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Firearms in Nineteenth-Century Botswana: The Case of Livingstone's 8-Bore Bullet.pdf - 5 views

diigo.com/0sex9t History 2A History2A PM RADINGWANA 220165865
shared by radingwanaphatane on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The acquisition of guns was both a cause and consequence of a surge in the
  • guns
  • E ve nb ef o reth ep o pu l arsh if tfr o mm uz zl el oa d i ngtobr ee chlo ad in ggu n s,t heim p ac toffi r ea rm s in southern Africa as elsewhere in the world was already being transformed by the presence of improvedriflesandshot
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • A few Europeans also experimented with elongated bullets from the late eighteenth century. 42 But major breakthroughs in their military development can be dated from the 1820s, being associated with the efforts of a circle of British and French innovators. While guns prior to the 1840s they were considered to be too difficult to load and maintain against barrel fouling for general battlefield use; Napoleon dismissing them ‘as the worst weapon that could be got into the hands of a soldier’.
  • From 1823 his efforts resulted in a series of revolutionary bullet designs that expanded upon firing. This quality allowed for both easier loading and enhanced grip to the rifling for better projection. The expansion concept was thereafter refined by the prominent Birmingham gunsmith William Greener, culminating in his 1836 pattern bullet and rifle system
  • xpansion concept was thereafter refined by the prominent Birmingham gunsmith William
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Explorations and Adventures Equatorial Africa; with Accounts of the Manners and Customs... - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do
shared by hlulani on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Ogobay is formed by the junction of two considerable streams of the interior—the Rembo Ngouyai and the Rembo Okända. The first I partly explored; of the Rembo Okända I know only by report of the natives, who state tbat it is much larger than the Ngouyai, and that its navigation is in some places partly obstructed by vast rocky boulders, which, scattered about the hill-sides and on the higher plains of the in¬ terior, form a very remarkable and peculiar feature of the land¬ scape
  • The first I partly explored; of the Rembo Okända I know only by report of the natives, who state tbat it is much larger than the Ngouyai, and that its navigation is in some places partly obstructed by vast rocky boulders, which, scattered about the hill-sides and on the higher plains of the in¬ terior, form a very remarkable and peculiar feature of the land¬ scape.
  • hlulani on 26 Apr 23
     
    This source explores the nature of the African countries.
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The Story of Africa| BBC World Service - 0 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...8chapter4.shtml Lesego Nkgwesa History 2A 221017830
shared by lesego131118 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In the 1800's, Catholic missionary expeditions were launched with new vigour to the West, in Senegal and Gabon. Protestant missionaries took up work in Sierra Leone in 1804. The missionaries represented a big spectrum of denominations or churches: Catholic, Protestant, Anglican, many of them in competition and conflict with each other. The abolition of slave owning in 1807 and slave trading in 1834 throughout the British Empire proved to be two important turning points. Outlawing the slave trade and converting freed slaves became a powerful motive for setting up European Christian missions. Human compassion in Europe for the plight of slaves meant that money could be raised to fund the considerable expenses of setting up a mission. The Protestants spread the Christian gospel through the slaves who were liberated from slaving ships along the West Coast after 1834. The application of Christian doctrine was much stricter than it had been in previous centuries. The success of Christian missionary programmes can be linked to the education they offered. Many people in Africa wanted education; and missionaries taught people to read, in order that they might understand the word of God.
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The Decline and Fall of Slavery in Nineteenth Century Brazil.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0sexqy Phozisa Mtshiza
shared by mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ly Latin American the
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Latin american theme are cultural styles
  • he Pre
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an introduction to a book typically stating its subject, scope or aims
  • ith the c
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the hundredth anniversary of a significant event in this case the anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • y been published.6 It begins at the end of the eighteenth century with the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the French revolutionary wars, the Industrial Revolution and Britain's official conversion to anti-slavery-and ends with the European revol
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the abolition of slavery started at the end of the 18th century due to protest, firstly the Americas Revolution which was a political and ideological revolution where the american colonists objected being taxed by the Great Britain Parliament, secondly the French Revolution which was a period of radical change politically and socially, industrial Revolution was the transtion to new manufacturing process processes in Great Britain this are the revolution which had an effect on the abolition of slavery in some areas which were doing slave trade
  • Although some interesting new work has appeared on miscegenation, manumission and the role of free people of colour in Brazilian slave society from the sixteenth to the nineteent
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historian paid attention on the sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnics groups, especially when one of them is white. they also paid attention on manumission which means that slaves could purchase their freedom by negotiating with their master for a purchase price which was a common way for slaves to be freed manumission also occured during baptism,or as part of an owners last will and testament
  • During the past twenty years historians have given a great deal of increasingly sophisticated attention to the rich and complex history of African slavery in Brazil-in all periods (from its beginnings early in the sixteenth century to its termination at the end of the nineteenth centur
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historian had much interest in writing about African slavery in Brazil which means that most of the slaves in Brazil were taken from or transported from Africa to Brazil
  • a 'proletarian necess
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      relating to the proletariat
  • 865. Moreover, slavery still persisted, indeed flourished, in Brazil and Cuba and in the United States (although confined, of course, by this time to the South). Indeed, as a result of the expansion of the frontier in all these remaining slave states during the first half of the nineteenth century, slavery existed over a larger area geographically than at any time in its history. And more Africans and Afro-Americans, some six million, were held in captivity; that is to say, more than twice as many as at the time of the 'first emancipation' in Haiti in 179
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this means that the abolition of slavery in britain did not mean it was an end to slavery world wide because there were people who benefitted fanancially in the slave trade those who were selling them and those who did not have to pay people to do labour therefore for some people it was a habit which could not be easy to let go without putting a fight
  • r mula
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.
  • nomic imp
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an essential or urgent thing
  • intractabl
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      hard to control or deal with
  • glut
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an excessively abundant supply of something
  • unrelentin
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      not yielding in strenghth, severity, or determination.
  • t. The al
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the reluctant acceptance of something without protest
  • liberal Regenc
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the office of or period of government by a regent
  • sed slave
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      from driving mules
  • s like
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      hit and piece the hull of a ship with a missile
  • e Paraguayan Wa
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the paraguayan war, also known as the War of the Triple alliance, was a South African war that lasted from 1864 to 1870, it was fought between Paraguay and the triple alliance of Argentina, the empire of Brazil and Uruguay. it was the deadliest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history
  • y variou
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the support given by a patron patron: a person who gives financialor other support to a person
  • o thr
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the action of withdrawing formally from a membership of a federation body, especially a political state
  • he inexorable pr
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      impossible to stop or prevent a certain process
  • e-hard sl
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a ruling class political order or government composed of slave owners and plantation owners
  • buoyant world market,
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      able or tending to keep afloat or rise to the top of a liquid or gas
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Your focus is on Africa.
18More

THE ZULU WAR IN ZULU PERSPECTIVE.pdf - 5 views

diigo.com/0sexu7
shared by rikarooi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • glish, it becomes clear that the Zulu view of the war was very different from the English or European view, not so much as to detail but as to men
  • ompare with the Ndwandwe war
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The war between the Zulu kingdom and the Ndwandwe tribe in 1817-1819.
  • ttle of Ndondakusuk
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The culmination of succession struggle between Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi in 1856.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • red soldie
  • the red soldiers were withdrawn after only a few months, and sailed away together with Lord Chelm
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      After the defeat of the Zulus at Ulundi allowed Chelmsford to recover his military prestige.
  • he Zulu War (s
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      one of the books on Zulu war.
  • t! Isandlwana was a Zulu v
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and that resulted in the defeat of the first British invasion of the Zulus.
  • he British than to th
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Because they had their aim such as labor from the Zulu population in the diamond fields.
  • the War was not only somewhat insignific
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      They understood the reason for other Zulu wars except for Isandlwana.
  • f it
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      In short, this article focused mainly on different writers and books about the Zulu war (s).
43More

Recent explorations in the territories of the African Lakes Company.pdf - 4 views

diigo.com/0sexxo NM MABUZA
shared by maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • I know that this and other longitudes were determined chronometrically, and are depended upon Blantyre being in long. 34 ° 56' 30" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Longitudes are the imaginary lines dividing the earth and measuring the distance. These lines are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The explorers dictated many longitudes in a chronometric way which is the art of measuring time accurately.
  • Mr. O'Neill's most careful observations at Blantyre have shifted that place 7' 24" to the east (to 35 ° 3' 54" E.), all Mr. Stewart's chronometric observa- tions have to be shifted to the same extent, and hence I have not hesitated in placing Karonga in long. 33 ° 57' 24" E.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The explorers had the abilities of modifying all the longitudes of places since they were the ones who came up with their measurements.
  • 2. A sketch of the road from Tanganyika to Nyassa, June 17 to July 12, 1884, by Mr. E. C. Here. Mr. Here spent 96½ hours on the march, and estimates the distance at 268 English miles. He gives no bearings. 3. MS. notes on the route from Lake Nyassa to the Tanganyika, by Mr. Fred. Moir. Total distance, 231 miles. 4. Lieut. Wissmann's map of his route from Lake Tanganyika to Lake Nyassa, May 12 to June 1, 1887. Scale, 1:927,554. Distance, as measured on the map, 260 English miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows that the distance measured by the three different explorers between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyassa is not equal because each explorer measured the distance as per the hours they spent on the journey and on the routes they took.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Not a single observation for latitude appears to have been made between Kirenji and the Tanganyika, although this country has been traversed very many times by European travellers.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Although many travelers from Europe crossed Africa, but neither of them has determined the latitude between Kirenji and Tanganyika.
  • latitude
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the angular distance of a place, north or south of the earth's equator and its usually measured in degrees and minutes. Unlike the longitudes, latitudes do not include the seconds in their measurements.
  • Mr. Moir, in a note written on the face of his map in 1883, states that Mom- bera's is laid down from actual observations made at that place in let. 11 ° 37' S., and 30 ° 50' 30" E. ; that Mr. Stewart and himself subse- quently took lunars at the place, the result agreeing within a few miles.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The longitude and latitude measures of Loangwa valley was determined by Mr. Moir and Mr. Steward by the moon's revolution in the year 1879. Lunars-of relating to, or resembling the moon.
  • with a small head, who wore anklets and Bracelets of brass-wire and beads. His people are Wasingwa, but Mangamba and other villages belonging to him are inhabited by fugitives from Unyika, who fled from the dreaded Merere.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Still travelling, the two travelers came across a chief headed village which included villagers who had fled from their own villages.
  • On the 15th the road led through a level country and past severn} villages, the inhabitants of which were armed with bows and poisoned arrows.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This landmark explained above, led the two travelers in a village of hunters who used bows and poisoned arrows as their hunting tools.
  • "pelele,"
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a labret dummy worn in the upper lip by some native tribes in Afruica.
  • at night, on the 19th, they camped close to Kambomba's town, which lies at the foot of the hills, immediately to the west of Mount Parasinga. There are between four and five hundred huts, and many sheep, but n~> cattle, as the tsetse abounds in the Loangwa valley.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the travelers were camping nearby Kambomba's town they discovered that in this area there were many people who resided there, but they all kept sheep and no cattle since there were tsetse insects in the area. This might have been that the cattle had all died from the tsetse insect bites because they are the most prone animals to these parasites. tsetse-this is a large bittng fly found mostly in the tropical Africa. They feed on the vertebrates blood and their role is to transmit diseases.
  • It then climbed the hills to the village of the chief Chifungwi, a little thin man,
  • Mr. M'Ewan left Bandawe on April 7, 1885, and, having been joined by Mr. Munro, started from Mombera's on April 14. The travellers eneamped on that day at the foot of the Kabo Rock---a mass of granite covering an area of 160 by 80 yards, and rising to a height of 80 feet. Mount Parasinga, a prominent peak, was clearly visible, bearing 269", and during the progress of the journey proved a valuable landmark.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      As these two specified travelers were travelling, they came across an important object marking the land boundary.
  • Mombera to Kambomba, 27 h. 6 rain. 76"06 miles. Kambomba to Kirenji,. 41 ,, 22 ,, 112'59 ,, Kirenji to Karonga, 18 ,, 14 ,, 54"17 ,,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the time spent by the travelers on their journey from Mombera to Karonga.
  • The western shore of Lake Iqyassa is partly based upon information collected by Mr. Donald Munro during a land journey from Bandawe to Karonga (Aug. 18-30, 1884).
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mr. Donald Munro discovered the western shore of Lake Nyassa when he was travelling from Bandawe to Karonga.
  • The Luweya forms a small delta, enclosing two swampy islands, fringed along its lake shore by sand-banks about 600 feet wide, which are thickly covered with native huts, Ngombo's people occupying the southern, and Makambiro the northern island. The southern arm of the river (Lnweya-mufwa) leaves the main stream about 2 miles from the lake; it is 30 yards broad, 3 feet deep, and has a slow current. The dimensions of the main branch are similar, but its current is stronger. The northern arm (Chintechi) resembles a swamp rather than a river. The people who crowd the delta live in daily dread of the Mangone, against whom the swamps afford a certain measure of security. Their exhalations, on the other hand, are a source of much disease, and the many recently covered graves in the villages afford evidence of this.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this paragraph the measurements of the Luweya River are stipulated and it also explains how the people surrounding this area lived in fear of the Mangone disease.
  • The three rocky islands (" Chirwa," Chirupumbu, and another) in a broad bay to the north are crowded with huts, some of them upon piles. The adjoining mainland has a poor soil, notwithstanding which cassava i.~ cultivated, and food appears to be plentiful.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These three specified islands mainly consists of rocks and their land is mostly covered in huts and their soil does not have much nutrients to support plant growth, but yet the cassava plant is grown there and many other plants used as food. cassava plant-this is a nutty-flavored starchy , root vegetable used for tiredness, dehydration in people with diarrhea, sepsis, and to induce labor.
  • Leaving this bay, Mr. Munro climbed over steep hills, rising to a height of 1500 feet, and then returned to the lake, which he reached near a small bay dubiously called "Magwina" (" crocodile "). Wretched huts of fugitives cling to the hill- sides further to the north.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered the Magwina Lake where there were huts built closely together belonging to people who had fled from their places.
  • Patowtow is a beautiful little harbour, extending about half a mile inlaml, and bounded by steep hills. It affords excellent shelter.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Unlike the Magwina Lake huts, in this area Munro witnessed well-maintained houses.
  • Bwana Hill, where Arabs trading in slaves and ivory,
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Munro also discovered that in the Bwana Hill they had a slave and ivory trade.
  • The country hereabouts is well cultivated by people from the interior, who spend the rainy season until harvest time in temporary dwellings.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mangone natives cultivated the land and lived in informal settlements during the rainy season until the harvesting period.
  • Ruali, the first village of Uchungu, stands upon the lake shore. Its houses and inhabitants contrast very favourably with what is to be seen among the Atonga to the south.
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      From all the other shelters from the travelers journey, Ruali was the only place with even fine houses.
  • Commander Young
    • maureennompumelelo1
      maureennompumelelo1 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is the explorer who discovered the full measurements of Lake Nyassa.
13More

Fossil ivory.pdf - 6 views

diigo.com/0sey2e Lesego Mlandu History 2A
shared by fortunatem on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The ivory of ~Iammoth-tusks is an article of trade peculiar to Siberia. Although forming too slight an item to be taken into con- sideration in the statistical returns of the trade of Russia, still, as this ivory formed one of the earliest articles of export from Siberia to China, the few statistics I have been able to collect with reference to this curiosity of commerce may not be without interest.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Siberian traders specialize in trading ivory from mammoth tusks. The few statistics that have been compiled regarding this curious of commerce may not be without interest, even though this ivory formed too small an item to be taken into consideration in the statistical returns of the trade of Russia. In addition, this ivory formed one of the first items exported from Siberia to China.
  • About 40,000 lbs. of fossil ivory (that is to say, the tusks of at least 100 mammoths) are bartered for every year in New Siberia, so
  • hat, in a period of BOO years of trade with that country, the tusks of 20,000 mammoths must have been disposed of, perhaps even twice that number, since only 200 lbs. of ivory is calculated as the average weight produced by a pair of tusks.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Since the average weight produced by a pair of mammoth tusks is only 200 lbs. of ivory, over the course of BOO years of trade with that nation, 20,000 mammoths tusks must have been lost, possibly even twice that amount. Approximately 40,000 lbs. of fossil ivory are traded for annually in New Siberia.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • As many as ten of these tusks have been found lying together in the "Tundra," weighing from 150 to 300 lbs. each; the largest are rarely seen out of the country, many of them being too rotten to be made use of, while others are so large that they cannot be carried away, and are sawn up in blocks or slabs on the spot where they are retold, with very considerable waste, so that the loss of weight in the produce of a tusk before the ivory comes to market is of no trifling afiaount.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Up to ten of these tusks have been discovered lying together in the "Tundra," weighing between 150 and 300 pounds each. The largest of these tusks are rarely seen outside of the country because many of them are too rotten to be used, while others are too large to be transported and must instead be sawn up into blocks or slabs on the spot where they are retold, with a great deal of waste.
  • rge portion of this ivory is used by the nomad tribes in their sledges, arms, and household implements; and formerly a great quantity used to be exported to China,--a trade which can be traced back to a very distant period ; for Giovanni de Plane Carpini, a Franciscan Monk, sent by Pope Innocent IV
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Large amounts of this ivory were once exported to China, in a trade that dates back to a very long time, for Giovanni de Plane Carpini, a Franciscan Monk sent by Pope Innocent IV. He used ivory for his sleds, weapons, and household implements.
  • Entire mammoths have occasionally been discovered, not only with the skin (which was protected with a double covering of hair and wool) entire, but with the fleshy portions of the body in such a state of preservation that they have ai%rded food to dogs and wild beasts in the neighbourhood of the places where they were found.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Occasionally, entire mammoths have been found, not only with the skin but also with the meaty parts of the body in such a state of preservation that they served as food to dogs and other wild animals in the area where they were located.
  • hey appear to have been suddenly enveloped in ice or to have sunk into mud which was on the point of congealing, and which, before the process of decay could commence, froze around the bodies and has preserved them up to the present time in the condition in which they perished.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      They appear to have been unexpectedly wrapped in ice or to have fallen into mud that was about to freeze, this prevented the bodies from decomposing by freezing around them and has kept them preserved to this day in the same state in which they died.
15More

RW Beachey.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sey5m Lindokuhle Ntseare History 2A 222011098
shared by ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
  • increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Thro
  • by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I832. Within a decade of Said's move to Zanzibar and the Egyptian advance southwards, the ivory traders were out en mass
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sultan Said was the Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar, and he ruled over a vast empire that included parts of East Africa and the Indian Ocean. Under Sultan Said's leadership, Zanzibar became a major center for the ivory trade, and he played an important role in facilitating the trade between East Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. He established commercial relations with interior African states and trading networks, and he used his power and influence to promote the interests of the ivory traders in Zanzibar. Sultan Said's policies helped to create a favorable environment for the ivory trade in Zanzibar, and he encouraged the development of the port of Zanzibar, which became a hub for the transportation and export of ivory to markets in Europe and Asia.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • As the century went on, caravans travelling into the interior became bigger and bigger, until by 1885 it was not unusual to have over 2,000 porters in a single caravan. The ivory caravans developed a life of theil own, and the supply of their needs led to a system somewhat similar to that of ship chandlering. Information as to the condition of routes, the risk of native wars and the best seasons for travel were all available to the enterprising trade
  • The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyika.10 From Tabora routes branched to the north, to Uganda, to the west, and to the south and Lake Rukwa. At Unyanyembe and Ujiji, Arab merchants had set themselves up in style, surrounding themselves with the coconut palms of their Zanzibar home, and living in cool tembes, waited on by slaves, and comforted by concubines-reproducing the languid environment of the spice island
  • routes into the int
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      The caravan routes in East Africa during the 19th century were a network of trade routes that extended from the interior of the continent to the coast, particularly to ports such as Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, and Kilwa. These routes were used by Arab and Swahili traders to transport goods, including ivory, to the coast for export to markets in Europe and Asia. The caravan routes varied in length and complexity, but they generally followed a similar pattern. The traders would begin their journey at the coast and travel inland with their goods, often on foot or using pack animals such as donkeys and camels. The journey could take several months, and traders would often have to navigate challenging terrain, including mountains and forests. Along the way, traders would stop at towns and villages to rest, resupply, and conduct trade with local communities. These towns and villages served as important trading centers, where goods such as food, cloth, and weapons were exchanged for ivory and other commodities. The caravan routes varied over time, depending on the political and economic conditions in the region. As new trading centers emerged, or existing ones declined, the routes would shift accordingly. Furthermore, the caravan routes were vulnerable to disruption from conflicts between different groups and natural disasters such as droughts and floods. Despite these challenges, the caravan routes remained an essential part of the East African trade network throughout the 19th century, and they played a crucial role in facilitating the ivory trade and other forms of commerce in the region.
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and quality. The Arab carried his steel-yard scales which were simple and practical, and, all things being equal, he purchased ivory by weight, the unit being the frasilah (34-36 lb.).16 In the southern Sudan and some parts of East Africa-for example, in Karagweivory was valued in terms of cattle, and this was one of the causes of the cattle raids carried out by ivory dealers. With the cattle they looted, they could trade for more ivo
  • ibar. Colonel Hamerton, who arrived at Zanzibar in 1841 as British consul, remarked: 'The whole trade in ivory, slaves, and gum copal is carried on by the natives of India, the ivory is consigned to them from the interior.' Hamerton noted that even the Sultan's ivory and copal trade on the mainland was mana
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Indian agents played an important role in the East African ivory trade during the 19th century. These agents had established commercial networks in East Africa and had close ties to the Indian subcontinent. The Indian agents acted as intermediaries between the ivory traders in East Africa and the markets in India. They were responsible for purchasing ivory from the traders and then arranging for its transportation to India, where it would be sold for a profit. The Indian agents were essential to the ivory trade because they had access to capital and resources that the local traders often lacked. They were also familiar with the Indian market and were able to negotiate better prices for the ivory they sold.
  • The quest for ivory was never-ending. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth c
  • Figures of ivory exports from East Africa during the early nineteenth century are not easy to obtain. Various estimates range as low as 40,000 lb. a year to as high as 200,000 lb., but no indication is given as to how these figures were arrived at. But from the arrival of Colonel Rigby as British consul at Zanzibar in 1858, customs returns are available. We get a definite figure based on customs returns for 1859, showing that 488,600 lbs. of ivory worth I46,666 were exporte
  • Zanzibar as the ivory market for East Africa, supplying 75 % of the world's tota
  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    The ivory trade was a significant economic activity in East Africa during this period, and it had a profound impact on the region's economy, society, and environment. In the article, Beachey discusses the origins of the ivory trade in East Africa and how it grew in importance over time. He explains how the trade was facilitated by the arrival of Arab and Swahili traders, who established commercial networks that stretched across the interior of the continent. These traders were able to acquire ivory from African hunters and then transport it to the coast for export to markets in Europe and Asia. In his article, Beachey also discusses the important role that Zanzibar played in the East African ivory trade during the 19th century. Zanzibar was a center for the ivory trade, serving as a hub for the transportation and export of ivory to markets in Europe and Asia. Beachey explains how Zanzibar's strategic location and its political and economic ties to East Africa made it an ideal location for ivory traders to set up shop. The island's port was well-situated to receive ivory from the interior, and Zanzibar's ruling Sultanate had established commercial relations with interior African states and trading networks. Furthermore, Beachey highlights how the ivory trade contributed to the growth of Zanzibar's economy during this period. The trade brought significant wealth to the island, which was invested in infrastructure development, such as the construction of the Zanzibar port and the city's buildings.
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Female Seclusion in the Aftermath of Slavery on the Southern Swahili Coast: Transformat... - 1 views

diigo.com/0sey88 Mikhangelo Phaswana
shared by mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The most obvious limitation of our knowledge of the aftermath of slavery in East Africa lies in the fact that, like knowledge of slavery itself, it is so heavily focused on the coast, even though it is clear that by the late nineteenth century slaves were present in great numbers off the co
    • mikhangelo
      mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23
       
      This states that the knowledge which we have about unpleasant event of slavery in East coast mostly it's focused on the coast and that it's had also developed to much number in late nineteenth century
  • . In Tanganyika, by contrast, slavery was abolished in 1922, when it was already obsolete due to the process of self-emancipation described by Deutsch. Rath
    • mikhangelo
      mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23
       
      During this period of time 1922 it's said that in Tanganyika slavery was being ended and that was made possible by Deutsch who free slaves as they were no longer need or for no use.
  • bize. Ustaarabu , "Arab-ness," increasingly became the gloss for "civiliza
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    This is not opening.
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European Exploration and Africa's Self-Discovery.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sey8q Hlulani Makumbani
shared by hlulani on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • by ALI A. MAZRUI* THE spirit of geographical exploration in Africa is historically linked both to science as a social commitment and to anti-science as an intellectual rebellion. This article is a reflection on this basic ambivalence in the meaning and philosophical implications of a transient episode in African history. What needs to be remembered is that men cast in certain roles, such as explorers, become not merely historical figures but also intellectual
    • hlulani
      hlulani on 26 Apr 23
       
      This journal is related to the historical content of Exploratation of Africa because it is about discovering the nature of the African countries.
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The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century on JSTOR - 1 views

www.jstor.org/...179483 Matimba Babani HISTORY 2A
shared by matimbababsy on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But the great development came in the nineteenth century when an increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers.
  • The onslaught on the ivory resources of the interior took the form of a two-way thrust-from the north by the Egyptians who penetrated into the Sudan and Equatoria, and by the Arabs from the east coast of Africa.
  • During the nineteenth century ivory over-topped all rivals in trade value-even slaves.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The East African ivory trade is an ancient one: East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving, and was always in great demand.
  • The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century
  • missing
  • It figures prominently in the earliest reference to trading activities on the East African Coast.
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9781315023205_previewpdf.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0seyja Hlulani Makumbani
shared by hlulani on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Some investigators have found on closer inspection that what appeared to be static traditions are in fact dynamic, open to critical revision-even transformation-by "new traditions" that promise to serve the people more fairly and humanely. Those values and norms that withstand and pass the severe scrutiny of reason can then be referred to as African philosophies. The contributors to this volume have also responded to the invitation to approach the realities of African thought with critical acumen. Ali Mazrui, Anthony Appiah, Kw
    • hlulani
      hlulani on 26 Apr 23
       
      This journal article explores more about the history of our cultures. The philosophers who traveled around the word exploring the great culture of Africa. It is related to the historical content of African Exploration because its discusses the culture of Africa.
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The End of Slavery in Zanzibar and British East Africa.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0seynv Nobukhosi Ncube 222084403
shared by khosifaith on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The End of Slavery in Zanzibar and British East Africa
  • periods. In the first place, there was the series of attacks directed against the Slave Trade, that is to say, the seizure and transport of raw slaves from the African mainland into Zanzibar and from Zanzibar to Arabia, and, in the second place, there are the steps more recently taken in connection with the institution of domestic slavery.
    • khosifaith
      khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
       
      this explains the two different periods a protracted war against slavery in Zanzibar.
  • It was only, therefore, by closing as far as possible the sources whence the supplies of raw slaves were drawn, by blockading the coast, and, as the power and influence exercised by Great Britain in East Africa gradually increased, by inducing the Sultan, in return for some benefit offered or conferred, to close one or other of the channels through which natives of Africa were carried away into slavery, that any advance in the direction of freedom could for a long time be made.
    • khosifaith
      khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
       
      the progress in the direction of freedom could only be made by closing as much as possible the sources from which the supplies of raw slaves were drawn, by blocking the coast, and, as Great Britain's power and influence in East Africa gradually increased.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • traffic. The first step in this direction was the incorporation of the Imperial British East Africa Company in i888, which was quickly followed by the transfer of a large portion of the Zanzibar mainland dominions to the German Government, by the establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda, and by the extension of European administration throughout the central regions of the African Continent
  • are two names which stand out by themselves-that of Sir John Kirk, who laboured in Zanzibar from 1868 to 1887, and that of the late Sir Lloyd Mathews, who for over twenty-five years occupied
  • earlier anti-slavery enactments was due.
    • khosifaith
      khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
       
      due to past anti-slavery actions.
  • A Treaty was signed by Seyyid Barghash bin Said in 1873 providing that the export of slaves from the African mainland, whether designed for transport from one part of His Highness's dominions to another or for conveyance to foreign ports, should entirely
  • cease. It was also agreed that the main slave-market in Zanzibar (on the site of which the English Cathedral now stands), as well as any other public markets in the Sultanate for the buying or selling of imported slaves, should be closed, and this measure was carried into effect in the course of the same year.
  • In 1876 a Proclamation was issued by Seyyid Barghash abolishing slavery on the Benadir Coast and in the district of Kismayu, which were then administered by His Highness. Two further Proclamations published the same year made it an offence to bring slaves from the interior and sell them at the Coast for conveyance to Pemba, and forbade the fitting out of slave caravans by* His Highness's subjects. In 1885 Seyyid Barghash issued a Proclamation confirming his previous orders and prohibiting all exportation of slaves from his dominions.
  • ; the Arab plantation-owners were given an opportunity of replacing their slaves by free labour; the slaves had time to consider their position, and, in a large number of cases, to make such arrangements with their masters as enabled them to enjoy all the advantages of freedom without giving up their old homes and the prospect of certain and regular employment; and the Government were able at once to provide for the future of the freed slaves, to organise an efficient labour supply for the assistance of the planters, and, incidentally, to make due provision for the maintenance of the public revenue and for the prosecution of reforms for the benefit of the native population
    • khosifaith
      khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
       
      end of slavery!
  • khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
     
    The following journal describes the progression of slavery in British East Africa and Zanzibar and how it came to an end in the 1800s.
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Slave_trade_africa_Wellcome_Wiki.jpg (2001×1675) - 2 views

britishheritage.com/...trade_africa_Wellcome_Wiki.jpg Mikhangelo Phaswana
shared by mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • mikhangelo on 26 Apr 23
     
    The image shows us how slaves were treated and how they were captured . This gives us imagination clue on what was happening in the image during that period of time ,looking at this picture this tells us that they were treated so badly
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Explorers in East Africa - NYPL Digital Collections - 1 views

digitalcollections.nypl.org/...da-6e26-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 ''Pregan '' ''Nkosi'' ''History2A'' ''222019780''
shared by pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
     
    explorers in east Africa
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