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makenete

Manufacturing Crisis: Anti-slavery 'Humanitarianism' and Imperialism in East Africa, 18... - 1 views

Mbali Makenete'

shared by makenete on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 1888 into 1890, ships from five European nations joined in a blockade to stop the ‘Arab slave trade’ in East Africa,
  • blockade was armed resistance against the German East Africa Company
  • Bushiri bin Salim
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • blockade against the ‘Arab slave trade,’ an amorphous non-state enemy.
  • but they all cited the same duty to promote civilisation in Africa and end the slave trad
  • The blockade occurred in the interim between the two great international conferences of the Scramble for Africa, the 1884–1885 Berlin Conference and the 1889–1890 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference.
  • he Brussels Conference has received attention from historians as either the culmination of the abolitionist movement or an early step in the development of modern humanitarian diplomacy
  • chauvinists
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      an anti-feminist
  • Suzanne Miers, for instance, argued that the Brussels Conference was driven by political interests hiding behind humanitarian goals, going to far as to describe the intersection of antislavery activism and politics as the ‘antislavery game.
  • antislavery for political goals
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      anti slavery was a piece or a part of a game that was created by colonizers to create a better picture for Africa and its civilization but instead there was a hidden agenda of power that they only had access to
  • The blockade was the most direct international action against the slave trade at the height of humanitarian activism around the issue but has largely been left out of narratives about 1880s antislavery. It demonstrates a different approach to antislavery than was pursued at either conference.
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      this shows that even though that slavery was abolished before the 1890s, there was still slavery taking place. the slave trade was pretty much still active in certain parts of the world allowing slavery to still carry on.
  • The blockade failed to achieve both its short-term and its long-term aims. It provoked anger among pro-imperial interests in both the United Kingdom and Germany.
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      the blockade created power conflict between 2 power hungry countries
  • The blockade exacerbated international conflicts rather than relieving them.
  • Anglo-German alliance to lead humanitarianism and the colonisation of Afric
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      the blockade created power conflict between 2 international countries that had great power
  • The individual national action of the 1890s overtook other methods of humanitarianism in empire.
  • It combined claims that Africans needed European help with attacks on Islam as antimodern
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      the lack of African history, made Africa to be voiceless
  • Descriptions of slavery inevitably discussed an ‘Arab’ or ‘Muslim’ slave trade (often conflating racial and religious labels)
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      religion and race became influential in making slavery bigger it was supposed to.
  • Africans appear in their rhetoric only as objects for European subjects to save.
  • They also downplayed Europe’s slave-trading past and glossed over the inconsistent implementation of antislavery policies.
  • East Africa had become the most dynamic region for the slave trade in the middle of the nineteenth century with the abolition of the slave trade in the Americas and British antislavery efforts in West Africa.
  • an increase in the use of slavery for production.
makenete

Abolition and European Imperialism in East Africa, 1845-1893 - Digital Collections for ... - 2 views

dcc.newberry.org/?p=14448

Mbali Makenete

shared by makenete on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In the 14th century, Kilwa, off the coast of modern day southern Tanzania, was the center of the East African gold trade
  • slavery in Africa differed from what we know as slavery in the United States in that the enslaved were more like kin than chattel.
  • Muslim slaveholders often manumitted their slaves, and many slaves converted to Islam before gaining their freedom
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      religion was forced upon slaves, because that's what they saw around them (religion practices ) some slaves were born into slavery forcing them take up culture, nationality and religion practices that are not of their own because those that knew were either long gone or had forgotten about the cultural practices.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • The economy of 19th century Zanzibar was thus largely dependent on slavery and the slave trade
  • the abolitionist movement in the Atlantic world had successfully abolished the slave trade,
  • The abolitionist movement in East Africa was both a humanitarian and an imperialist endeavor.
  • But abolitionism was also imperial and colonia
  • l. Imperialists believed in the necessity and benefit of establishing overseas colonies, creating an empire in the process
  • he abolitionist movement, whose goal was bringing peace to a violent slavery-ridden land, helped accelerate violent conquest in the form of the European scramble for Africa.
  • While you may agree with their abolitionist views, you will need to interrogate the cultural biases they held against Africa and Africans.
  • hey had a very limited understanding of the language and culture of the Africans they encountered.
asanda

Diigo - Consul ELTON FROM GALE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.pdf - 6 views

www.diigo.com/asanda

A.M KUZWAYO 222141038 in southern Africa

shared by asanda on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      THIS PRIMARY SOURCE IS ABOUT THE WARS AND TRADE OF GUNS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. IT IS THE CONFLICT OR TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA IN NINETEENTH CENTURY BEFORE 1890 WHEN SOUTHERN AFRICA BEGAN TO HAVE GUNS AND HAVE ACCESS TO TRADE IT. IT TALKS ABOUT COLONASATION OF AFRICA, POLITICAL, CIVILASATION, ETC., THAT HAPPENED AFTER THEY GET ACCESS TO THE GUNS. BY THE TRADE OF GUNS THE EARNED LOT OF MONEY BY THE AMATONGA WHO EMIGRATE TO NATAL IN SEARCH OF WORK WHICH WAS SPENT BY THE ORDER OF THEIR CHIEFS. THEIR COMBINATION AS THE GUN, RUM, PERMITTED AND LEAD TRADE SOUTH OF THE ZULU COUNTRY, AND AMONGST THE AMATONGA, PERMITTED FOR THE FUTURE WITHOUT A CHECK WITHIN THE TOWN OF LOURENCO MARQUES BY THE PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT,IT IS, I FEAR, MY LORD, BUT A SORRY LOOK OUT FOR THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NATIVE RACES OF SOUTH EAST AFRICA.
mandisamahlangu

The East African Slave Trade, 1861-1895: The "Southern" Complex.pdf - 2 views

Mandisa Mahlangu

shared by mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • June. Chiefs were rarely able to guarantee sufficient slaves even for later arrivals, and frustrated buyers frequently either tried to take enslave local people, particularly if they had already expended considerable sums on trade "preliminaries," or sailed north to the more stable markets of Iboin
    • mandisamahlangu
      mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      The labor for for plantation and trading activities was needed so that is why the swahili and Arab demanded slaves.
  • controller of the Mahajanga customs, died in 1875, he owed $11,211 to French partners.30
    • mandisamahlangu
      mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      These islands were attractive sources of slaves because they were different so that made it to be the potential of being slaves and being sold to Arab and Swahili traders.
  • The voracious demand for slaves from the islands of the western Indian Ocean was also reflected in the intensification of slave raiding in the interior of East Afric
    • mandisamahlangu
      mandisamahlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      This was due to the fact that there was a high demand for labor in East Africa.
preciousbosiki29

gale pdf.pdf - 0 views

Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

shared by preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
     
    gale pdf
preciousbosiki29

The End of Slavery in Zanzibar and British East Africa.pdf - 1 views

Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

shared by preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE long crusade against Slavery in the Sultan of Zanzibar's dominions, which has been brought to a successful issue by the recent promulgation of the Decree dated the 9th June last, may be divided into two periods. In the first place, there was the series of attacks directed against the Slave Trade, that is to say, the seizure and transport of raw slaves from the African mainland into Zanzibar and from Zanzibar to Arabia, and, in the second place, there are the steps more recently taken in connection with the institution of domestic slavery. The existence of a traffic in human beings was, of course, directly due to the demand for domestic slaves in Mohammedan countries on the Coast and elsewhere, and, if means could have been found to check the demand, the supply would naturally have ceased. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, the institution of domestic slavery, sanctioned, as it is, by the writings of the Prophet and by the Law of Islam, was far too firmly established in the Zanzibar dominions to be open to direct attacks from outside. It was only, therefore, by
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The protracted campaign against slavery in the lands of the Sultan of Zanzibar, which was recently brought to a successful conclusion by the promulgation of the Decree dated June 9, last, may be divided into two periods. First, there were the attacks on the slave trade, which included the capture and transportation of enslaved people from the African mainland to Zanzibar and from Zanzibar to Arabia, and second, there have been more recent actions related to the institution of domestic slavery. The desire for domestic slaves in Moham- medan countries on the Coast and elsewhere was, of course, the primary driver of the formation of a human trafficking industry.
  • Very little advance could be made towards closing the sources from which raw slaves were supplied so long as Mohammedan influence was still paramount on the Coast, and the slave-dealers could count on the active co-operation of the Arab authorities, and it was not until the "partition of Africa had taken definite shape that a death-blow could be struck at this inhuman traffic. The first step in this direction was the incorporation of the Imperial British East Africa Company in i888, which was quickly followed by the transfer of a large portion of the Zanzibar mainland dominions to the German Government, by the establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda, and by the extension of European administration throughout the central regions of the African Continent. With these forces at work the Slave Trade was doomed, and in a very few years it had altogether ceased to exist. In the meanwhile the British Navy had been working hard to check the transport of raw slaves from the mainland to Zanzibar and th
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      As long as Mohammedan influence was still dominant on the Coast and the slave-dealers could rely on the active cooperation of the Arab authorities, very little progress could be made toward closing the sources from which raw slaves were supplied. It was not until the "partition of Africa" had taken definite shape that a death-blow could be struck at this inhuman traffic. The Imperial British East Africa Company's incorporation in 1888 was the first step in this direction. Soon after, the German government was given control of a sizable portion of Zanzibar's mainland dominions, a British Protectorate was established in Uganda, and European rule was expanded to include the continent's central regions.
  • wners, was declared to be illegal. In 1889 Seyyid Khalifa bin Said granted to England and Germany a perpetual right of search over all local dhows in Zanzibar territorial waters. It was at the same time ordained that all persons entering the Sultan's dominions after the Ist day of November, 1889, and all children born therein after the Ist January, 189o, should be free. A year later Seyyid Ali bin Said signed a Decree of which the principal provisions were as follows: all exchange, sale or purchase of slaves, domestic or otherwise, was prohibited; only the lawful children of a slave-owner could inherit his slaves at his death, such slaves otherwise becoming free; any persons found ill-treating a slave or in possession of raw slaves was made liable to severe punishment, and, in flagrant cases, to the forfeiture of all his slaves; freed slaves were debarred from holding slaves themselves; freed slaves were given the right of prosecuting claims or complaints in the local Courts; and every s
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      England and Germany were given a perpetual right of search over all local dhows in the territorial waters of Zanzibar by Seyyid Khalifa bin Said in 1889. At the same time, it was decreed that everyone entering the Sultan's domains after November 1, 1889, and everyone having a child there after January 1, 1890, should be free. A year later, Seyyid Ali bin Said signed a decree with the following main clauses: no domestic or foreign exchange, sale, or purchase of slaves was permitted; only a slave-owner's legal children could inherit their father's slaves at his death; otherwise, slaves became free; anyone found abusing a slave or in possession of raw slaves was subject to harsh punishment.
  • preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
     
    slave trafficking
preciousbosiki29

Strategic tangles: Slavery, colonial policy, and religion in German East Africa, 1885-1... - 1 views

Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

shared by preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery and the slave trade in East Africa were quite distinct from their West African and transatlantic counterparts. In East Africa, the translocal slave trade did not emerge until the late eighteenth century and grew throughout the nineteenth century, fuelled by the expansion of ivory hunting and the caravan economy into the hinterland, as well as by the labour demands of Zanzibar’s booming clove plantations. When the clove market declined in the 1870s and the British forced the Zanzibari sultan to end slave exports in 1873, the slave trade in Tanganyika did not decrease, but was now driven by the demand from coconut and sugar plantations along the coast as well as the acquisitions by wealthy households along the caravan routes. 1 In the 1860s, European missionaries began to discover East African slavery as a rallying cause, most notably the Universities’
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      In comparison to West Africa and the transatlantic slave trade, slavery and the slave trade in East Africa were considerably different. The translocal slave trade did not start in East Africa until the late eighteenth century, and it developed during the nineteenth century thanks to the growth of the caravan economy and the extension of the ivory trade into the hinterland, as well as the labor needs of the thriving clove plantations in Zanzibar. When the demand for cloves decreased in the 1870s and the British forced the Zanzibari sultan to stop exporting slaves in 1873, the slave trade in Tanganyika did not decline; instead, it was now fueled by demand from coconut and sugar plantations along the coast as well as the purchases of affluent families along the caravan routes.1 Around 1860, European.
  • Initially, slavery and the slave trade were of no concern to the German colonial acquisitions. Carl Peters, the infamous pioneer of German acquisitions in East Africa, and his German East Africa Company sought to lay the economic and political foundations for their nationalist expansionist ideology, and had no interest in the humanitarian rhetoric of their abolitionist contemporaries. Instead, the Company pondered various measures of how to “raise the Negro to plantation work,” and its schemes for labour coercion soon provoked the criticism that the Company was itself practising a form of slavery. 6 Likewise, on the side of Imperial politics, there was no incentive to get involved in the fight against slavery and the slave trade. Bismarck’s charter policy only allowed for political interference as far as German trade interests were concerned and did not make room for larger geopolitical narratives of “civilisation.” When in 1885 the German consul in Zanzibar, Gerhard Rohlfs, suggested to use the German corvette “Gneisenau” for disrupting the slave trade as a way of bolstering German authority in the region, Bismarck famously replied: “[...] the slaves are none of your business. You are to strive for friendship and transit. ” 7 Similarly, a judicial expertise by the Foreign Office concluded a few months later that subjects in the territories of the German East Africa Company could not be seen as German citizens and thereby could not claim a constitutional right of freedom from slavery. 8 All of this drastically changed in 1888, when the Sultan of Zanzibar leased the coastal strip of Tan
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Initially, the German colonial acquisitions had no concern about slavery or the slave trade. Carl Peters, the infamous forerunner of German acquisitions in East Africa, and his German East Africa Company showed no interest in the altruistic rhetoric of their abolitionist predecessors and instead wanted to build the economic and political foundations for their nationalist expansionist philosophy. Instead, the Company considered other ways to "raise the Negro to plantation work," and its plans for forced labor quickly sparked accusations that the Company was actually engaging in slavery.6 Similarly, there was no reason for Imperial politics to get engaged in the struggle against slavery and the slave trade. The charter philosophy of Bismarck only permitted political involvement .
  • Therefore, the newspaper’s geopolitical clamour about “Arabs” and Islam reflected the rise of colonial activism, 16 as well as the realisation that the German endeavours in East Africa would require a powerful narrative for replacing the current rulers there. However, this did little to sway Bismarck’s opinion, who even after the East African uprising was opposed to military aid for the German East Africa Company. 17 This is where the issue of slavery rose to ultimate prominence. In early October 1888, Friedrich Fabri, the former Lead Inspector of the Rhenish Missionary Society and prime architect of the German colonial movement, suggested to Bismarck that he utilise the anti-slavery movement for foreign and domestic politics alike.
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      As a result, the geopolitical clamor in the newspaper about "Arabs" and Islam reflected the increase of anti-colonial activism16 and the realization that German efforts in East Africa would need a compelling story to overthrow the incumbent authorities there. This didn't significantly change Bismarck's mind, who continued to oppose military support for the German East Africa Company despite the East African insurrection.17 The topic of slavery attained its highest level of importance at this point. Early in October 1888, Bismarck was advised to use the anti-slavery campaign for both home and foreign politics by Friedrich Fabri, the former Lead Inspector of the Rhenish Missionary Society and the principal architect of the German colonial effort.
  • preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
     
    Slave trafficking
preciousbosiki29

slavery in east africa - 1 views

Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

shared by preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • e last permanent slave market in East Africa was in Zanzibar (T anzania) and was closed in1873
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The end of slavery in zanzibar.
  • Slave trading continued in East Africa until the1880s. Captives were taken from a vast area, extending south of Lake Nyasa (now Malawi) west of LakeT anganyika (now DR Congo) and north of LakeVictoria (now Uganda). By the1850s there were up to 70,000 slaves in Zanzibar. All ethnicities and creeds participated in the trade
nokubongakhumalo

Notes on Hasty Defences as Practised in South Africa.pdf - 1 views

Nokubonga Khumalo

shared by nokubongakhumalo on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Zulus mere then only armed with assegais, and when an “impi” (Le. army) mas discovered by any party, it retired slowly, retarding the Zulus as much as possible, and sending off messengers at oncc to warn the train.
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus used spears during the war.
  • At Utrecht, in the I’ransvaal, during the Zulu War of 1879
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 25 Apr 23
       
      this states when and where the Zulu war took place.
  • nokubongakhumalo on 25 Apr 23
     
    This source is all about the techniques and defences that people used during the Zulu war.
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