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carpenterdr

Civil Liberties in the Digital Age | American Civil Liberties Union - 0 views

www.aclu.org/...civil-liberties-digital-age

notaspire

shared by carpenterdr on 10 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • carpenterdr on 10 Oct 14
     
    In the digital age that we live in today, we are constantly exposing our personal information online. From using cell phones and GPS devices to online shopping and sending e-mail, the things we do and say online leave behind ever-growing trails of personal information. The ACLU believes that Americans shouldn't have to choose between using new technology and keeping control of your private information.
  • carpenterdr on 10 Oct 14
     
    In the digital age that we live in today, we are constantly exposing our personal information online. From using cell phones and GPS devices to online shopping and sending e-mail, the things we do and say online leave behind ever-growing trails of personal information. The ACLU believes that Americans shouldn't have to choose between using new technology and keeping control of your private information.
amoore2017

privacy in Facebook - 0 views

psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm

privacy media

shared by amoore2017 on 10 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • amoore2017 on 10 Oct 14
     
    This article investigates Facebook users' awareness of privacy issues and perceived benefits and risks of utilizing Facebook. Research found that Facebook is deeply integrated in users' daily lives through specific routines and rituals. Users claimed to understand privacy issues, yet reported uploading large amounts of personal information. Risks to privacy invasion were ascribed more to others than to the self. However, users reporting privacy invasion were more likely to change privacy settings than those merely hearing about others' privacy invasions. Results suggest that this lax attitude may be based on a combination of high gratification, usage patterns, and a psychological mechanism similar to third-person effect. Safer use of social network services would thus require changes in user attitude.
spruilltn

Justice in America: The Separate Realities of Blacks and Whites - Mark Peffley, Jon Hur... - 0 views

books.google.com/books

huds

shared by spruilltn on 10 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • spruilltn on 10 Oct 14
     
    As reactions to the O. J. Simpson verdict, the Rodney King beating, and the Amadou Diallo killing make clear, whites and African Americans in the United States inhabit two different perceptual worlds, with the former seeing the justice system as largely fair and color blind and the latter believing it to be replete with bias and discrimination. Drawing on data from a nation-wide survey of both races, the authors tackle two important questions in this book: what explains the widely differing perceptions, and why do such differences matter? They attribute much of the racial chasm to the relatively common personal confrontations that many blacks have with law enforcement - confrontations seldom experienced by whites. And more importantly, the authors demonstrate that this racial chasm is consequential: it leads African Americans to react much more cynically to incidents of police brutality and racial profiling, and also to be far more skeptical of punitive anti-crime policies ranging from the death penalty to three-strikes laws.
  • spruilltn on 10 Oct 14
     
    As reactions to the O. J. Simpson verdict, the Rodney King beating, and the Amadou Diallo killing make clear, whites and African Americans in the United States inhabit two different perceptual worlds, with the former seeing the justice system as largely fair and color blind and the latter believing it to be replete with bias and discrimination. Drawing on data from a nation-wide survey of both races, the authors tackle two important questions in this book: what explains the widely differing perceptions, and why do such differences matter? They attribute much of the racial chasm to the relatively common personal confrontations that many blacks have with law enforcement - confrontations seldom experienced by whites. And more importantly, the authors demonstrate that this racial chasm is consequential: it leads African Americans to react much more cynically to incidents of police brutality and racial profiling, and also to be far more skeptical of punitive anti-crime policies ranging from the death penalty to three-strikes laws.
carpenterdr

If There's Privacy In The Digital Age, It Has A New Definition : All Tech Considered : NPR - 0 views

www.npr.org/...al-age-it-has-a-new-definition

notaspire

shared by carpenterdr on 10 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • carpenterdr on 10 Oct 14
     
    Even staunch privacy advocates are concluding that it's impossible to protect personal data completely. The best hope for online privacy, they say, lies in legal safeguards that prevent abuse.
  • carpenterdr on 10 Oct 14
     
    Even staunch privacy advocates are concluding that it's impossible to protect personal data completely. The best hope for online privacy, they say, lies in legal safeguards that prevent abuse.
courtmulligan12

Holmes and Smith: Intergroup dynamics of extra-legal police aggression - 1 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S1359178912000286

policebrutality police HUDS policeaggression

shared by courtmulligan12 on 09 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • extra-legally, as informal means of coercive control over those perceived as threats to police authority or personal safety
  • Nowhere is that possibility more apparent than in the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities in disadvantaged locales
  • most commonly (although not exclusively) in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods
  • ...69 more annotations...
  • Some explanations of the behavior identify individual differences among police officers or organizational differences among police departments as primary causal factors, approaches that generally lack empirical support
  • situational
  • exigencies, such as the race and demeanor of citizens, may determine the use of extra-legal police aggression.
  • conflicts of interest
  • tereotyping
  • egregation and discrimination
  • hypothesis that the police employ formal legal authority less vigorously in disadvantaged areas, Kane (2002) argued that, in the socially disorganized neighborhoods where lax enforcement occurs, various forms of police misconduct may become normalized by officers who encounter conflict with citizens and challenges to their legitimacy
  • social psychology of intergroup relations to develop a theory of the underlying causes and ecological variations in the use of various types of extra-legal police aggression.
  • Profanity and racial slurs, racially motivated stops and searches, and excessive physical force would generally constitute violations.
  • uch as police brutality and excessive force, are often used to describe the phenomena under consideration, but these concepts generally refer only to physical force
  • extra-legal police aggression is preferable for several related reasons.
  • ggression
  • any form of behavior that is intended to injure someone physically or psychologically.”
  • Both unconscious and conscious processes may trigger extra-legal aggression by the police.
  • he concept of aggression captures the critical point that the behaviors in question specifically aim to injure citizens.
  • Profanity, racial slurs, and gratuitous verbal threats degrade, humiliate and frighten citizens
  • An investigation conducted in six cities by the NAACP (1995) reported that verbal abuse and harassment are the most common forms of extra-legal police aggression and are standard operating procedure in minority communities.
  • erbal abuses as well as obscene gestures and spitting
  • An emerging focus of research on policing minorities is racial profiling, the practice of stopping and searching citizens on the pretext of suspicious or illegal activity but actually on the basis of racial identity alone.
  • A study of police stops in New York City showed that Blacks and Hispanics were stopped at higher rates than Whites in all areas, but those encountered in neighborhoods with relatively small Black populations were stopped relatively more frequently
  • intrusive searches subsequent to police stops, which likely occur more frequently in areas of concentrated disadvantage
  • The most extreme forms of extra-legal police aggression involve the use of excessive physical force, that which occurs “under color of authority, without lawful necessity”
  • Race appears to be an important correlate of its use.
  • cities of 150,000 or more population, percent Black and percent Hispanic
  • were related positively to criminal complaints against police officers
  • nvestigated by the FBI and reported to the Civil Rights Division of the DOJ from 1985 to 1990, found that
  • some research findings suggest a link between race and neighborhood characteristics.
  • percent
  • Black population and extreme Black segregation were related positively to sustained complaints of excessive force
  • Percent Hispanic was also related positively to sustained complaints, but Hispanic segregation was not.
  • Most studies include a small number of jurisdictions, rely on weak research designs with respect to causal generalizations, and/or use imprecise dependent measures.
  • minority suspects encountered in disadvantaged neighborhoods are at greatest risk of victimization at the hands of police
  • For example, Stewart et al. (2009) maintain that the police may discriminate against Black youth to defend the interests of White neighborhoods
  • Certainly the use of questionable practices by the police, such as stops and searches on the basis of racial profiling, may serve the interests of Whites in maintaining the boundaries of the “racial-spatial divide”
  • These findings support the proposition of a greater incidence and severity of extra-legal aggression in disadvantaged minority neighborhoods, but also suggest that lesser forms, such as unnecessary stops, may be used to handle “suspicious” Black citizens outside their neighborhoods.
  • Relevant dimensions of intergroup relations include complementary processes involving group conflict, emotions, and cognitions.
  • These social–psychological dynamics have been identified as primary contributors to aggressive behavioral responses.
  • he various models of intergroup relations and aggression suggest that distal background conditions of neighborhoods and proximate psychological responses elicited in situational encounters with citizens determine the specific targets (race) and general locations (place) of extra-legal police aggression.
  • 1) social, emotional, and cognitive preconditions to aggressive behavior, (2) activation of aggressive responses by a target perceived as threatening, and (3) social and individual mediators/moderators of aggressive behavior.
  • Group conflict
  • Several conflict theories hold that complex societies contain various interest groups and that conflict is an inevitable social process with predictable consequences for social organization and behavior.
  • ntergroup conflict arises as a collective reaction to real or perceived threats to group interests. T
  • The conflict theory of law maintains that the deployment of coercive crime mechanisms expressly seeks to regulate threats to the interests of the powerful
  • For example, police use of lesser forms of extra-legal aggression may accommodate the interests of Whites in affluent neighborhoods who can marshal political influence to dictate police practices
  • The police may more freely employ more severe forms of extra-legal aggression in areas of minority disadvantage, as there is less risk and more salient personal interests at stake
  • Realistic group conflict theory calls attention to the reality that the police constitute a distinct social group that possesses unique interests that do not always correspond to the interests of the dominant group of the larger society
  • maintains that the existence of such outgroup threats create hostility toward the source of threat, ingroup solidarity, ingroup identity, tightened ingroup boundaries, punishment of ingroup defectors and deviants, and increased ethnocentrism.
  • African Americans and Hispanics, who constitute the largest and most threatening outgroups in American society
  • hese disadvantaged neighborhoods pose a host of challenging circumstances—social isolation, poverty, crime, drugs, weapon availability, violence, and social disorder/incivilities
  • Much urban police work takes place in such locales.
  • Subcultural conflicts of group interests between police and minority citizens exist in these neighborhoods and create normative rifts that often place them at odds with one another.
  • he mutual perceptions of distrust and threat held by police and minorities in disadvantaged neighborhoods may generate group dynamics that reinforce ingroup solidarity and intergroup conflict that would not occur in more affluent locales.
  • Such intergroup conflict may elicit various less severe forms of extra-legal aggression by the police, which are seen as instrumental to maintaining authority and avoiding danger.
  • Conflict theories offer important insights into the background tensions that precipitate acts of extra-legal police aggression; however, other social psychological dynamics also must be considered.
  • Primary emotions such as fear and happiness comprise the foundation of the complex human emotional repertoire upon which inter- and intra-group relationships are formed—human behavior is deeply rooted in myriad emotional processes
  • Entering areas of concentrated minority disadvantage may routinely activate emotional responses among the police.
  • Police officers may become unconsciously and consciously conditioned to associate such areas, as well as certain types of people, with criminality and danger
  • While humans may become consciously aware of feeling afraid when faced with an aversive stimulus, unconscious mechanisms for acquiring, storing, and retrieving emotional memories may activate both a behavioral response to and the cognitive awareness of the emotion.
  • While emotions comprise internal states of individuals that may affect behavior, they are also social phenomena shaped by society and culture
  • Police use of extra-legal aggression in disadvantaged locales may, in part, reflect subcultural norms about the appropriate targets of anger and the relative power of police over disadvantaged citizens.
  • the challenging conditions of disadvantaged minority locales clearly provide a structural context in which apprehension, fear, and anger are always relatively close to the surface, ready to take hold of a police officer's conduct.
  • pro-social emotional bonds develop among officers who work these areas, amplifying the ethnocentrism that segregates the occupational subculture of policing from outsiders
  • Heightened fear and anger toward citizens, along with emotional bonds to fellow officers, prime the police officer for aggressive responses in the face of perceived threats, whether real or imagined.
  • Cognitions of ingroups and outgroups are analytically separable, and two distinct but closely related research traditions have developed
  • akes place in tasks involving reward allocations in very minimal groups that lack normal features such as face-to-face interaction, norms, and intergroup relationships.
  • he mere perception of group membership may be sufficient to produce biased judgments and discrimination
  • self-categorization theory maintains that intergroup dynamics involving social identity occur whenever group memberships are salient and group comparisons are made
  • Large perceived differences between groups give rise to the process of self-stereotyping, whereby individuals perceive themselves more as undifferentiated, interchangeable parts of a group and less as unique persons characterized primarily by individual attributes.
  • Perceived ingroup similarity enhances elements of group cohesiveness—mutual attraction, esteem, empathy, cooperation, and ethnocentrism—among members of the ingroup and triggers discrimination against outgroups.
baileycj2

The making and unmaking of an unknown soldier - 0 views

sss.sagepub.com/...631.full.pdf+html

cemetery evergreen

shared by baileycj2 on 07 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • baileycj2 on 07 Oct 14
     
    For 18 years, from 1984 to 1998, the Vietnam crypt of the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery housed the remains of a soldier whose anonymity helped shoulder a nation's grief and fuel its memory. They were those of First Lieutenant Michael J. Blassie, an Air Force pilot shot down over hostile territory in southern Vietnam in 1972. On 14 May 1998, Blassie's then-unrecognized remains became the only set at the memorial to be disinterred and identified - an act that signaled an important shift in forensic practice and the state's means of commemorating its missing and unknown members of the military. Tracing the story of the Vietnam Unknown's (de)identification, this article examines the gradual though foundational reframing of the connection between national memory and identity expressed through care for those who 'made the ultimate sacrifice'. Whereas memorials of the past, such as the Tomb of the Unknowns, emphasized collective or anonymous groupings of war dead in articulating national identity, the changing technology of identification, particularly brought about by advances in DNA testing, has enabled individuated memorializing. Naming each dead soldier, returning each set of remains to surviving families, no matter how partial or delayed, personalizes the ideals of sacrifice and honor embodied in the fallen soldier and invites localized, communal remembrance. The shifts in technology and memory that have rewritten the story of the Vietnam Unknown not only altered modes of national commemoration, but also lay bare the connections between how war itself is waged, death justified, and a nation defined through its care for war dead.
  • baileycj2 on 07 Oct 14
     
    For 18 years, from 1984 to 1998, the Vietnam crypt of the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery housed the remains of a soldier whose anonymity helped shoulder a nation's grief and fuel its memory. They were those of First Lieutenant Michael J. Blassie, an Air Force pilot shot down over hostile territory in southern Vietnam in 1972. On 14 May 1998, Blassie's then-unrecognized remains became the only set at the memorial to be disinterred and identified - an act that signaled an important shift in forensic practice and the state's means of commemorating its missing and unknown members of the military. Tracing the story of the Vietnam Unknown's (de)identification, this article examines the gradual though foundational reframing of the connection between national memory and identity expressed through care for those who 'made the ultimate sacrifice'. Whereas memorials of the past, such as the Tomb of the Unknowns, emphasized collective or anonymous groupings of war dead in articulating national identity, the changing technology of identification, particularly brought about by advances in DNA testing, has enabled individuated memorializing. Naming each dead soldier, returning each set of remains to surviving families, no matter how partial or delayed, personalizes the ideals of sacrifice and honor embodied in the fallen soldier and invites localized, communal remembrance. The shifts in technology and memory that have rewritten the story of the Vietnam Unknown not only altered modes of national commemoration, but also lay bare the connections between how war itself is waged, death justified, and a nation defined through its care for war dead.
angiescott13

When Social Kills | David Sable - 0 views

www.huffingtonpost.com/...en-social-kills_b_5940158.html

#socialactivism #peterpaul #technology #aspire #social

shared by angiescott13 on 12 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • angiescott13 on 12 Oct 14
     
    My fear is that we are beginning to look at our personal technology as a totem. The kind of totem that people once thought (and some still do) protected them from bullets or arrows or bears -- bottom line: an unnatural death....
beenixon3

Individual Differences in Discrimination Expectations - 1 views

jbp.sagepub.com/...560.full.pdf+html

huds racism stereotypical Black features discrimination attributions

shared by beenixon3 on 09 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • beenixon3 on 09 Oct 14
     
    Two experiments assess the extent that targets' stereotypically Black physical features and individual differences in perceiver discrimination expectations influence racism-related responses. In Experiment 1, a total of 115 Black college students read about an ambiguously racist workplace situation. Participants reported their hostile emotions and racism attributions. In Experiment 2, a total of 121 Black college students read about two White police officers who physically harm a Black male. Participants reported their experience of empathy for the Black target. In both experiments, stereotypically Black physical features of the Black target were experimentally manipulated, and individual differences in discrimination expectations were assessed. More stereotypically Black physical features elicited greater racism attributions, greater hostile emotions, and more empathy for the target; and in all cases, the impact was stronger for Blacks with low discrimination expectations relative to those with high discrimination expectations. When person-related variables are especially salient, the influence of situational factors is necessarily reduced. Specifically, our findings demonstrate the insensitivity to racism-related situational cues that may be most pervasive for Blacks with high discrimination expectations.
courtmulligan12

Personality Traits and Police Officers - 1 views

www.emeraldinsight.com/...13639510810852611

HUDS policepsychology psychology personalitytraits personality police

shared by courtmulligan12 on 09 Oct 14 - No Cached
kharris216

New Media & Society - 0 views

nms.sagepub.com/...1031.full.pdf+html

civic engagement community echo chamber pervasive awareness social isolation social support

shared by kharris216 on 31 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • kharris216 on 31 Oct 14
     
    This study examines how information and communication technologies - mobile phone, social networking websites, blogging, instant messaging, and photo sharing - are related to the diversity of people's social networks. We find that a limited set of technologies directly afford diversity, but many indirectly contribute to diversity by supporting participation in traditional settings such as neighborhoods, voluntary groups, religious institutions, and public spaces. Only one internet activity, social networking websites, was related to lower levels of participation in a traditional setting: neighborhoods. However, when direct effects were included, the total influence of social networking services on diversity was positive. We argue that a focus on affordances of new media for networked individualism fails to recognize the continued importance of place for the organization of personal networks: networks, that as a result of the persistent and pervasive nature of some new technologies, may be more diverse than at any time in recent history
raglandb

Does Unconscious Racism Exist? - 0 views

www.jstor.org/20141814

racism prejudice huds

shared by raglandb on 20 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • raglandb on 20 Oct 14
     
    This essay argues for the existence of a form of unconscious racism. Research on implicit prejudice provides good evidence that most persons have deeply held negative associations with minority groups that can lead to subtle discrimination without conscious awareness. The evidence for implicit attitudes is briefly reviewed. Criticisms of the implicit prejudice literature raised by Arkes and Tetlock (2004) are discussed, but found to be inconsistent with several findings of prejudice research.
zena35

Continuing bonds in the age of social networking: Facebook as a modern-day medium - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...02682621.2012.710493

jamesrva

shared by zena35 on 10 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • zena35 on 10 Oct 14
     
    As Facebook's popularity grows and endures, many profiles are becoming gravemarkers of the dead, scattered among the profiles of the living. The integration of Facebook usage into many people's everyday lives makes it unsurprising that ongoing interaction by the living with deceased persons' profiles is increasingly commonplace, but this is little studied.
courtmulligan12

Police Training and Psychology - 1 views

download.springer.com/...253A10.1007%252FBF01419760.pdf

policepsychology psychology HUDS police personality

shared by courtmulligan12 on 09 Oct 14 - No Cached
sconzy

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15575330809489660 - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...15575330809489660

communitygarden bettercommunity health network sociacapital

shared by sconzy on 12 Oct 14 - No Cached
    • sconzy
      sconzy on 12 Oct 14
       
      'It provides opportunities for everyone involved to develop skills in leadership,  community organizing, cultural competency, program planning, implementation, and  evaluation" (para. 3) Having community gardens helps community member to interact with each other. It builds relationship among neighbors and also help individual develop skills like leadership, interpersonal and working in teams. Also it helps individual learn about different culture. Also it becomes a network.
    • sconzy
      sconzy on 12 Oct 14
       
      "addressing the need of green spaces and appearance; and decreased crime in urban neighborhoods" (para. 1) Research have shown that urban agriculture can help reduce crime rates within urban communities because people become familiar with each other and strangers and people new society.
    • sconzy
      sconzy on 12 Oct 14
       
      "the public health benefits of urban agriculture as providing food security, personal Wellness, community betterment, and environmental health"  "provide a more livable physical environment through control of temperature, noise and pollution; create a positive community image" (para. 2) Community garden is more than a piece of land or space that provides foods. In addition to it providing food security it also provides fresh and healthy food for people who live in urban cities.  It can also help create a healthy environment because plants filter the air which will reduce air pollution 
kariannyo

The restorative outcomes of forest school and conventional school in young people with ... - 3 views

www.sciencedirect.com/...S1618866711000318

evergreen

shared by kariannyo on 09 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Firstly, this research extends restorative environment research by showing that the effects of nature extend to positive outcomes in young people; secondly, it shows restoration potentially extends to reflection on personal goals; and thirdly, it indicates that the amount of restoration can vary depending on behaviour state.
  • forest school
  • amount of change
    • kariannyo
      kariannyo on 15 Oct 14
       
      Outdoor education can have a positive change on behavior (as compared to a conventional indoor school setting). 
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • psychological restoration
    • kariannyo
      kariannyo on 15 Oct 14
       
      Different settings have the ability to promote recovery of cognitive and emotional resources in young people with varying behavior states. 
veaseybm

Using Survey Results Regarding Hepatitis B Knowledge, Community Awareness and Testing B... - 1 views

link.springer.com/...fulltext.html

icebucket

shared by veaseybm on 05 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • aims to “turn San Francisco into the first hepatitis B free city in the nation” by: (1) creating public and healthcare provider awareness about the importance of testing and vaccinating Asians for hepatitis B, and referring those infected to appropriate care; (2) promoting routine hepatitis B testing and vaccination within the primary care medical community, often encouraging institutional changes to facilitate routine testing; and (3) ensuring access to treatment for chronically infected individuals.
  • FHBF’s many public awareness activities have been described in detail elsewhere and include in-person educational events, public service announcements through a host of media outlets, community events such as street fairs and cultural shows, and advertisements on billboards, bus shelters and other highly visible areas [20].
  • B a Hero” media campaign to convey the message that anyone can be a hero by talking to friends and family about getting tested for hepatitis B
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • by normalizing hepatitis B and bringing the subject into open conversation so that the importance of screening, vaccination and treatment could then be addressed
  • ten expressed confusion about the hero image (e.g. “Does that mean I’m a hero if I get hepatitis B?”, “I don’t understand Superman. Why not an image of a liver?”, “Is it a movie?”, “Why use Superman? But it makes me curious to look at it.”,
  • Overall, “word of mouth” ranked within the top three sources for all three conditions (27–34%), as followed by website/blogs for pregnancy and heart attack (24–29%).
  • V, radio, newspaper/magazine, email forwards, mailing lists and social media tools did not rank within the top five health information sources for the health conditions asked about in the survey.
chavisja

Social media for social change lawyers: an Australian housing rights lawyer's experience - 1 views

www.tandfonline.com/...09695958.2013.845567

shared by chavisja on 09 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • chavisja on 09 Oct 14
     
    This paper reflects on the use of Twitter and Facebook at the PILCH Homeless Persons' Legal Clinic (HPLC), and the lessons for social change lawyers. While these two forms of social media have been useful tools in the HPLC's mission to address the systemic and structural issues that impact on people experiencing homelessness in Victoria, Australia, there have been salutary lessons in their deployment, engagement and impact.
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