Skip to main content

Home/ University of Johannesburg History 2A 2023/ Group items tagged Theme

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
tendaim

Full article: Guns, Race and Power in Colonial South Africa - 4 views

www.tandfonline.com/...03086530903157797

History 2A Tendai Mangena 221060211

shared by tendaim on 03 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Guns are both ubiquitous in colonial encounters and occupy an ambiguous place in early imperial enterprise
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea why did guns have such a strong rise and hold during colonial times and why did the british allow Africans to have guns if they were knew that they did not want Africans to have a potential power over them?
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea why did guns have such a strong rise and hold during colonial times and why did the british allow Africans to have guns if they were knew that they did not want Africans to have a potential power over them?
  • relationship of guns to notions of race and citizenship throughout the mid and late nineteenth century
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea
  • guns were a central part of Xhosa and Zulu polities
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      tribal/race theme
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • guns were integral to South African society
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      theme of guns
  • relationship of guns to notions of race and citizenship throughout the mid and late nineteenth century
  • The creation of the diamond and then gold industries fostered a great expansion of the market for firearms
  • 1870s with the development of longer-ranged weapons with the capacity to fire repeatedly and quickly.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      theme of guns
  • who should own guns and precisely what that implied now became a central issue of the politics of citizenship.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      tribal/ race theme
  • idea that gun ownership should be controlled along racial lines
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      tribal/race theme
  • John Gordon Sprigg, who saw guns in African hands as a threat to imperial rule
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important tribal and racial theme
  • part of the trend to exclude from citizenship those with black skins, even if they qualified in terms of literacy or economic possessions.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea
  • the Hlubi chief Langalibelile and Theophilus Shepstone, the powerful secretary for native affairs, in Natal in the mid-1870s.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • the Hlubi chief Langalibelile and Theophilus Shepstone, the powerful secretary for native affairs, in Natal in the mid-1870s.
  • the Cape in 1879 when the ninth Xhosa war was used as the excuse to pass the nicely named Peace Preservation Act which effectively provided the legal means to prohibit gun ownership on a racial basis.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • Cape-Sotho War of 1879–80 which followed the attempt by the Cape government, led by Sprigg, to use the Peace Preservation Act to disarm the Sotho.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • the Peace Preservation Act succeeded in imposing restraints upon African ownership of firearms
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • he Cape Colony, the home of South African liberalism
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      shocking fact I just learned
andiswamntungwa

The Black Atlantic Missionary Movement and Africa, 1780s-1920s.pdf - 0 views

Andiswa Mntungwa History 2A

shared by andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A recurring theme in Adrian Hastings's magisterial study of the church in Africa is the central role of Africans in the evangelisation of the Continent. His account also embraces Africans of the diaspora, that 'black, Protestant, English-speaking world which had grown up in the course of the eighteenth century on both sides of the Atlantic in the wake of the slave
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The importance of Africans in the evangelization of the Continent is a constant issue in Adrian Hastings' magisterial study of the church in Africa. His narrative includes Africans of the diaspora as well, those people who grew up in the black, Protestant, and English-speaking communities on both sides of the Atlantic throughout the eighteenth century as a result of the slave trade.
  • African Americans constituted a small but visually significant element in the modern Protestant missionary movement. They are generally ignored in the standard literature and mission histories. This is not surprising as it is only relatively recently that black people, certainly outside the Americas, have begun to be noticed by histo
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      A small but visually significant portion of the modern Protestant missionary activity was made up of African Americans. In the mainstream literature and mission histories, they are typically neglected. This is not surprising given how lately historians have started to pay attention to black people, at least outside of the Americas.
  • The trans-Atlantic traffic was in both directions as African proteges of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, invariably travelling via Britain. John Chilembwe, who raised a revolt against the British in Nyasaland in 1915, is a notable example. Sponsored by Joseph Booth, a white missionary, in 1897 he went to study in the United States and probably spent a short time in Britain. When he returned home in 1900 to found the Industrial Providence
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      As African disciples of white and African American missionaries were sent to study in America, they frequently traveled via Britain, causing trans-Atlantic trade in both directions. A noteworthy example is John Chilembwe, who instigated an insurrection against the British in Nyasaland in 1915. He traveled to study in the United States in 1897 under the sponsorship of a white missionary named Joseph Booth, and it's likely that he briefly visited Britain.In 1900, upon his return home, he established the Industrial Providence
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • . There was social and racial tension on the ships that carried West Indians and whites across the Atlantic; the long voyage with poor food and confined conditions raised tempers; whites accused blacks of being 'puffed up' while Jamaicans were highly sensitive to real and imagined slights.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      . On the ships that transported West Indians and Europeans over the Atlantic, there was social and racial friction; the lengthy voyage, limited food, and cramped conditions roused tempers; whites accused blacks of being "puffed up," while Jamaicans were extremely sensitive to both real and imagined slights.
  • As early as the 1770s, Dr Samuel Hopkins, Congregational minister of Newport, Rhode Island, and an opponent of slavery, proposed sending African Americans to Africa as missionaries. A local African fund was created by the Missionary Society of Rhode Island, and two blacks, one a slave, the other free since birth, but both with a knowledge of a 'Guinea language', were sent to Princeton to study theolog
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Dr. Samuel Hopkins, a Congregational minister in Newport, Rhode Island, who opposed slavery, suggested deploying African Americans to Africa as missionaries as early as the 1770s. The Missionary Society of Rhode Island established an African fund, and two black people-one a slave and the other free since birth-who both knew the "Guinea language"-were sent to Princeton to study theology.
  • eoples of African descent, but from the outset also to West Africa.20 Africa was the persistent geographical focus of African American missionary thought throughout the nineteenth century. The Second Great Awakening stirred black Christians to a strong belief in the vital purpose of evangelism, and in this Africa had a special significance. The belief in 'providential design' and 'race redemption' was a recurring theme and had a two-fold meaning. By engaging in mission activity, African Americans would not only fulfil the Christian command to preach the Gospel, but also prove their worth to the doubtful white constituency that largely paid to send them to Africa. The idea that God's providential hand had been at work in African slavery was also embraced by some whites
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      people with African ancestry, but also from the beginning to West Africa.Throughout the nineteenth century, African American missionaries' persistent geographic focus was Africa. African nations held a special place in black Christians' understanding of the importance of evangelism as a result of the Second Great Awakening. The idea of "providential design" and "race redemption" recurred frequently and had a dual significance. African Americans would be fulfilling the Christian mandate to proclaim the gospel by participating in mission work, and they would also be demonstrating their value to the skeptic white constituency that mostly funded their trip to Africa. Some whites also adopted the notion that God's benevolent hand had been at work in African slavery.
  • 53 The outcome was that Southern Black Baptists organised the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention, in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, although the body represented regional rather than denominational interests. Fifteen years later a degree of black denominational unity was achieved with the creation of the National Baptist Convention (NBC)
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The Baptist Foreign Mission Convention was eventually established by Southern Black Baptists in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1880, even though the organization served to further regional as opposed to religious concerns. With the establishment of the National Baptist Convention (NBC) fifteen years later, a certain level of black denominational unity was attained.
  • Both the white-led and the African American churches placed considerable emphasis on training men and women for African mission. A later vision of the African American missions was to bring Africans to the United States for education in their new schools and
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Training men and women for African missions was a priority for both African American and white-led congregations. A different goal of the African American missions was to invite Africans to the country to attend their new schools and receive an education.
  • Missionary Association sponsored The World's Congress on Africa in conjunction with the Chicago World's Fair in August 1893. A further Congress on Africa was held in Atlanta in late 1895 with 'discussions centred around the industrial, intellectual, moral and spiritual "progress" of Afric
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The World's Congress on Africa was hosted by the Missionary Association in August 1893 in connection with the Chicago World's Fair. The industrial, intellectual, moral, and spiritual "progress" of Africa was the focus of talks at a subsequent Congress on Africa convened in Atlanta in late 1895.
  • n American responses to European colonial rule in Africa were divided. Most black missionaries, predictably, viewed Africa through Western eyes and saw the imposition of European rule as helpful in extending Christianity in the Continent. But there were also black missionary critics of colonialism and particularly of specific colonial rulers. The atrocities carried out by the Congo Free State were publicised by William Sheppard and Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, all of whom worked for the Southern Presbyterians. This led to Sheppard being prosecuted by the Free State authorities.78
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There were many American responses to European colonial rule in Africa. Predictably, the majority of black missionaries regarded Africa through Western eyes and believed that imposing European control would assist spread Christianity throughout the Continent. However, there were also black mis-sionaries who opposed colonialism in general and particular colonial masters in particular.William Sheppard, Henry P. Hawkins, and their white colleague Samuel Lapsley, who all worked for the Southern Presbyterians, made the atrocities committed by the Congo Free State public.Sheppard was ultimately charged by the Free State authorities as a result.
  • difficulties in the way of, the sending of American Negroes to Africa'.85 A guarded and cautious recommendation by the conference offered to support African American missionaries that were sent to Africa provided they went under the auspices of 'responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing'.86 It was hardly the ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for. However, it was the most that white international mission agencies were prepared to offer. They too had deep suspicions about certain African American activities in colonial Africa. The result was that in the interwar years the number of African American missionaries in Africa steadily decline
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      There are obstacles in the way of transferring American Negroes to Africa.African American missionaries were encouraged to go to Africa with the backing of "responsible societies of recognized and well-established standing," according to the conference's guarded and circumspect proposal.The ringing endorsement that African American delegates had hoped for was far from being received.It was, however, the maximum that white foreign mission organizations were willing to provide. They had the same strong skepticism over specific African-American actions in colonial Africa. As a result, there were increasingly fewer African American missionaries in Africa throughout the interwar period.
motlolisi066

Introduction: Christian Missions in Southern Africa.pdf - 0 views

Lebohang Motlolisi 222235011

shared by motlolisi066 on 22 May 23 - No Cached
  • A further boundary that is currently being breached, investigates the manner in which Africans who came into contact with missionaries and itinerant pastors understood the Christian message. Critical to this investigation is the question of how we can read mission documents, which are often the only written sources available for studying nineteenth- and early twentieth-century mission societies, for African agency. These studies, taking the cue from work on colonial history and frontier studies, push the boundaries of interpretation of written texts beyond the obvious constriction of the intentions and cultural assumptions of the authors. They identify signs of debate, challenge, and dispute between the various parties that were engaged in mission, from the missionaries and converted Christians to the first evangelists and itinerant preachers, to political and traditional religious leaders, to people rejecting the Christian message.
    • motlolisi066
      motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
       
      Christianity and missions lead to literacy studies which means people were learned more about their religion which is christianity for example bible versus and gospel songs
  • Changing identities
    • motlolisi066
      motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
       
      changing identities is a theme in this article and in this theme when people undergo this stage through missionary and christianity they have a different perspective and they are open minded and they also get to learn more
chantesolomonstatum

The story of East Africa's role in the transatlantic slave trade - 8 views

theconversation.com/ransatlantic-slave-trade-43194

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 17 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The plundering and burning of the sugar plantations in France’s wealthiest colony had destroyed the established market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao José was thus a pioneer, hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was no easy matter, as traders in Angola and the Congo monopolised the sale of slaves to Portuguese America.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The East African slave rebellion and the plundering and burning of the sugar plantains in France's wealthiest colony, destroyed the market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao Jose pioneered hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was not easy as traders in Angola and Congo then monopolized the sale of slaves to the Portuguese America.
  • East Africa was a late participant in the transatlantic slave trade. It was only in the 1770s that a regular trade in slaves to the French islands of Mauritius and Réunion began from points on the East African coast. Small numbers of slaves had been carried around the Cape for more than a century. But as planters on St Domingue cried out for labour, this trade became more profitable and systematic, particularly as the French king agreed to subsidise the shipment of slaves to the island.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      East Africa was late in participating in the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1770s the French traded slaves from the Island of Mauritius to the East African coast. Trade became more profitable due to the St Domingue labor the French king then agreed to subsidize the shipment of slaves to the island
  • Rebellions were frequent and slave ships carried large crews and the firepower needed to suppress any resistance. The East Africa slave trade reached its peak in 1789-90 when about 46 ships, carrying more than 16,000 slaves, circumnavigated the Cape. Almost all were bound for the sugar and coffee plantations of northern St Domingue.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • A triangular trade developed as ships sailed from French ports such as Bordeaux and Nantes to buy slaves in East Africa. The slaves were then taken to St Domingue and exchanged for tropical produce like sugar, coffee and indigo. The size of these vessels grew in the 1780s and some had the capacity to carry up to 1000 slaves.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The French ports such as Bordeaux and Nates bought slaves in East Africa. Slaves were then taken to St Domingue and were exchanged for tropical produce such as sugar, coffee, and indigo. In the 1780s the size of the slave vessels grew and some of these vessels had up to 1000 slaves in them.
  • The recent discovery of the remains of the Portuguese slave ship São José off Cape Town has brought East Africa’s role in the transatlantic slave trade to public attention.
  • All this made a bad situation only worse as the major market for East African slaves was in a state of high rebellion.
  • In France, the republicans had outlawed slavery and the slave trade. In Britain, a chorus was rising in many parts of the country in opposition to a trade that wrenched 80,000 people every year from their homes in Africa and brought them to the Americas.
makheda

South African Exploration - 3 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

shared by makheda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • II. Smith, Eider, and Co., London, 1838. This is t
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This Article portrays the Theme of the Natural History in Africa. Dr. Smith who was a zoologist explorer explored the Central and Southern Africa to study the natural beauty and animals in Africa.
  • It i
  • s
  • ...93 more annotations...
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • t is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journe
  • election from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • home by the ex
  • brough
  • from
  • selection
  • rom the zoological collections
  • a
  • t. It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      * It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the expedition that ventured into Central Africa some years ago under the care and supervision of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are primarily indebted for the entire planning and execution of the journey.
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey. Th
  • he care and supe~nteudence of
  • brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smit
  • a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex-
  • ection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated int
  • into
  • Africa under
  • a
  • penetrated
  • ince
  • since
  • edition which som
  • years
  • Centr
  • e
  • netrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose
  • nce penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • selection
  • to whose persevering
  • Dr. Smith,
  • mith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • story we are mainly inde
  • bted for the
  • zeal in the pursuit of natural h
  • of the journe
  • io
  • hole plan and execu
  • e be-
  • whole
  • hat gentleman w
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, n
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Unive
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • reer as a student in the Univer
  • ieve spent some part of his early ca
  • as a private lec.
  • sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • es
  • turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a seri
  • es of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the
  • e by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel
  • novel at the
  • f lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures,
  • o
  • time
  • ime, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn
  • ime, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and
  • to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and
  • o the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the
  • .
  • called
  • alled on at an early period to go abroad
  • Many began to trace the
  • Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the Dr. Smith`s exploration about the natural beauty In Africa was influenced by the lectures he was taught when he was still in University.
  • eautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of
  • he
  • he singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • imbibed
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Imbibed * It is to absorb something. * The process of swallowing something or to consume it
  • zeal
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zeal * It is the great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective
  • Museum at Cape Town
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Cape Town is a city In South Afrca
  • Sparrman
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sparrman published several works, the best known of which is his account of his travels in South Africa and with Cook, published in English as A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from the year 1772 to 1776 (1789). He also published a Catalogue of the Museum Carlsonianum (1786-89), in which he described many of the specimens he had collected in South Africa and the South Pacific, some of which were new to science. He published an Ornithology of Sweden in 1806.
  • Le Vaillant,
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a French author, explorer, naturalist, zoological collector, travel writer, and noted ornithologist. He reported numerous new bird species based on birds he gathered in Africa, and some birds bear his name. He was among the first to use colour plates to illustrate birds and was opposed to Carl Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature, preferring to use descriptive French names such as bateleur (meaning "tumbler or tight-rope walker") for the peculiar African eagle. He explored most of the Southern African`s country by his time.
  • ex.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Excursions are trips that are/were taken by explorers around the world.
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • cursion
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why did the Zoologist explorers explored Southern Africa?
shinez

God, missionaries and race in colonial Malawi.pdf - 1 views

Shinez Mjelele

shared by shinez on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • missionaries 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew
  • The organisation of the book and the topics that are covered in this book are both reflective of Englund’s previous work in Africa and specifically in Malawi, where he has conducted research on a variety of topics and themes, including human rights, democracy, identities, vernacular languages and literature, and the public role of Christianity. Visions for Racial Equality integrates theology with discussions of identities, equality and human rights. The book describes the socio-political environment of 19th-century Malawi, the establishment of missions, the prejudice that Europeans held towards Africans and the controversies that ensued due to inter and intra-ethnic warfare.
  • in 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
  • 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
  • 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
  • The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with lashings, and at least one African was flogged to death. 2 Meanwhile, others were imprisoned, where they would spend days without food. Against this background, Englund unravels the unique position adopted by Scott, one that resisted conformity to established practices and procedures. Of course, this caused friction among missionaries in the Protectorate and members of the Foreign Committee in his home church in Scotland.
  • Meanwhile, others were imprisoned
rorirapiletsa03

European Exploration and Africa's Self-Discovery.pdf - 2 views

Rorisang Rapiletsa

shared by rorirapiletsa03 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The 1963 letter in the East African Standard provoked heated discussion on the significance of the explorers f
  • This amounts to a claim that African attempts to deny credit to European explorers were like denying credit to discoveries in medical scien
  • But here it is worth distinguishing between 'discovering' Lake Victoria and discovering the source of the Nile-which another correspondent argued was Speke's real
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • re was evangelica
  • e was scientific
  • exploitative exp
  • gery Perham, 'these discoverers... illustrate human purposefulness in such extreme and naked fashion as to take on a symboli
  • In Henry Morton Stanley, however, the dominant themes were the scientific and the exploita
  • ligion and science were fused in Africa's first contact with Europe. The African Association played a significant role in promoting this kind of activity. An important personal motive was the quest for what Milton called 'that last infirmity of noble mind', the desire for fame and immortality.
  • It was not simply that historians may have spent too much time studying the explorers; more important was that western attitudes to the study of African history were perhaps significantly affected by the kind of 'data' which explorers brought back as information.
  • ical. To some extent European explorers and European colonialists did significantly help in lightening the darkness, in the physical se
  • Their contribution was towards a greater awareness of the physical geography of Africa rather than of African society. Indeed, it might even be argued that, while the explorers unravelled the mysteries of African mountains, rivers, and lakes, they also created the clouds which obscured an adequate vision of African life and culture. Tod
  • Because of these past mis-reportings, African historiography now has to be more selective than it otherwise need have been. Indigenous African historians are especially conscious of this.
  • The discoveries of the anthropologists helped to correct some of the myths-to which the physical explorer had lent greater credibilityabout an Africa steeped in sa
  • The anthropological researchers came to provide a different kind of inform
  • Both types of information were historically valu
  • another strong influence on the explorers, besides the scientific spirit, was the European romantic movement, associated with the spirit of anti-scie
  • life. They helped to perpetuate the idea that Africa was devoid of history, since 'darkness is not a subject of histo
  • Africa. On the contrary, there were times when Africa was favourably falsified as the land of the noble savage, with all the grandeur of moral simplicity. But this was no nearer to a complete picture.
  • Secondly, even in the part they played in distorting African social reality, the explorers may well have contributed towards Africa's own self-discov
shreyadeyal

east africa ivory trade jstor.pdf - 2 views

Shreya Deyal JSTOR 222058469

shared by shreyadeyal on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • shreyadeyal on 25 Apr 23
     
    JSTOR journal article. Trading in east Africa of ivory. Similarities between Taylor and Francis article and this journal article. Recurring themes: caravan routes, looting of materials to trade for ivory, Zanzibar, Mozambique and Eastern or the basin of Congo, soft ivory, power struggles between Arabs and Europeans, manufacturing goods.
b_k_mposula

Origins of the Zulu Kingdom.pdf - 1 views

shared by b_k_mposula on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Nguni people of southern Africa remember the emergence of Shaka's Zulu kingdom between 1816 and 1828, the most dramatic episode in the formation of the
  • lu kingdom. "As his conquests continued," Omer-Cooper remarks, "Shaka constructed a new type of state. Its primary purpose was to main tain an efficient fighting force completely loyal to its lea
  • the Zulu state possessed a military sophistication that earned the respectability of Europeans who would normally view African societies with disdain
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • any standard accounts of Zulu state formation focus on the dramatic outbreak and course of the Shakan wars and the military innovations that ensured its expansionary success. A popular theme in this regard is the role of Dingiswayo, chief of the Mthethwa from c.17
  • h the Zulu was one of the least significant of the chiefdoms absorbed during the course of Mthethwa expansion, its status changed markedly when Shaka usurped the Zulu chieftainship from his brother in 1816. One year after Dingiswayo's death Shaka's army defeated Zwide's, and Zulu expansionism proceeded apace. By the time of his assassination in 1828, Shaka had forged a kingdom bounded on the north by the Phongolo river, on the south by the Thukela and in the west by the Drakensberg. He evidently succeeded as a state-builder by perfecting Dingiswayo's military innovations: replacement of the long throwing spear with the short stabbing assegai; use of the winged battle formation; creation of female age-regiments; and establishment of a hierarchy of civil and political officials subordinate to the king.
  • h the work of anthropologist Max Gluckman. Gluckman considers the conflict which gave rise to the Zulu kingdom as the resolution of a crisis precipitated by an expanding population in the narrow coastal belt of southeastern Africa
mtshiza221192212

The Decline and Fall of Slavery in Nineteenth Century Brazil.pdf - 2 views

Phozisa Mtshiza

shared by mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ly Latin American the
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Latin american theme are cultural styles
  • he Pre
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an introduction to a book typically stating its subject, scope or aims
  • ith the c
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the hundredth anniversary of a significant event in this case the anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • y been published.6 It begins at the end of the eighteenth century with the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the French revolutionary wars, the Industrial Revolution and Britain's official conversion to anti-slavery-and ends with the European revol
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the abolition of slavery started at the end of the 18th century due to protest, firstly the Americas Revolution which was a political and ideological revolution where the american colonists objected being taxed by the Great Britain Parliament, secondly the French Revolution which was a period of radical change politically and socially, industrial Revolution was the transtion to new manufacturing process processes in Great Britain this are the revolution which had an effect on the abolition of slavery in some areas which were doing slave trade
  • Although some interesting new work has appeared on miscegenation, manumission and the role of free people of colour in Brazilian slave society from the sixteenth to the nineteent
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historian paid attention on the sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnics groups, especially when one of them is white. they also paid attention on manumission which means that slaves could purchase their freedom by negotiating with their master for a purchase price which was a common way for slaves to be freed manumission also occured during baptism,or as part of an owners last will and testament
  • During the past twenty years historians have given a great deal of increasingly sophisticated attention to the rich and complex history of African slavery in Brazil-in all periods (from its beginnings early in the sixteenth century to its termination at the end of the nineteenth centur
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historian had much interest in writing about African slavery in Brazil which means that most of the slaves in Brazil were taken from or transported from Africa to Brazil
  • a 'proletarian necess
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      relating to the proletariat
  • 865. Moreover, slavery still persisted, indeed flourished, in Brazil and Cuba and in the United States (although confined, of course, by this time to the South). Indeed, as a result of the expansion of the frontier in all these remaining slave states during the first half of the nineteenth century, slavery existed over a larger area geographically than at any time in its history. And more Africans and Afro-Americans, some six million, were held in captivity; that is to say, more than twice as many as at the time of the 'first emancipation' in Haiti in 179
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this means that the abolition of slavery in britain did not mean it was an end to slavery world wide because there were people who benefitted fanancially in the slave trade those who were selling them and those who did not have to pay people to do labour therefore for some people it was a habit which could not be easy to let go without putting a fight
  • r mula
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.
  • nomic imp
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an essential or urgent thing
  • intractabl
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      hard to control or deal with
  • glut
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an excessively abundant supply of something
  • unrelentin
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      not yielding in strenghth, severity, or determination.
  • t. The al
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the reluctant acceptance of something without protest
  • liberal Regenc
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the office of or period of government by a regent
  • sed slave
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      from driving mules
  • s like
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      hit and piece the hull of a ship with a missile
  • e Paraguayan Wa
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the paraguayan war, also known as the War of the Triple alliance, was a South African war that lasted from 1864 to 1870, it was fought between Paraguay and the triple alliance of Argentina, the empire of Brazil and Uruguay. it was the deadliest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history
  • y variou
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the support given by a patron patron: a person who gives financialor other support to a person
  • o thr
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the action of withdrawing formally from a membership of a federation body, especially a political state
  • he inexorable pr
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      impossible to stop or prevent a certain process
  • e-hard sl
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a ruling class political order or government composed of slave owners and plantation owners
  • buoyant world market,
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      able or tending to keep afloat or rise to the top of a liquid or gas
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Your focus is on Africa.
tshehla222227980

Gale Article: Portugal Loses Zanzibar. - 3 views

go.gale.com/...i.do

Mojalefa Joseph Tshehla History 2A 222227980

shared by tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • By the tenth century, Persians had begun to settle on the island and intermarry with the indigenous people.
  • blockaded
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Conclusively, it may be said that slavery was a big proportion of Zanzibar's economical activities in terms of bringing more profit into the region hence Zanzibar in the eighteenth century stood out for being the main slave market in Eastern Africa due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean as I have mentioned above.
  • ...3 more annotations...
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is technically where their dominance began allowing them power to profit in many other things including slavery which is the key theme of the assignment.
  • By taking over the east coast of Africa, Portugal was able to profit from trade in gold, ivory, and slaves
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is an existing reality that more than anything, slave trade was the most lucrative form of commercial activity in the trade market.
  • Because the leaders of Oman were strict Muslims and therefore forbidden by Islamic law from enslaving Muslims, they made non-Muslim Africans their slaves instead.
    • tshehla222227980
      tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
       
      I feel like the Islamic laws did not restrict them, the Islamic laws do not allow anyone to treat their neighbors badly or in an inhumane way. If they really followed the Islamic laws they would have not engaged in slave trading.
  • tshehla222227980 on 26 Apr 23
     
    Some of the annotations are in the texts, i highlighted and added texts instead of adding sticky notes.
nondumiso

Ethnographic Appropriations: German Exploration and Fieldwork in West-Central Africa.pdf - 1 views

Nondumiso Masinga history 2A

shared by nondumiso on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • however, it was often only the slogans that entered general awareness, for example, those concerning the "lower" races or stages of development that, especially in relation to Africa, were pushed in the direction of the apes as a misunderstood echo of the discussion on the descent of man. Or else it was believed that the "childlike" African was to be discovered at the "level of barbarism", an imp
    • nondumiso
      nondumiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      European explorers arrived in Africa with the mentality of Darwin's teachings, which assumed that people should go through certain stages of development and they should be in such behavior . this led to the explorers to misunderstood Africans as barbarian and illiterate
  • anity. Themes current at the time were the deflecting of misunderstandings that Darwin's work had given rise to as regards the relationships between apes and humans, the question of the differences between animal and human, and the prehistory of humanity generally. Peschel did not expressly defend merely the notion of the unity of the human race but also of its fundamental variability. He established as a conclusion that on the basis of a series
    • nondumiso
      nondumiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      with Darwin's work being so popular, Peschel decided to defended both the idea of the human race's inherent diversity and its claim to be one race. she argued that races of human beings come together in their mental movements in such a surprising manner that, at least with respect to intellectual capacity, the unity and identity of human nature cannot be doubted. Peschel 's work tried to distinguish the difference between humans and animals
  • The German researchers in Angola and Africa did not remain untouched by these political and ideological currents in this period. They absorbed them even more strongly than other people in Germany, where parts of the world of economics and finance, as also the public, had long reacted to the colonial idea with reserv
    • nondumiso
      nondumiso on 25 Apr 23
       
      The first colonial association in Germany was established in 1848, but it wasn't until the 1870s, with the establishment of the Empire, that colonial plans in Germany started to receive greater attention. Which led to the German researchers in Africa to adopt the ideology and started to want to colonize parts of Africa in order to initiate their interest of opening markets and trade. This drew more explorers to Africa and led to the formation of slave trade.
ujhistprof

Walking Like Dinosaurs: Chickens with Artificial Tails Provide Clues about Non-Avian Th... - 3 views

journals.plos.org/...article

Theme 1

shared by ujhistprof on 03 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • ujhistprof on 03 Mar 23
     
    If you wanted to know how chickens are related to dinosaurs.
1 - 13 of 13
Showing 20▼ items per page