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Ihering Alcoforado

Inner-city Innovator: The Non-profit Community Development Corporation - 0 views

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    nner-city Innovator: The Non-profit Community Development Corporation Tony Robinson Department of Political Science, University of Colorado, Denver, Campus Box 190, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA Abstract This paper examines the potential and the limitations associated with the rise of the community development corporation (CDC) as a vital component of inner-city development politics. Grass-roots mobilisation in impoverished American neighbourhoods has sometimes resulted in the deconstruction of the high-rise 'growth machine' in those neighbourhoods and in the defence of 'home turf' against redevelopment and gentrification. Successful turf defence, however, has rarely been followed by an alternative, community-sensitive means of inner-city development. Recently, this dilemma has been addressed by the rise of an innovative institution capable of connecting community, capital and government in the pursuit of sensitive neighbourhood regeneration: the non-profit CDC. In some inner-city neighbourhoods, CDCs have helped to build an alternative social production process and have advanced elements of a new, progressive development regime.
Ihering Alcoforado

PUBLICATIONS - 0 views

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    Project Community Publications Report One PART I, A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF WEST SIDE PARK West Side Park Revitalization Plan, May 1, 1998 Principal Investigators: Alexandre Bradford, Julie Burkley, Mark Feild, Manuel Maysonet, John Van Decker, Jia Wei Faculty Advisors: Stephen Finn, Lisa J. Servon Report Two PART II, A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR COMMERCIAL REVITALIZATION West Side Park Revitalization Plan, May 1, 1998 Principal Investigators: Josephine T. Jover, Helena Soprano, Nina Richardson, Henrietta Owusu, Jacob Avidon, Betsy Wallace Faculty Advisors: Stephen Finn, Lisa J. Servon Report Three PART III, COMMERCIAL REVITALIZATION PLAN FOR SPRINGFIELD AND SOUTH ORANGE AVES West Side Park Revitalization Plan, May 11, 1998 Principal Investigators: Jacob E. Avidon, Julie Burkley Faculty Advisors: Stephen Finn, Lisa J. Servon Report Four VOLUME I: ISLANDS OF STRENGTH, REASONS FOR HOPE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPRINGFIELD AVENUE COMMERCIAL CORRIDORS Strategic Revitalization Plan for the West Side Community of Newark, NJ, May 12, 1997 Principal Investigators and Authors: John D. Fussa, David A. Lewis, Zofia Nowakowski, Allie Ries Faculty Advisors: Norman Glickman (Ph.D.), Renee Sieber (Instructor), Project Manager & Editor: Stephen Finn Report Five VOLUME II: SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF THREE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS Strategic Revitalization Plan for the West Side Community of Newark, NJ, May 12, 1997 Principal Investigators and Authors: Michele Alonso, Melina Patterson, Michael Cummings Faculty Advisors: Norman Glickman (Ph.D.), Renee Seiber (Instructor) Project Manager & Editor: Stephen Finn (M.S.W.) Report Six VOLUME III: MARKETS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESIDENTIAL DEVELPOMENTS Strategic Revitalization Plan for the West Side Community of Newark, NJ, May 12, 1997 Principal Investigators and Authors: Laura V. Arce, Timothy S. Doherty, Brenda Gilbert, Toshiko Nagazumi Faculty Advisors: Norman Glickman (Ph.D.), Renee Sieber (Instructor) Project Manager & Editor:
Ihering Alcoforado

Center for Urban Policy Research ::: Welcome - 0 views

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    For four decades, the Center for Urban Policy Research has served the nation with basic and applied research on a broad spectrum of public policy issues. CUPR, a component of the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, is nationally and internationally recognized for its research on affordable housing, land use policy, environmental impact analysis, state planning, public finance, land development practice, historic preservation, infrastructure assessment, development impact analysis, the costs of sprawl, transportation information systems, environmental impacts, and community economic development. As a full-time academic research institution, CUPR has developed a wide array of fiscal, environmental, transportation, and quality of life impact models that have been used in major public policy evaluations throughout the United States. Housed within the center is CUPR Press, one of the nation's premier publishers in the field of city and regional planning. (CUPR Press is now joined with Transaction Publishers.) Also housed there is R/ECON, a quarterly economic forecasting service for the state; the New Jersey Public Policy Research Institute (NJPPRI), a research center specializing in policy for and about the African-American community; and the Community Development Institute (CDI), a training institute for community development professionals. The Center's multidisciplinary faculty and staff have backgrounds in city and regional planning, economics, public administration, regional science, sociology, urban geography, computer programming, geographic information systems, and statistics. They have testified as expert witnesses before all branches of the federal government as well as state and local governments. Since its founding, the Center has completed more than $40 million in sponsored research for federal agencies, major private foundations, state and local government agencies in New Jersey, and a score of other states and private funders. Fede
Ihering Alcoforado

Index of /~tbarnes/pdf - 0 views

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    Name Last modified Size Description Parent Directory   - BARNESCV.pdf 20-Oct-2011 11:32 88K BARNESetalfinaltext.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 220K Bagachi-Sen and Lawton Smith.pdf 14-Dec-2010 21:48 24K CHAPTER_Between_deduction_and_dialectics.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 177K CHAPTER_Borderline_communities.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 262K CHAPTER_Central_Place_Theory.pdf 14-Dec-2010 23:03 18K CHAPTER_Culture_Economy.pdf 14-Dec-2010 23:05 73K CHAPTER_Desk_killer.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:44 59K CHAPTER_Economic_Geography.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:38 734K CHAPTER_Foreword_to_the_2011_editioin.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:47 1.4M CHAPTER_From_region_to_space.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:45 407K CHAPTER_Gunnar_Olsson_and_me.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:44 67K CHAPTER_Inventing_economic_geography.pdf 14-Dec-2010 23:10 67K CHAPTER_Language.pdf.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 47K CHAPTER_Lost_in_translation.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 66K CHAPTER_Mapping_intelligence.pdf 21-Jan-2011 17:19 457K CHAPTER_Methods_matter.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 213K CHAPTER_Never_mind_the_economy.pdf 14-Dec-2010 23:02 54K CHAPTER_Quantitative_Revolution_in_Economic_Geography.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 66K CHAPTER_Quantitative_Revolution_in_Economic_Geography1.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:58 203K CHAPTER_Quantitative_revolution_geography_of.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:59 644K CHAPTER_Vancouver_as_a_media cluster.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:46 802K CHAPTER_language.pdf 14-Dec-2010 23:21 648K CHAPTER_spatial_analysis.pdf 14-Dec-2010 22:45 775K New_Economy.pdf 14-Dec-2010 21:48 18K PAPERS_Making_Space_for_Markets.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:31 333K PAPER_American_pragmatism.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 356K PAPER_Anoraks.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 79K PAPER_Background_of_our_lives.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 294K PAPER_Between_Regions.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 179K PAPER_Bunge_classics_in_geography.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 24K PAPER_Canada's_Resource_Economy.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 569K PAPER_Critical_notes.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 37K PAPER_Geographical_Intelligence.pdf 13-Dec-2010 17:24 207K PA
Ihering Alcoforado

Session 4 | Colloque villes et territoires numériques - 0 views

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    Session 3: Enjeux politiques. Projets, enjeux, valeurs, expériences 3.1. Les politiques publiques centrées sur les TIC 3.2. Gouvernement local et TIC (to read the text in english, please roll down to english flag) Mots clefs : Action publique, Consultations publiques, ouverture des données publiques, démocraties participatives, « utopies numériques »… Politiques d'e-Inclusion, prise en compte des « publics fragiles », coopération décentralisée et lutte contre la fracture numérique Nord/Sud… Session 3 : 9h 00 à 12h 00 3.1. Les politiques publiques centrées sur les TIC 9h 00 à 10h 20 La participation des Collectivités locales aux politiques publiques centrées sur les Techniques d'Information et de Communication varie selon les époques et selon les pays. Ce constat assez banal au demeurant vient toutefois contraster avec le fait que l'immense majorité des pays se soient préoccupé d'assurer la promotion de ce que l'on appelle la « Société de l'Information ». Cet unanimisme prend forme au début de la décennie 1990. Comme ont pu le signaler maints observateurs, les politiques publiques de la fin de la décennie 1990 en matière de « Société de l'Information » apparaissaient marquées par un très fort mimétisme entre elles. Le cadre générique ayant été formalisé dès 1993 aux Etats-Unis dans le « National Information Infrastructure Agenda for Action », puis au travers de sa « version pour exportation », le « Global Information Infrastructure » (G.I.I), il a semblé un temps que l'évolution vers la « Société de l'Information » constituait une voie univoque en matière de développement. En fait, au-delà de la rhétorique et des aspects incantatoires de tels ou tels discours ou rapport officiel, on se rend compte, au terme de l'analyse comparée permise par dix années de recul, que les systèmes d'action pub
Ihering Alcoforado

Session 3 | Colloque villes et territoires numériques - 0 views

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    Session 3: Enjeux politiques. Projets, enjeux, valeurs, expériences 3.1. Les politiques publiques centrées sur les TIC 3.2. Gouvernement local et TIC (to read the text in english, please roll down to english flag) Mots clefs : Action publique, Consultations publiques, ouverture des données publiques, démocraties participatives, « utopies numériques »… Politiques d'e-Inclusion, prise en compte des « publics fragiles », coopération décentralisée et lutte contre la fracture numérique Nord/Sud… Session 3 : 9h 00 à 12h 00 3.1. Les politiques publiques centrées sur les TIC 9h 00 à 10h 20 La participation des Collectivités locales aux politiques publiques centrées sur les Techniques d'Information et de Communication varie selon les époques et selon les pays. Ce constat assez banal au demeurant vient toutefois contraster avec le fait que l'immense majorité des pays se soient préoccupé d'assurer la promotion de ce que l'on appelle la « Société de l'Information ». Cet unanimisme prend forme au début de la décennie 1990. Comme ont pu le signaler maints observateurs, les politiques publiques de la fin de la décennie 1990 en matière de « Société de l'Information » apparaissaient marquées par un très fort mimétisme entre elles. Le cadre générique ayant été formalisé dès 1993 aux Etats-Unis dans le « National Information Infrastructure Agenda for Action », puis au travers de sa « version pour exportation », le « Global Information Infrastructure » (G.I.I), il a semblé un temps que l'évolution vers la « Société de l'Information » constituait une voie univoque en matière de développement. En fait, au-delà de la rhétorique et des aspects incantatoires de tels ou tels discours ou rapport officiel, on se rend compte, au terme de l'analyse comparée permise par dix années de recul, que les systèmes d'action pub
Ihering Alcoforado

Session 2 | Colloque villes et territoires numériques - 0 views

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    Session 1 : Débats et controverses sur l'interprétation des relations entre TIC, Sociétés et Territoires (to read the text in english, please roll down to english flag) 9h-12h L'épistémologie des sciences insiste sur le rôle des controverses dans les changements paradigmatiques. Où se situent désormais les débats, controverses et polémiques autour d'objets tels que les villes et les territoires en relation avec les TIC ? Des notions telles que « commutateur urbain », « territoires en réseaux », « espaces virtuels », « territoires augmentés », « hyperurbain » (liste non exhaustive) … rendent compte de plusieurs objets et de débats que nous invitons à passer au crible de l'analyse. Dans la confrontation des champs scientifiques, ils constituent des témoins utiles, tant d'un point de vue qui serait celui d'une sociologie des sciences que de celui du dévoilement progressif de réalités sociales complexes. Ce qui est ici en question est la façon dont des objets, en l'occurrence, les Tic, la ville et les territoires, apparaissent reliés dans le champ académique des sciences sociales ; comment ces disciplines s'efforcent de constituer leur propre corpus en parallèle avec les autres disciplines des sciences sociales, en concurrence parfois autour de ces objets. Face à ces nouveaux objets et aux nouvelles questions qui émergent, parfois en lien avec la demande sociale et l'ambition affichée des politiques publiques, on assiste, au sein du monde académique, à des réactions très diversifiées selon les disciplines. Ainsi, la plupart des travaux scientifiques des années 1960 (au demeurant fort peu nombreux), se caractérisent-ils généralement par un fort tropisme interdisciplinaire. Comme si le croisement des objets et des questions autour de TIC/Sociétés/Territoires amenait à revisiter les frontières des champs disciplinaires. Ce tropisme s'observe notamm
Ihering Alcoforado

Gmail - Alerta do Google Acadêmico - [ échelle et territoire ] - iheringalcof... - 0 views

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    Session 1 : Débats et controverses sur l'interprétation des relations entre TIC, Sociétés et Territoires (to read the text in english, please roll down to english flag) 9h-12h L'épistémologie des sciences insiste sur le rôle des controverses dans les changements paradigmatiques. Où se situent désormais les débats, controverses et polémiques autour d'objets tels que les villes et les territoires en relation avec les TIC ? Des notions telles que « commutateur urbain », « territoires en réseaux », « espaces virtuels », « territoires augmentés », « hyperurbain » (liste non exhaustive) … rendent compte de plusieurs objets et de débats que nous invitons à passer au crible de l'analyse. Dans la confrontation des champs scientifiques, ils constituent des témoins utiles, tant d'un point de vue qui serait celui d'une sociologie des sciences que de celui du dévoilement progressif de réalités sociales complexes. Ce qui est ici en question est la façon dont des objets, en l'occurrence, les Tic, la ville et les territoires, apparaissent reliés dans le champ académique des sciences sociales ; comment ces disciplines s'efforcent de constituer leur propre corpus en parallèle avec les autres disciplines des sciences sociales, en concurrence parfois autour de ces objets. Face à ces nouveaux objets et aux nouvelles questions qui émergent, parfois en lien avec la demande sociale et l'ambition affichée des politiques publiques, on assiste, au sein du monde académique, à des réactions très diversifiées selon les disciplines. Ainsi, la plupart des travaux scientifiques des années 1960 (au demeurant fort peu nombreux), se caractérisent-ils généralement par un fort tropisme interdisciplinaire. Comme si le croisement des objets et des questions autour de TIC/Sociétés/Territoires amenait à revisiter les frontières des champs disciplinaires. Ce tropisme s'observe notamm
Ihering Alcoforado

ECO-EFFICICENCY OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE - 0 views

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    ESTUDIOS Un número de estudios han sido preparados para entender cómo los conceptos de eficiencia ecológica se pueden aplicar a las ciudades o sectores en el contexto de los países en desarrollo de Asia y América Latina, y en particular a: Revisar los marcos conceptuales y metodologías existentes disponibles para integrar los criterios de eco-eficiencia en los procesos de desarrollo de la infraestructura, la identificación de fortalezas y debilidades de cada método, y Revisar las prácticas actuales y los criterios utilizados para integrar los aspectos ambientales y sociales en los procesos de desarrollo de infraestructura urbana, con el fin de determinar cuáles eran las herramientas más exitosas y procesos para la eco-eficiencia de las opciones de la infraestructura urbana y cuáles son los obstáculos para su aplicación en los países en desarrollo en Asia y América Latina ESTUDIOS / DOCUMENTOS BORRADOR IDIOMA DESCARGA Revisión de las prácticas existentes en los Estados Unidos y Canadá Inglés Revisión de marcos y metodologías de infraestructura urbana ecoefieciente (ALC) Español Mecanismos de financiación y los criterios de ecoeficiencia Español Revisión de las prácticas existentes en Chile Español Revisión de las prácticas existentes en Colombia Español Examen de los marcos y las metodologías existentes de e coeficiencia ( Asia) Inglés # Examen de las prácticas actuales en Europa Inglés # Examen de las prácticas actuales en Asia-Pacífico Inglés # PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS The project will develop a methodology to assess the eco-efficiency of urban infrastructure in an integrated manner and develop strategies and policies to improve this. The methodology will be tested in a number of pilot cities/regions in both Asia and Latin America (see ac
Ihering Alcoforado

Alain Bertaud - 0 views

shared by Ihering Alcoforado on 15 Feb 12 - Cached
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    Alain Bertaud 阿兰 .柏图 A web page dedicated to the study of urban spatial structures It is necessary to bridge the gap between the 50 years of progress in urban economic research and the intellectual stagnation typically found in operational urban planning. It is unfortunate that the main audience of most urban economists are other urban economists rather than urban practitioners. Urban planners, meanwhile, are most of the time working without any reference to a theoretical framework. However, urban planners are taking day to day decisions that affect the lives and livelihood of millions of people. As an urban planner, my goal is to translate the theories (and sometime the jargon) and equations of urban economists into approaches and methods which can lead to concrete decision making in the everyday world of an urban planning office. The following reports and papers, always produced at the request of a municipality or of an urban investor (mostly the World Bank), illustrate these new approaches and methods. This is only a beginning. I am currently working on a book titled "Order without design". This book will use a data base developed over 35 years of urban planning work around the world. The book will aims at providing a theoretical framework for operational planning based on current urban economic research. Alain Bertaud' s Reports and papers that can be downloaded from this site: Click icon above for an enlarged image of average built-up densities in 49 cities. Urban Spatial Structures and City Planning Comparative Urban structures Asian Cities African Cities European cities North, Central and South American Cities Land Use and Financial Models (AKA "Bertaud Model") Links ab A. Urban Spatial Structures and City Planning "The Spatial Organization of cities" (PDF file; 3.9 Meg) " Urban Planning and Air Pollution in South Asia" (PDF; 0.3 Meg) "Efficiency in Land Use and Infrastruct
Ihering Alcoforado

Gmail - [URBGEOG] CALL FOR PAPERS: Networked Regions and cities in times of fragmentati... - 0 views

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    [URBGEOG] CALL FOR PAPERS: Networked Regions and cities in times of fragmentation, 13-16 May 2012, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Entrada X   Responder a todos Cristina Comunian Cristina.Comunian@regionalstudies.org para URBGEOG mostrar detalhes 10:13 (3 horas atrás) Regional Studies Association International Conference 2012 13 - 16 May 2012 - Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands Networked regions and cities in times of fragmentation: Developing smart, sustainable and inclusive places Call for papers Extended deadline for abstract submission: 20th February 2012 (early bird rates are also extended to the 20th February, after this date the full rate will apply)   http://www.regionalstudies.org/events/2012/May-Delft/    "…..Regions and cities are increasingly interdependent; economically, socially and environmentally. They are becoming more reliant on interregional flows of trade, labour and resources. Patterns of interactions between regions are experiencing rapid changes as a result of dramatic shifts in production and consumption patterns, advances in communication technologies and the development of transport infrastructure(…) The governance of regions faces multi-level, multi-actor and multi-sectoral challenges. New spatial interactions at new scales demand new approaches for consultation and coordination. More flexible forms of governance are emerging, working around traditional governmental arrangements. The result is a complex pattern of overlapping governance and fuzzy boundaries(…)"   The 2012 RSA conference in Delft provides a timely opportunity for participants to come together and reflect on the various strengths, weaknesses, challenges and opportunities of networked cities and regions within these different contexts of fragmentation.   Gateway Themes A. EU Regional policy and practice B. Climate change, energy and sustainability
Ihering Alcoforado

Seventh International Conference on "Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Sta... - 0 views

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    Seventh International Conference on "Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics" GEOG-AN-MOD 12 in conjunction with The 2012 International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2012) June 18th  - June 20th, 2012 Federal University of Bahia, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil    Workshop Description Submission Authors Guideline Proceedings Important Dates Organising Committee Programme Committee Useful Links Further information Programme GEOG-AN-MOD 08 GEOG-AN-MOD 09 GEOG-AN-MOD 10 GEOG-AN-MOD 11 Presentations of previous GEOG-AN-MOD Pictures of previous GEOG-AN-MOD Videos of GEOG-AN-MOD 10 ICCSA conference site Follow us Workshop Description During the past decades the main problem in geographical analysis was the lack of spatial data availability. Nowadays the wide diffusion of electronic devices containing geo-referenced information generates a great production of spatial data. Volunteered geographic information activities (e.g. Wikimapia, OpenStreetMap), public initiatives (e.g. Spatial Data Infrastructures, Geo-portals) and private projects (e.g. Google Earth, Microsoft Virtual Earth, etc.) produced an overabundance of spatial data, which, in many cases, does not help the efficiency of decision processes. The increase of geographical data availability has not been fully coupled by an increase of knowledge to support spatial decisions. The inclusion of spatial simulation techniques in recent GIS software favoured the diffusion of these methods, but in several cases led to the mechanism based on which buttons have to pressed without having geography or processes in mind. Spatial modelling, analytical techniques and geographical analyses are therefore required in order to analyse data and to facilitate the decision process at all levels, with a clear identification of the geographical information needed and reference scale to adopt. Old geographical issues can find an answer thanks to new methods and instruments, wh
Ihering Alcoforado

http://dau049.poliba.it/emeue.htm - 0 views

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    First International Workshop on "Econometrics and Multidimensional evaluation in Urban Environment" EMEUE 12 in conjunction with The 2012 International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2012) June 18th  - June 20th, 2012 Federal University of Bahia, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil   Submission papers should be submitted at:  http://www.iccsa.org/ WORKSHOP DESCRIPTION IMPORTANT DATES SCIENTIFIC COMMITEE ORGANISING COMMITTEE Call for papers Many urban policies emphasize the role of evaluation, as support of plans and programs, and in the same time, demand a better measure of economic dimension in planning. The new economic evaluation consider as well the ecological measure in the light of sustainability of development. The general focus of the session is therefore the evolution of evaluation methods in plans and programs, in the way is possible for methods to across web-communication-technologies. In someway, on one side we look at recalling to the memory the increase of econometric modeling of the early seventies and eighties, this time in the light of a new way to intend the relationship between urban geography and spatial statistics, on the other side we look at a new role of communication technologies to improve the multidimensional evaluation, by using the web as way to spread information, and democratize the assessment in multi actor processes. In that part of the scientific world that use soft econometric modeling Multicriterial/multigroup analyses can be "done on the web"; on the other side, in the other part of the world, that use robust data management, we need to overcome the traditional geo-statistical models that support econometrics withdrawing data and validating metadata. Maybe these two part of the world need to be linked. Multidimensional approaches in the field of urban economics, from the econometric approach to qualitative evaluation; new analytical and empirical approaches, hard, soft, fuzzy multicriteria a
Ihering Alcoforado

Gmail - [URBGEOG] Cities, Technologies and Planning (CTP 12) Deadline Extended to 28 Fe... - 0 views

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    Due to request of delaying the submission by several authors, the deadline of "Cities, Technologies and Planning" (CTP 12) for submitting full paper has been extended to 28 February, 2012.  Due to request of delaying the submission by several authors, the deadline of "Cities, Technologies and Planning" (CTP 12) for submitting full paper has been extended to 28 February, 2012. "Cities, Technologies and Planning" CTP 12   http://www.unibas.it/utenti/murgante/ctp_12/descr.html in conjunction with The 2012 International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2012) June 18th  - June 20th, 2012 Federal University of Bahia , Salvador de Bahia, Brasil  http://www.iccsa.org/ Description 'Share' term has turned into a key issue of many successful initiatives in recent times. Following the advent of Web 2.0, such positive experiences based on mass collaboration generated "Wikinomics" have become "Socialnomics", where "Citizens are voluntary sensors". During the past decades, the main issue in GIS implementation has been the availability of sound spatial information. Nowadays, the wide diffusion of electronic devices providing geo-referenced information have resulted in the production of extensive spatial information datasets. This trend has led to "GIS wikification", where mass collaboration plays a key role in main components of spatial information frameworks (hardware, software, data, and people). Some authors (Goodchild, 2007) talk about "Volunteered Geographic Information" (VGI), as the harnessing of tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic information provided by individuals voluntarily creating their own contents by marking the locations of occurred events or by labeling certain existing features. not already been shown on map. The term "neogeography" is often adopted to describe people activities when using and creating their own maps, geo-tagging pictures,
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