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WO 106/6135: South Africa: Orange River Free State and Griqualand West - Document - Nin... - 5 views

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Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Orange Free State
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Orange Free State was a Boer republic in southern Africa. The Boers, of Dutch ancestry, had settled the area earlier in the nineteenth century. The 1854 Bloemfontein Convention recognized the independence of the Orange Free State, which was located between the Orange and the Vaal Rivers.
  • To the action of running water the diamond-bearing drifts of the Vaal River are referable.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The gemstone-bearing floats of the Vaal River in South Africa can be attributed to the flow of water.
  • Occasionally there are undula¬ tions, and in some parts conical hills, the sides of. which are covered with large and rounded stones. Very little wood or bush appears anywhere except along the winding river lines.t Hilly, therefore, as is the whole extent of the eastern frontier, the entire country slopes away to low unbroken levels on the west, thus materially modifying not only the physical features, but productions and climate
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The author states that occasionally there are undulations, and in some part's conical hills, the sides of which are covered with large and rounded stones. Very little wood or bush appears anywhere except along the winding river lines.t Hilly, therefore, as is the whole extent of the eastern frontier, the entire country slopes away to low unbroken levels on the west, thus materially modifying not only the physical features, but productions and climate.
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • The Stormbsrg Range, in the Cape Colony, acts in the same way on the southern side of the plateau ; while to the north-west and on the west are the arid and sunburnt wastes of the Kalahari Desert. One result of this environment is the frequency of droughts ; another is the suitability of climate to especial forms of chest disease
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      New interesting information
  • They are of two dates. The older one, apparently Postpliocene, occurs at a higher level than the other, as outliers along the present valley (its present posi¬ tion) indicate that the Vaal has deepened its course since the old drift was deposited." Dunn's Geological Map of South Africa gives some further information concerning this country.* From this it appears that the western half of the Orange River Free State, a line being drawn north and south a little east of Bloemfontein, is classified as " Upper Karroo Beds. " Triassic. " Mesozooic." The eastern half is designated " Stormberg Beds, Coal-bearing. " Triassic. " Mesozooic.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Two dates are involved. As outliers along the existing valley (its present position) suggest that the Vaal has deepened its course after the old drift was deposited, the older one, likely Postpliocene, appears at a higher level than the other. Additional details about South Africa are provided by Dunn's Geological Map of that nation. This suggests that the western part of the Orange River Free State, which can be divided into north and south by a line drawn a little east of Bloemfontein, is referred to as the "Upper Karroo Beds." Mesozoic. Triassic. The eastern portion is referred to as "Stormberg Beds, Coal-bearing." Mesozoic. Triassic.
  • Griqualand West
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Griqualand West is an area of N South Africa, north of the Orange river, settled after 1803 by the Griquas; annexed by the British in 1871 following a dispute with the Orange Free State; became part of the Cape Colony in 1880.
  • rivulets
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      A rivulet is a small stream.
  • Transvaal
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The name "Transvaal" refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River
  • The aspect of the Orange State is not, however, by any means that of a waste desert, worthless and unproductive. Many of the mountains are of that peculiar formation in which small fountains gush out about half-way down their slopes, and the water gradually spreads to the right and the left in small gentle
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      By no means, however, does the Orange State have the image of a waste desert that is useless and unproductive. Many of the mountains have an unusual formation whereby small fountains spring up about halfway downward their slopes, and their water then spreads gradually to the right and left in small, gentle rivulets until, at the base, all of the excess water is combined and improves the whole region around it.
  • The Free State contains an area of about 70,000 square miles. It is about 300 miles from the southernmost bend of the Orange River to the point in the north at wiiich the Klip River runs into the Vaal, and about 250 miles from Jacob's Drift on the west, across which Griqualand Weet is entered, to Bezui- denhout's Pass on the east, which is one of the gateways into Natal.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Author describes The Free State as an area of around 70,000 square kilometers. The distance between the southernmost bend of the Orange River and the northernmost point where the Klip River enters the Vaal is about 300 miles, and the distance between Jacob's Drift on the west, through which Griqualand Wet is entered, and Bezuidenhout's Pass on the east, one of the entryways into Natal, is about 250 miles.
  • is divided into 13 districts, as follows :— t 1. Bloemfontein, —Chief town, Bloemfontein, capital of the State, and seat of Government. 2. Boshof. —Chief town, Boshof, of western frontier. 3. Winhurg. —Chief town, Winburg, 60 miles north-east of Bloemfontein. 4. Kronstadt. —Chief town, Kronstadt, half-way between Winburg and the Transvaal boundary. 5. Smitlifield. —Chief town, Smithfield, about 20 miles north of Aliwal North, Reddesberg (between Smithfield and Bloem¬ fontein. 6. Rouxville. —[Not marked on any map,] Chief town, Wepener, between Caledon River and eastern frontier. 7. Harry smith. —Chief town, Harrysmith, close to the Natal border. 8. Bethlehem.— Chief town, Bethlehem, 80 miles east of Winburg, and between Winburg and the Natal frontier. 9. Fauresmith. —Chief town, Fauresmith, south-west of Bloemfontein, and half-way between it and the Orange River. 10. PhilUpolù. — ("hief town, Phillipolis, north of the Orange River (20 miles) on the ( 'elesberg-Bloemfontein route. 11. Betkulie. —Chief town, Bethulie, on the Orange River, near the junction of the Caledon River.,
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Orange Free State is divided into 13 districts, as follows: 1. Bloemfontein, which serves as the state capital and government seat. 2. Boshof. The western frontier's chief town is called Boshof. 3. Winhurg. The chief town of Winburg is located 60 kilometers to the northeast of Bloemfontein. 4. Kronstadt, which is the principal town and located halfway between Winburg and the Transvaal border. 5. Smitlifield. Chief town in Smithfield, Reddesberg, located between Smithfield and Bloem fontein, about 20 miles north of Aliwal North. Rouxville, 6.Wepener is the main town between the Caledon River and the eastern border. 7. Harry Smith. Harrysmith is a main town near the Natal border. 8. Bethlehem. The main city of Bethlehem is located 80 miles east of Winburg and halfway between Winburg and the Natal border. 9. Fauresmith, which is the town's major location and is southwest of Bloemfontein, 10. phillipolis, 11. Bethulie, 12. Jacobsdal and 13. Lady Brand.
  • The air of the Free State is remarkable for its dryness
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      How so?
  • until at the base the whole of the surplus water is united, and enriches the entire surrounding country
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      continuation from the yellow highlight, I could not highlight the entire paragraph because of the blue sticky note.
  • sanatorium
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      an establishment for the medical treatment of people who are convalescing or have a chronic illness.
  • Here the vegetation bears an appearance of the richest, rankest kind. From the various points from whence the streams originate the inhabitants commence cultivation, and the district is thick with com and other agricultural produce
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The vegetation appears to be of the richest, vilest variety here. The locals start farming at the numerous spots where the streams emerge, and the area is abundant in com and other agricultural products.
  • Dr. J. A. Ross, late Physician to the Newrý Infirmary, who has published the results of his inquiries, says, "I have a strong feeling in favoni· of South Africa. I know what good has been effected by it
  • The State is an oval in shape, and nearly 1,000 miles in circumference. Its nearest peint to the Indian Ocean is ata distance of 150 miles. The point at which the Orange River leaves the above territory is, in a direct line, about 500 miles from the Atlantic Ocean.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Description of the structure of the Free state.
  • The Free State is almost surrounded by rivers. The Klip, a little tributary of the Vaal, the Vaal§ itself, the Orange,|| and the Caledon, form quite five-sixths of its boundary line
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Rivers almost completely encircle the Free State. A tiny tributary of the Vaal named the Klip, along with the Vaal itself, the Orange, and the Caledon, make up around five-sixths of its border.
  • Europeans who have resided in the Cape Colony speak highly of its climate; yet the colonists themselves consider the Free State much superior, and send their invalids there.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Even if the colonists themselves think the Free State is far preferable and send their invalids there, Europeans who have lived in the Cape Colony praise its climate.
  • The Free State is part of the table-land of southern Africa
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is new interesting information to me.
  • The proximity of the State to the tropics secures for it a tropical degree of warmth, which, however, is so tempered by winds and by the elevation of the country above the level of the sea, that the effect of the heat is not of a paralyzing nature
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The State enjoys a tropical degree of temperature thanks to its proximity to the tropics; the effect of the heat is not paralyzing, though, thanks to the country's elevation above sea level and the prevailing breezes, which also help to moderate the heat.
  • The seasons date conversely to the corresponding periods in England. For instance, the summer begins in October, and ends in March ; the winter is the dry season, the Slimmer the wet. Owing to the latitude there is comparatively little difierence in the length of the days, the longest day being about 14 hours in duration and the shortest 10.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      New interesting information
  • The "Flats" of the Free State are cha: ic features of the,. called " Quatlamba" or " Kathlamba
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Interesting
  • For a considerable distance along both banks of the above- mentioned rivers there are broad belts of sweet grass, which, on the Modder especially, alternate with low bushes,1T mimosas, and a species of bastard ebony.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Broad bands of pleasant greenery, particularly on the Modder, overlap among low shrubs, mimosas, and a kind of bastard ebony for considerable length along both banks of the aforementioned rivers.
  • kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
     
    This article was printed for H.M Stationary office, by Harrison and Sons, ST. Martins Lane in 1878.
  • kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
     
    Page 1-18 only.
kwanelealicia

THE ORANGE FREE STATE GOLDFIELD.pdf - 2 views

Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Author(s): Peter Scott
  • Source: Geography , JANUARY, 1954, Vol. 39, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1954), pp. 13-20
  • Published by: Geographical Association
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • .2 Although some of the difficulties encountered in development, such as the provision of power, water, labour and transport facilities, recall the early days on the Rand, the scale of operations has been far gr
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Despite elements of the development-related challenges, like the need for labor, water, power, and road networks, are reminiscent of the Rand's early years, the scope of activities has grown significantly.
  • '"THE discovery of the Orange Free State goldfield ranks with the Kimberley diamond and Witwatersrand gold discoveries as one of the most outstanding events in the economic development of South Africa. The new goldfield will shortly assume a major role in the Union's economy, but partly owing to the great depth at which the gold occurs and partly to the intervention of World War II, its exploration and development have been slo
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Author, Peter Scott argues that the finding of the Orange Free State goldfield is one of the most significant moments in the commercial growth of South Africa, together with the discovery of the Kimberley diamond and the Witwatersrand gold. He continues to state that the newly discovered goldfield will soon play a significant role in the Union's economy, but its exploration and exploitation have been delayed and expensive in part because of how deep the gold occurs and in part because of World War II's interference.
  • Published by: Geographical Association
  • Fig. 1. - Location of the Orange
  • somewhat intermittently
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Intermittently means that in a way that does not happen regularly or continuously, in a way that stops and starts repeatedly or with periods in between.
  • Resources Development Council. The Free State goldfield thus provides a striking example, in contrast to all other goldfields and most other mining areas, of regional planning on a large scale.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Thus, juxtaposed to all other goldfields and the majority of other mining regions, the Free State goldfield offers a stunning illustration of extensive planning for the region.
  • f detached or semi-detached houses built by the mining companies. Eventually there will be seven villages, each of which, like the hostels, will house about 2,500 people. These resident families will provide the nucleus of a stable labour force, and it is hoped that the Free State will thus be less dependent than the Rand on a fluctuating supply of migrant la
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      There will eventually be seven communities, each of which will have roughly 2,500 residents like the hostels. The foundation of a steady labor force will be provided by these local families, and it is believed that the Free State will be less reliant than the Rand on a shifting availability of migrant labor as a result.
  • Supply Whereas mine water provides about half the water requirements of the Rand gold mines, in the Free State mine water is generally too saline, except perhaps near the Sand River, for use in reduction plants. Moreover, partly owing to the lower rainfall and higher evaporation rate, the yields are generally too small to repay purification. Consequently, the Free State mines have to be supplied with substantially more water per ton of ore milled than
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      It is stated that while mine water meets almost half of the water needs of the Rand gold mines, mine water in the Free State is typically too salty to be used in reduction plants, with the possible exception of the area surrounding the Sand River. Moreover, the yields are typically too low to justify purification, in part due to the reduced rainfall and higher evaporation rate. As a result, the Free State mines need to supply much more water per ton of processed more than the Rand mines do.
  • To supply the electric power requirements of the Free State goldfield, as well as those of the Klerksdorp mines, a power station, designed for an initial output of 210,000 kilowatts and an ultimate output of 300,000 kilowatts, is being built at Vierfontein, about 55 miles north of Odendaalsrus. Although its location was determined primarily by the local occurrence of substantial coal deposits, an important contributory factor has been the proximity of the Vaal River, from which water for cooling purposes will be pumped at the rate of about 3,000 gallons a minute ; in addition, the existence of the railway has facil
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      A power station, with an initial output of 210,000 Kilowatts and a maximum output of 300,000 kilowatts, will be constructed at Vierfontein, some 55 miles north of Odendaalsrus, to meet the electric power needs of the Free State goldfield as well as those of the Klerksdorp mines. The Vaal River is close by, and water for cooling reasons will be pumped from it at a rate of about 3,000 gallons per minute. Additionally, the railway's presence made it easier to assemble heavy equipment.
  • will be brought to the surface by endless rope ha
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The rope haulage system is the medium of transportation from the bottom of the mines to the top of the mines or the top of the mines to the bottom of the mines. In this transportation system, Rope, tubs, pulley, motors, tracks, and safety devices are used.
  • Since most of the goldfield is remote from the main roads and railways of the Free State, it has been necessary to augment preexisting lines of communication. The goldfield obtains the bulk of its iron and steel requirements from Pretoria and to a growing extent from Vereeniging and much of its machinery and equipment from engineering plants at Vereeniging and on
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      It has been required to expand already-existing connection channels because the majority of the goldfield is isolated from the main highways and trains of the Free State. Pretoria supplies the majority of the goldfield's iron and steel needs, with Vereeniging providing a rising amount as well. Engineering plants in Vereeniging and on the Rand supply the majority of the goldfield's machinery and equipment.
  • The development of gold mining has profoundly changed the settlement pattern. From an essentially dispersed agricultural type, with market towns each housing fewer than 500 Europeans, settlement has become predomina
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The growth of the gold mining industry has significantly altered the settlement pattern. Settlement has evolved from a largely dispersed agricultural type with market towns holding no more than 500 Europeans.
  • . Already one of the largest towns in the Free State, Welkom will soon rank second only to Bloemfontein. Allanridge, another new township, was started in 1950, and plans for further townships at Blaauwdrift and New Virginia, on the banks of the Sand River, have been completed. Within the next few years, as the developing mines begin producing, the rate of population increase will be accelerat
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Welkom is already among the largest towns in the Free State and will shortly surpass Bloemfontein in size. Another brand-new township, Allanridge, began construction in 1950, and plans for two more townships, Blaauwdrift and New Virginia, on the Sand River's banks, have been finalized. The rate of population growth will quicken over the coming years as the newly developed mines start to produce.
  • Adverse mining conditions include intense faulting, high rock temperatures, and the presence of underground water. Although the area west of Virginia appears to be comparatively undisturbed,4 on the western flank both block faulting and minor faulting, with vertical displacements ranging from a few feet up to 1,800 feet, are far more prevalent than on the Rand
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is new interesting information.
  • Population expansion due to the development of mining has not been confined to the goldfield. Kroonstad, 40 miles northeast of Odendaalsrus, and Bloemfontein, 100 miles to the south, have both undergone striking growth. Although the goldfield at present derives much of its supplies as well as its technical and economic control from the Rand, Bloemfontein, the Free State capital, is steadily gaining importance as an administrative, cultural and su
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The growth of mining has contributed to population growth outside of the goldfield. Bloemfontein, 100 miles to the south and Kroonstad, 40 miles northeast of Odendaalsrus, have both experienced remarkable expansion. Although the Rand now provides the goldfield with the majority of both its commodities as well as its technical and economic management, Bloemfontein, the capital of the Free State, is slowly gaining importance as an administrative, cultural, and supply center.
kwanelealicia

The Orange Free State and the race for the Rand a century ago" the story of the Cape-Bl... - 2 views

Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • SF Malan
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Author
  • (1995
  • Published online: 31 Aug 2007.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • The plan for the construction of a railway line to the Orange Free State was first raised with the discovery of diamonds in 1867
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The author states that the finding of diamonds in 1867 sparked the first discussion about building a railway connection to the Orange Free State.
  • Carnarvon offered the Free State a further £15 000 unconditionally if a beginning were made within five years with the construction of a railway line between the Republic and the Cape or Natal.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      If an initial start could be made with the establishment of a line of railroads between the nation's capital and the Cape or Natal within five years, Lord Carnarvon pledged the Free State a further £15,000 irrevocably. -Lord Carnarvon was born in London on 24th June 1831 as Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert. He was known as Lord Porchester until 1849 and became the 4th Earl of Carnarvon.
  • Brand strongly believed that a policy of cooperation with the Cape Colony as the leading economic power in South Africa, was in the best interests of the Republic.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Why though?
  • In the 1880s the Free State branch of the Afrikaner Bond also joined the movement against railways. The Free State Afrikaner Bond was founded in 1881 under the auspices of Chief Judge F W Reitz and Carl Borckenhagen to 'create a South African nationality by nurturing true patriotism ... encouraging the national language and ensuring that Afrikaners assert themselves politically and culturally as a nation.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Afrikaner Bond branch in the Free State joined the opposition to railroads in the 1880s. Chief Judge F W Reitz and Carl Borckenhagen established the Free State Afrikaner Bond in 1881 with the goal of creating a South African nationality by nurturing true patriotism, encouraging the use of the national tongue and ensuring that the Afrikaner people maintain each other both culturally and politically as a nation.
  • Afrikanerdom
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      an Afrikaans-speaking white person in South Africa, especially one descended from the Dutch and Huguenot settlers of the 17th century.
  • capitalism,
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
  • imperialism
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Imperialism is the policy or act of extending a country's power into other territories or gaining control over another country's politics or economics.
  • If the Free State were to participate in any railway scheme then this should involve only the South African Republic, with the aim of linking the two states to the non-British harbour of Delagoa Bay
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      In order to connect the two states to Delagoa Bay, a non-British harbor, any railroad project in which the Free State participates should only include the South African Republic.
  • propagate
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      To spread or promote
  • The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 caused railway fever in South Africa to reach new heights. Both the Cape Colony and Natal were eager to extend railway lines from their harbours to the bustling Johannesburg. For the Free State it became important to reach an agreement with the South African Republic and the British colonies in order to ensure that any railway connection with the Witwatersrand would not bypass the Republic.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      South Africa experienced its most extreme case of railway fever in 1886, the year of the Witwatersrand gold discovery. The Cape Colony and Natal were both keen to build new railroad lines that would connect their ports with the vibrant Johannesburg. In order to guarantee that any railway connection with the Witwatersrand would not bypass the Republic, it became crucial for the Free State to come to an agreement with the South African Republic and the British colonies.
  • In 1887 negotiations between the Free State and the South African Republic in Pretoria and Bloemfontein to achieve the Free State's goals failed miserably.
  • In June 1888 a historic meeting of the Free State Volksraad was held.
  • The Volksraad decision, especially Fraser's vote, caused heated reaction from the unprogressives.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      What caused that reaction?
  • Several pro-railway protagonists attended people's rallies and addressed the gatherings with great success, especially after it became known that President Kruger had consented to the extension of a railway line from Colesberg to Bloemfontein. Then, too, in July 1888 Brand died. The Free Staters elected F W Reitz in his stead and the unprogressives no doubt had great expectations from him as a former Afrikaner Bond leader. In 1889 the Volksraad approved the construction of the Colesberg-Bloemfontein line to be built and financed by the Cape Colony.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Reasons for the protest movement against railways to subside.
  • President Reitz and President Kruger at the opening of the railway line between the Free State and Transvaal (J J Oberholster, M C E van Scboor and A J H Maree, Souvenir album of the Orange Free State, 1954)
kwanelealicia

the Orange Free State picture - 2 views

www.bing.com/...search

Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is the Drawing of a map of the Orange Free State, by James Walton(1911-1999) depicting the Vaal River, Winburg, Zand River, Harrismith, Vet River, Bloemfontein, Modder River, Umpukhani, Imparani, Mekuatling, Lishuane, Thaba Nchu, Ficksburg, Ladybrand, Platberg, Riet River, Orange River, Philippolis, Bethulie, Aliwal North, Buffels Vlei, Old Smithfield (Waterval), Smithfield (Riet Poort), Hebron, Beersheba, Caledon, Wepener and Basutoland. In addition, the map shows specifics on Native Reserves, Land Moses Offered to Boer Settlers (1845), Adam Kok's Reserve (1846), District Boundaries (1848), the Conquered Territory (1866), Mission Stations, and towns and villages. - It was drawn in 1951 and was published through James Walton Collection (885). - I took it from Stellenbosch university website.
kwanelealicia

Orange Free State* - Countries - Office of the Historian - 1 views

history.state.gov/...orange-free-state

Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Orange Free State
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Orange Free State was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902. It is one of the three historical precursors to the present-day Free State province.
  • The Orange Free State was a Boer republic in southern Africa. The Boers, of Dutch ancestry, had settled the area earlier in the nineteenth century. The 1854 Bloemfontein Convention recognized the independence of the Orange Free State, which was located between the Orange and the Vaal Rivers. The Orange Free State was a republic modeled upon the U.S. constitution, but restricted franchise to white males.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Southern African Boer nation known as the Orange Free State. Early in the nineteenth century, Dutch immigrants known as Boers inhabited the region. The Orange Free State, positioned between the Orange and Vaal Rivers, was granted independence by the Bloemfontein Convention in 1854. A republic based on the U.S. constitution, the Orange Free State only allowed white men to vote.
  • The Orange Free State was a Boer republic in southern Africa. The Boers, of Dutch ancestry, had settled the area earlier in the nineteenth century. The 1854 Bloemfontein Convention recognized the independence of the Orange Free State, which was located between the Orange and the Vaal Rivers. The Orange Free State was a republic modeled upon the U.S. constitution, but restricted franchise to white males.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • In 1867 diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State and by 1870 there were sufficient reserves of diamonds to stimulate a “rush” of several thousand fortune hunters. Other important Orange Free State exports that gained a wider world market during the 1860s were ostrich feathers and ivory, obtained by hunting the region’s elephants
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Diamonds were found in the Orange Free State in 1867, and by 1870 there were enough diamond deposits to cause a rush of a few thousand would-be millionaires. Ostrich feathers and ivory, which were harvested from the area's elephants, were other significant Orange Free State products that expanded their global market during the 1860s.
  • The expanding commercial trade prompted the United States to complete its first international agreement with the Orange Free State, the Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition of 1871, and also recognize the young republic.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      I think that this is an important peace of information because the author explains how the Agreement of Goodwill and Economics and Extradition of 1871, which the United States concluded with the Orange Free State as part of its first international deal, and the nascent republic's recognition were both motivated by the growth of economic trade.
  • The 1902 Peace of Vereeniging, which ended the Boer War, annexed the Orange Free State to the British Empire.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Here the author tells us that the Orange Free State was incorporated into the British Empire as part of the 1902 Peace of Vereeniging, which put an end to the Boer War.
  • The first known act of recognition between the United States and the Republic of the Orange Free State occurred in 1871 when plenipotentiaries for the two states signed a Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition on December 22, 1871.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      When appointed officials representing the two nations approved the Agreement of Amity and Trade and The act of extradition on December 22, 1871, it was the first documented instance of an acknowledgment among the United States of America and the nation of the Republic of the Orange Free State.
  • 1776-1909
  • Consular Presence
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Consular presence is an official appointed by a sovereign state to protect its commercial interests and aid its citizens in a foreign city.
  • The first U.S. Consul assigned to the Orange Free State was Ernst Richard Landgraf, who was appointed as U.S. Consular Agent to Bloemfontein on December 16, 1891. U.S. consular agents remained posted at Bloemfontein after its incorporation into the British Empire until the post was closed by agency order on November 30, 1928.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ernst Richard Landgraf, who was appointed as the United States' first consular agent at Bloemfontein on December 16, 1891, served as the nation's first consul in the Orange Free State. After Bloemfontein joined the British Empire, U.S. consular officials remained stationed there until the post was disbanded on November 30, 1928, under agency directive.
  • William M. Malloy
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Author.
  • Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between The United States of American and Other Powers
  • Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1910).
  • Full diplomatic relations between the United States and the Orange Free State were never established. In 1899, the Orange Free State declared war upon the British and fought alongside its sister Boer republic, the South African Republic, during the Boer War (1899-1902). The British occupied the capital of Bloemfontein in 1900.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      The United States never established formal diplomatic ties with the Orange Free State. During the Boer War (1899-1902), which took place between the Boer Republics of South Africa and the Orange Free State, the latter declared war on the former in 1899. In 1900, Bloemfontein became the new British colony's capital.
  • Diplomatic Relations
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Diplomatic relations is the arrangement between two countries by which each has representatives in the other country.
  • The United States and the Orange Free State never established diplomatic relations.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Why did they not establish any diplomatic relations? I mean exchanges on the surplus of another country could be beneficial to the other's deficit, and the other way around.
  • On December 22, 1871, the United States signed a Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition with the Orange Free State in Bloemfonten, Orange Free State. The convention was negotiated and signed by U.S. Special Agent Willard W. Edgcomb, who served at the time as American Consul at the Cape of Good Hope, and the government secretary of the Orange Free State, Friedrich Kaufman Höhne. This convention was denounced on January 4, 1895 by the Government of Orange Free State.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      So basically a Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition between the United States and the Orange Free State was signed on December 22, 1871, at Bloemfontein, Orange Free State. U.S. Special Agent Willard W. Edgcomb, who was then the American Consul at the Cape of Good Hope, and Friedrich Kaufman Höhne, the Orange Free State's government secretary, worked out the terms of the convention and signed it. On January 4, 1895, this convention was condemned by the Orange Free State government.
  • Colonization
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Colonization is ​the act of taking control of an area or a country that is not your own, especially using force, and sending people from your own country to live there.
  • The Orange Free State ceased to exist as an independent, sovereign state in 1902 as a result of the process of colonization that carved up much of the African continent into areas of European empire. There were several states like the Orange Free State, with which the United States had treaties or sometimes even diplomatic relations, that were incorporated into another state’s overseas empire.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Due to the colonization process, which divided much of the African continent into regions under the control of the European empire, the Orange Free State ceased to exist as a free, sovereign state in 1902. It included a number of states, such as the Orange Free State, that were absorbed into the overseas empire of another state with which the United States had treaties or occasionally even diplomatic relations.
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