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The Cartography of Exploration: Livingstone's 1851 Manuscript Sketch Map of the Zambesi... - 2 views

diigo.com/0serrp Asemahle Ndceke
shared by ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Kuruman
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Kuruman is located at the Nothern Cape province of South Africa
  • Bombay
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Bombay is located in India
  • ape Town
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Cape Town is located at the Western Cape province of South Africa
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • n this map, the location of Mosioatunya (Smoke that Thunders), or Victoria Falls, is indicated four years before Livingstone saw the falls for the first time
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone was the first person to discover the Victoria falls.
  • Victoria Falls
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Victoria falls is in Zimbabwe along the course of the Zambesi river.
  • Linyanti 2 to as far north as the confluence of the Leeba or Londa (the main stream of the Zambesi), with the Leeambye or Kabompo
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      These are the places that he journeyed through in his exploration on the fourth journey out of five.
  • Livingstone, who was brought up in the evangelical tradition of Calvinism, decided at an early age that he wanted to become a medical missionary. To prepare himself, he studied Greek, theology, and medicine for two years in Glasgow. In 1838, he was accepted by the LMS. He initially wanted to go to China, but a meeting with Robert Moffat, the notable Scottish missionary in Africa, convinced him that Africa would be his sphere of service. On 20 November 1840, he was ordained as a missionary, and on 14 March 1841 he arrived in Cape Town. Supported in his religious fervor by philanthropic ideals to bestow the values of liberty, humanity, and justice on the heathens in Africa, Livingstone chose as his mission field an area bordering on the Kalahari Desert in the country now known as Botswana.
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      After David Livingstone was convinced to come to Africa by the Scottish missionary in Africa who was Robert Moffat he came to Africa and chose to live in Botswana. This is how he got to expore Africa.
  • between 1850 and 1854 undertook five journeys in which he explored south-central Africa. The first was undertaken in 1849 in the company of his wife and children, the hunters William Cotton Oswell and Mungo Murray, as well as the trader J. H. Wilson; it resulted in the discovery of Lake Ngami. During his second journey to the lake in 1850, his wife and children were the only Europeans in his party
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      David Livingstone took 5 journey between 1850 and 1854. He discovered the Lake Ngami in his first exploration where he was accompanied by Oswell and Murray
  • Oswell, and together they managed to reach the mainstream of the Zambesi near Sesheke.
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Out of the five journeys he took, the one that lasted for seven months led to the discovery of the Zambesi mainstream.
  • fi gure 1 The Zambesi drainage area depicted on the map presented to the Swedish Academy of Sciences by C. J. Andersson in 1852. Courtesy of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      This map shows the drainage pattern of the Zambesi river and the Victoria falls.
  • 1853, he undertook his fifth voyage along the Upper Zambesi when he left Linyanti for Luanda in Angola, which he reached on 31 May 1854.
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The last journey out of five journey he took was to Angola.
  • Bechuanaland
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Botswana was called the Bechuanaland before the 1840s.
  • rudimen
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Rudiments are the basics
  • here is no evidence that Livingstone made any astronomical observations before his first journey to Lake Ngami in 1849.
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone did not do any astronomical observations before traveling to Lake Ngami
  • Lake Ngam
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The firts lake that Livingstone discovered on his first journey in Africa
  • Mosioatunya, which he much later named the Victoria Falls. 25
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The main stream of the Zambesi river was called Mosioatunya but now called the Victoria falls was discovered and named by Livingstone
  • 25 Livingstone was passionately interested in the potential of the area between the Chobe and the Zambesi as a viable place for trading and missionary work, and one can assume that he constantly questioned the MaKololo regarding the nature of the country to the south, as well as to the north of the Zambesi. The only viable way to convey an impression of the area to the directors of the LMS in London was to compile a sketch map of the Zambesi drainage area.
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The main reason why Livingstone sketched the drainage pattern map of Zambesi is because he was interested into knowing the potential for trading and missionary work of the area between Chobe river and the Zambesi river.
  • tributaries
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Tributary is a small river or a stream flowing into a large river or lake
  • qualms
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      qualms are doubts
1More

the Orange Free State picture - 2 views

www.bing.com/...search Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A
shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is the Drawing of a map of the Orange Free State, by James Walton(1911-1999) depicting the Vaal River, Winburg, Zand River, Harrismith, Vet River, Bloemfontein, Modder River, Umpukhani, Imparani, Mekuatling, Lishuane, Thaba Nchu, Ficksburg, Ladybrand, Platberg, Riet River, Orange River, Philippolis, Bethulie, Aliwal North, Buffels Vlei, Old Smithfield (Waterval), Smithfield (Riet Poort), Hebron, Beersheba, Caledon, Wepener and Basutoland. In addition, the map shows specifics on Native Reserves, Land Moses Offered to Boer Settlers (1845), Adam Kok's Reserve (1846), District Boundaries (1848), the Conquered Territory (1866), Mission Stations, and towns and villages. - It was drawn in 1951 and was published through James Walton Collection (885). - I took it from Stellenbosch university website.
11More

January 19, 1876 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 12 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do Asmaa Al-Helou 221178198 History 2A
shared by xsmaa246 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Document Scan
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      annotating here instead of the pdf because it does not allow me. since it is a scan. this also does not allow me to have the full document scan so i will annotate what i have.
  • I had the honour to draw your Lordship's attention to the wholesale manner in which guns and munitions of war are being bought by the Zulus
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this a report showing that guns are being bought by zulus
  • My previous report as to the extent of the gun trade was not exaggerated. The main trade of Lourenço Marques consists in guns, powder, lead, and spirituous liquors, sold to the natives in the most reckless manner. Not
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • a day passed during my visit without a string of natives arriving in the town, and leaving with guns and ammunition; whilst even the merchants engaged in the trade could not do otherwise than admit its utter recklessness and increased proportions when in private conversation amongst themselves.
  • Large exportations of guns come as reshipments from the Cape and Natal, still larger exportations direct from Europe, almost all of which pass into the Zulu country south,
  • This is, of course, the direct fruit of the policy of the Government in stopping the importation of guns." But by this loss to a British Colony, Lourenço Marques benefits, for the Zulus, through their vassals the Amatonga, have opened a direct and wholesale trade in arms with Delagoa Bay, where, untrammelled by any local Portuguese restrictions, those guns are purchased by them which by Natal law it is illegal either to sell to natives or to convey across the Tugela Eiver, the boundary between that Colony and Zulu-land
  • I have not as yet succeeded in procuring an exact return of the number of guns imported during the current year at Lourenço Marques, but am well within the truth when I affirm that over 15,000 have passed into the hands of the native tribes bordering Natal and the Transvaal Republic since the 1 st of January last.
  • I cannot, my Lord, and I think Sir Garnet Wolseley would agree with me here, animadvert too strongly on the suicidal policy of the merchants, who, for the sake of immediate profit, shut their eyes obstinately to the future results of the introduction of firearms amongst the natives of South East Africa, and ignore the possible and conse¬ quent results. In the districts where a few years ago I found but few guns, and those solely valued for the purposes of chase, there are at the present time entire tribes armed with guns that are prized, not as before solely for the chase, but solely for aggressive or defensive purposes against their neighbour
    • xsmaa246
      xsmaa246 on 25 Apr 23
       
      this report is saying how natives are in possessions of guns
31More

THE ORANGE FREE STATE GOLDFIELD.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0serqb Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A
shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Author(s): Peter Scott
  • Source: Geography , JANUARY, 1954, Vol. 39, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1954), pp. 13-20
  • Published by: Geographical Association
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • .2 Although some of the difficulties encountered in development, such as the provision of power, water, labour and transport facilities, recall the early days on the Rand, the scale of operations has been far gr
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Despite elements of the development-related challenges, like the need for labor, water, power, and road networks, are reminiscent of the Rand's early years, the scope of activities has grown significantly.
  • '"THE discovery of the Orange Free State goldfield ranks with the Kimberley diamond and Witwatersrand gold discoveries as one of the most outstanding events in the economic development of South Africa. The new goldfield will shortly assume a major role in the Union's economy, but partly owing to the great depth at which the gold occurs and partly to the intervention of World War II, its exploration and development have been slo
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Author, Peter Scott argues that the finding of the Orange Free State goldfield is one of the most significant moments in the commercial growth of South Africa, together with the discovery of the Kimberley diamond and the Witwatersrand gold. He continues to state that the newly discovered goldfield will soon play a significant role in the Union's economy, but its exploration and exploitation have been delayed and expensive in part because of how deep the gold occurs and in part because of World War II's interference.
  • Published by: Geographical Association
  • Resources Development Council. The Free State goldfield thus provides a striking example, in contrast to all other goldfields and most other mining areas, of regional planning on a large scale.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Thus, juxtaposed to all other goldfields and the majority of other mining regions, the Free State goldfield offers a stunning illustration of extensive planning for the region.
  • somewhat intermittently
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Intermittently means that in a way that does not happen regularly or continuously, in a way that stops and starts repeatedly or with periods in between.
  • Fig. 1. - Location of the Orange
  • Adverse mining conditions include intense faulting, high rock temperatures, and the presence of underground water. Although the area west of Virginia appears to be comparatively undisturbed,4 on the western flank both block faulting and minor faulting, with vertical displacements ranging from a few feet up to 1,800 feet, are far more prevalent than on the Rand
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is new interesting information.
  • Supply Whereas mine water provides about half the water requirements of the Rand gold mines, in the Free State mine water is generally too saline, except perhaps near the Sand River, for use in reduction plants. Moreover, partly owing to the lower rainfall and higher evaporation rate, the yields are generally too small to repay purification. Consequently, the Free State mines have to be supplied with substantially more water per ton of ore milled than
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      It is stated that while mine water meets almost half of the water needs of the Rand gold mines, mine water in the Free State is typically too salty to be used in reduction plants, with the possible exception of the area surrounding the Sand River. Moreover, the yields are typically too low to justify purification, in part due to the reduced rainfall and higher evaporation rate. As a result, the Free State mines need to supply much more water per ton of processed more than the Rand mines do.
  • To supply the electric power requirements of the Free State goldfield, as well as those of the Klerksdorp mines, a power station, designed for an initial output of 210,000 kilowatts and an ultimate output of 300,000 kilowatts, is being built at Vierfontein, about 55 miles north of Odendaalsrus. Although its location was determined primarily by the local occurrence of substantial coal deposits, an important contributory factor has been the proximity of the Vaal River, from which water for cooling purposes will be pumped at the rate of about 3,000 gallons a minute ; in addition, the existence of the railway has facil
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      A power station, with an initial output of 210,000 Kilowatts and a maximum output of 300,000 kilowatts, will be constructed at Vierfontein, some 55 miles north of Odendaalsrus, to meet the electric power needs of the Free State goldfield as well as those of the Klerksdorp mines. The Vaal River is close by, and water for cooling reasons will be pumped from it at a rate of about 3,000 gallons per minute. Additionally, the railway's presence made it easier to assemble heavy equipment.
  • will be brought to the surface by endless rope ha
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The rope haulage system is the medium of transportation from the bottom of the mines to the top of the mines or the top of the mines to the bottom of the mines. In this transportation system, Rope, tubs, pulley, motors, tracks, and safety devices are used.
  • Since most of the goldfield is remote from the main roads and railways of the Free State, it has been necessary to augment preexisting lines of communication. The goldfield obtains the bulk of its iron and steel requirements from Pretoria and to a growing extent from Vereeniging and much of its machinery and equipment from engineering plants at Vereeniging and on
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      It has been required to expand already-existing connection channels because the majority of the goldfield is isolated from the main highways and trains of the Free State. Pretoria supplies the majority of the goldfield's iron and steel needs, with Vereeniging providing a rising amount as well. Engineering plants in Vereeniging and on the Rand supply the majority of the goldfield's machinery and equipment.
  • The development of gold mining has profoundly changed the settlement pattern. From an essentially dispersed agricultural type, with market towns each housing fewer than 500 Europeans, settlement has become predomina
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The growth of the gold mining industry has significantly altered the settlement pattern. Settlement has evolved from a largely dispersed agricultural type with market towns holding no more than 500 Europeans.
  • . Already one of the largest towns in the Free State, Welkom will soon rank second only to Bloemfontein. Allanridge, another new township, was started in 1950, and plans for further townships at Blaauwdrift and New Virginia, on the banks of the Sand River, have been completed. Within the next few years, as the developing mines begin producing, the rate of population increase will be accelerat
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Welkom is already among the largest towns in the Free State and will shortly surpass Bloemfontein in size. Another brand-new township, Allanridge, began construction in 1950, and plans for two more townships, Blaauwdrift and New Virginia, on the Sand River's banks, have been finalized. The rate of population growth will quicken over the coming years as the newly developed mines start to produce.
  • f detached or semi-detached houses built by the mining companies. Eventually there will be seven villages, each of which, like the hostels, will house about 2,500 people. These resident families will provide the nucleus of a stable labour force, and it is hoped that the Free State will thus be less dependent than the Rand on a fluctuating supply of migrant la
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      There will eventually be seven communities, each of which will have roughly 2,500 residents like the hostels. The foundation of a steady labor force will be provided by these local families, and it is believed that the Free State will be less reliant than the Rand on a shifting availability of migrant labor as a result.
  • Population expansion due to the development of mining has not been confined to the goldfield. Kroonstad, 40 miles northeast of Odendaalsrus, and Bloemfontein, 100 miles to the south, have both undergone striking growth. Although the goldfield at present derives much of its supplies as well as its technical and economic control from the Rand, Bloemfontein, the Free State capital, is steadily gaining importance as an administrative, cultural and su
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The growth of mining has contributed to population growth outside of the goldfield. Bloemfontein, 100 miles to the south and Kroonstad, 40 miles northeast of Odendaalsrus, have both experienced remarkable expansion. Although the Rand now provides the goldfield with the majority of both its commodities as well as its technical and economic management, Bloemfontein, the capital of the Free State, is slowly gaining importance as an administrative, cultural, and supply center.
1More

January 19, 1876 - Document - Gale Primary Sources - 3 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do Tshinakaho Magadani
shared by magadaniviva on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • magadaniviva on 25 Apr 23
     
    the writer has written about how Zulus purchased guns for war and to protect their societies. He expands his conversation by talking about gun trade that happened in South Africa. Guns were purchased in numbers by different people from different societies.
1More

British South Africa and the Zulu war - 1 views

www.jstor.org/...60231954 Khenso Khosa History 2A
shared by khenso221117289 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • khenso221117289 on 25 Apr 23
     
    The Zulu and English war, whereby the English came to war with guns and Zulus fought with spears.
47More

EXPLORATION: Dr. Livingstone, He Presumed.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0serpn Unalo Sineke
shared by sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • David Livingstone is without a doubt the most famous of all the medical missionaries who worked in south and central Africa during the nineteenth ce
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone's explorations and writings motivated people to take an interest in Africa. His legacy still lives on today and he is recognized across the world.
  • f prodigious len
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Remarkable or great length.
  • hero
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      He was a hero in the sense that he was an anti-slavery campaigner.
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • cy of
  • before being interred
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Placed in a grave.
  • s indomitab
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Impossible to defeat.
  • and truculence
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Aggressively.
  • forced rather than relieved, on the whole, by his quasi-Calvinistic fait
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The belief that emphasizes and plays close attention to the sovereignty of God which also suggests that God has chosen who will be saved and not.
  • Livingstone had acquired a true missionary hatred of the Boers shortly after arriving in Cape Town, and the longer he lived among the blacks the more anti-Boer he became
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      This was due to their treatment of the Black South Africans. He saw them as oppressive.
  • enthusiastic advocacy of harebrained schemes of his own devising later sent other brave missionaries and their wives and children to die
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Reckless.
  • f Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania, in a misguided search f
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Countries in Eastern Africa.
  • Kolobeng
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Village in the South of Botswana.
  • whose emaciated
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Abnormally weak body, especially due to illness.
  • fragments. In 1852, while he was away on a journey to Cape Town, the British government made yet another of its spasmodic renunciations of interest in everything that went on to the north of the Cape Colony's borders
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Behavior that the British government had which involved not showing interest in regions unless they benefited or suited they own interests.
  • the exiguous
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Very small.
  • family letters and private journals
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      One of the letters he wrote was sent to Sir Roderick Murchison who was his supporter, explaining his journey in central Africa.
  • There are many such formal anti-Boer anathemas
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      People who were against or disliked
  • vituperation but
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Bitter language.
  • dor
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Candor means being honest and open.
  • nonchalance
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Calm.
  • self-scrutiny
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Analysis and examination of your own thoughts and feelings.
  • mauled by
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Wounded by being scratched or torn.
  • stupor similar to
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      State of insensibility.
  • hopeless kamikaze tactics
    • sinekeu222094834
      sinekeu222094834 on 25 Apr 23
       
      A Japanese aircraft that is full of explosives aimed at an enemy.
3More

British South Africa and the Zulu war on JSTOR - 2 views

www.jstor.org/...60231954 Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom_ Zulu War
shared by thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23
     
    The first interaction the British had with Zulus dates from the year 1821/1822. The white settlers were depopulated by Chaka Zulu, the King of Zulus, who was later assassinated by his brother Dingaan in 1828. The document also mentions how Ketshawyo came to power and how the Zululand become colonised. It is stated that the British saw South Africa as a rich country in agricultural, pastoral and mineral resources, which benefited Great Britain's economy through trade. The document goes as far as showing the large quantities exported as well as their market value. Sir Bartle Frere's Policy was then introduced leading to the colonisation of the Zululand in 1849-1850.
  • thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23
     
    Sir Bartle Frere's Policy aimed to break down and abolish the power of the chiefs as well as make the natives understand that the government is the only power in the country. After the policy came into place Natal and the Zulu tribe under Ketshawyo's rule were proclaimed a British Colony in the year 1848, however it was not fairly colonised until 1849- 1850. Events which took place during 1877 led to a war-cloud over the Zululand under Ketshawyo's rule.
  • thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23
     
    The document was written by people from Western Civilisation hence "Shaka" is spelt as "Chaka"
1More

The West African Reporter.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sernx Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom_ Zulu War
shared by thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • thutomatlhoko on 25 Apr 23
     
    The Newspaper article titled 'The Zulu War' is a reflection as well as a summary of the Zulu War against British colonisation. The article states that the war has lost its charm and attractiveness of novelty as there had been arrangements for peace.
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