l’OCDE que vous avez mentionnée, c’est une clé de la réussite. En Finlande, les élèves ont un sentiment d’appartenance très fort à leur école. Est-ce le cas des écoliers français ?
anonymous

10 Reading Revolutions Before E-Books - Science and Tech - The Atlantic - 0 views

  • As Ong notes, unlike writing or agriculture, the alphabet was only invented once - every single alphabet and abjad can trace itself back to the same Semitic roots.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
       
      discutable: les syllabaires sont-ils vraiment de nature si différente. ex. kana japonais.
  • 4. Now, the other major pre-Gutenberg "revolution" in the history of the book (and by now you may be getting the hint that not one of these revolutions were total coups that changed everything everywhere in an instant, leaving nothing of the old order behind) was in the shape, size, and design of the book itself. The shift from the rolled scroll to the folded codex as the dominant form of the book radically affected readers' conceptions not only of books, but of what kinds of reading were possible.
  • 5. The shift from scroll to codex was in turn enabled by a shift from papyrus to parchment and then paper
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 6. This is especially true for arguably the most important reading revolution -- the industrial revolution. Gigantic presses powered by steam (and later, electric power) could crank out books and newspapers and advertisements that strained the always-fickle paper supply. Eventually, papermakers were able to invent a variety of mechanical and chemical techniques engineer decent-quality paper out of pulped wood, a supply that (unlike cloth rags) appeared limitless.
  • 7 & 8. If those analogies made sense to you, it's because reading has transformed even further in the electronic age. Entire new families of audiovisual media, transmitted wirelessly or on discs, cylinders, reels, and cassettes, became more essential to culture even as text continued to proliferate exponentially. The development and expansion of computing, too, introduced a few powerful wrinkles, like the conversion of alphanumeric text to binary languages, text written to be "read" by computers rather than humans, and greatly increasing the amount of reading and writing we perform on screens.
  • 9. There are two other reading revolutions worth mentioning, broad tendencies even less fixed to a particular historical moment. Communications legend Harold Innis suggested that the history of culture itself was characterized by a balance between media that persisted in time - think stone inscriptions and heavy parchment books -- and those offering the greatest portability across space, like paper, radio, and television.
  • modernity, for good or ill, had tipped the balance toward the ephemeral-but-portable, what Engelsing would call extensive rather than intensive media.
  • 10. My favorite reading revolution, though, isn't very famous, even though it was conceived by the very famous media theorist Walter Benjamin. It's the shift from vertical to horizontal writing, and then back to vertical again. He lays it out in his 1928 book One-Way Street: If centuries ago [writing] began gradually to lie down, passing from the upright inscription to the manuscript resting on sloping desks before finally taking itself to bed in the printed book, it now begins just as slowly to rise again from the ground. The newspaper is read more in the vertical than in the horizontal plane, while film and advertisements force the printed word entirely into the dictatorial perpendicular.
  • 2. Outside of scholarly circles, the top candidate is usually the better-known Print Revolution, usually associated with Johannes Gutenberg, who helped introduce movable type to Europe. Now, as Andrew Pettegree's new history The Book in the Renaissance shows, the early years of print were much messier than advertised: no one knew quite what to do with this technology, especially how to make money off of it.
  • 1. The phrase "reading revolution" was probably coined by German historian Rolf Engelsing. He certainly made it popular. Engelsing was trying to describe something he saw in the 18th century: a shift from "intensive" reading and re-reading of very few texts to "extensive" reading of many, often only once
  • other historians quickly found counterexamples of extensive premodern reading (Cicero and his letters) and intensive reading today
  • In Elizabeth Eisenstein's account in The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, print changed readers' expectations of texts, especially their universality and fidelity, since everyone everywhere was (in theory) reading an exact copy of an identical text. This assumption proved particularly instrumental in the subsequent Scientific Revolution. Benedict Anderson thought print helped readers of a common language in a highly fragmented Europe think of themselves as an "imagined community," crucial to forming the modern nation-state. Marshall McLuhan and Walter Ong thought print helped further reorient language from sound to vision, paving the way for our screen-fixated present. This is a reorientation that, as Ong argued extensively, begins with writing itself.
  • 3. There are many crucial developments in the very early history of writing, but for the sake of time/space (writing being the primary technology that allows us to think of these interchangeably), let's cut to the emergence of the alphabet. From bureaucratic cuneiform to monumental hieroglyphs, early writing systems were mostly divorced from speech. Scripts where symbols matched consonants or syllables allowed you to exchange symbols for sounds. An abjad, like Phoenician, Hebrew, or Arabic, was a script for merchants, not scribes. This took on an additional order of magnitude with the emergence of the first proper alphabet, Greek. The Greeks took the Phoenician letters and 1) added symbols for vowels; 2) completely abstracted the names and images of the letters from words in the language.
anonymous

Le Figaro - France : Le système éducatif français mal noté - 0 views

  • Selon le classement OCDE des systèmes éducatifs, la France enregistre un résultat global «moyen» et le retard de l'Europe sur l'Asie s'accroît.
Michel Roland-Guill

Rough Type: Nicholas Carr's Blog: Killing Mnemosyne - 2 views

  • Isidore, the bishop of Seville, remarked how reading “the sayings” of thinkers in books “render[ed] their escape from memory less easy.”
  • Shakespeare has Hamlet call his memory “the book and volume of my brain.”
  • Books provide a supplement to memory, but they also, as Eco puts it, “challenge and improve memory; they do not narcotize it.”
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Erasmus, in his 1512 textbook De Copia, stressed the connection between memory and reading. He urged students to annotate their books
  • He also suggested that every student and teacher keep a notebook, organized by subject, “so that whenever he lights on anything worth noting down, he may write it in the appropriate section.”
  • Memory, for Seneca as for Erasmus, was as much a crucible as a container.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
       
      crucible = creuset
  • To him, memorizing was far more than a means of storage
  • Far from being a mechanical, mindless process, Erasmus’s brand of memorization engaged the mind fully
  • “We should imitate bees,” Seneca wrote, “and we should keep in separate compartments whatever we have collected from our diverse reading, for things conserved separately keep better. Then, diligently applying all the resources of our native talent, we should mingle all the various nectars we have tasted, and then turn them into a single sweet substance, in such a way that, even if it is apparent where it originated, it appears quite different from what it was in its original state.”
  • kinds of flowers
  • Francis Bacon
  • “commonplace books,”
  • “a gentleman’s commonplace book” served “both as a vehicle for and a chronicle of his intellectual development.”
  • The arrival of the limitless and easily searchable data banks of the Internet brought a further shift, not just in the way we view memorization but in the way we view memory itself.
  • Clive Thompson, the Wired writer, refers to the Net as an “outboard brain”
  • David Brooks
  • “I had thought that the magic of the information age was that it allowed us to know more,” he writes, “but then I realized the magic of the information age is that it allows us to know less. It provides us with external cognitive servants—silicon memory systems, collaborative online filters, consumer preference algorithms and networked knowledge. We can burden these servants and liberate ourselves.”
  • Peter Suderman
  • “it’s no longer terribly efficient to use our brains to store information.”
  • “Why memorize the content of a single book when you could be using your brain to hold a quick guide to an entire library? Rather than memorize information, we now store it digitally and just remember what we stored.”
  • Don Tapscott, the technology writer, puts it more bluntly. Now that we can look up anything “with a click on Google,” he says, “memorizing long passages or historical facts” is obsolete.
  • When, in an 1892 lecture before a group of teachers, William James declared that “the art of remembering is the art of thinking,” he was stating the obvious.
anonymous

The Latest From Betaworks: Findings. A New Way To Share Book Passages And Web Marginali... - 1 views

  • Reading, which began as a solitary activity, is increasingly becoming a social experience. We share links constantly on Twitter and Facebook to the latest blog posts and articles we are reading, and electronic books such as Amazon’s Kindle allow you to share your highlights and notes with the world.
Michel Roland-Guill

Un texte dérangeant d'Alberto Manguel : la bibliothèque de Robinson (2000) | ... - 4 views

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    Très curieuse remarque. Qui, pour moi, en appelle tout de suite 2 ou 3 autres. - Je souligne souvent que FaceBook semble permettre des échanges abondants en raison exacte de la vitesse de disparition des postages successifs dans le flux. En quoi le service se distingue des blogs et sites plus classiques. - La vie de pédagogue est terriblement soumise à l'oubli des "leçons" ou performances auxquelles elle donne lieu. Avec le temps, le pédagogue (ou le formateur comme toi) a le sentiment vertigineux de devenir amnésique. Il ne fait pas oeuvre. Et c'est une des raisons pour lesquelles l'usage d'Internet m'a donné le sentiment d'être sauvé de la noyade. De jouir d'une seconde vie. - Je demande (depuis peu) à chaque animateur VH de produire au moins un commentaire sur le site, à la suite de chacun des ateliers qu'il anime, sous l'outil principal qu'il aura utilisé durant cette séance. Avec l'espoir de voir se produire ainsi un phénomène de sédimentation. - On n'a pas beaucoup de recul quant à l'évolution des sites et blogs dans le temps. La question de la "longue traîne" que j'évoquais voici peu me paraît capitale. Quant je vais sur le site de François Bon, j'ai le sentiment désagréable que seule l'écume (formée par les tout derniers posts) est animée. Quant à moi, je ne me sens pas le courage de fouiller plus profond. - Voir le dernier billet de Christian Fauré sur l'ardoise magique de S. Freud, et mon commentaire qui (comme bien souvent) est resté seul, sans réponse: http://www.christian-faure.net/2010/11/13/le-bloc-notes-magique-wunderblock-de-freud/
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