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hlulani

Stanley's Thrilling Record of African Exploration.pdf - 1 views

Hlulani Makumbani

shared by hlulani on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • H e n r y M . S t a n l e y , a t t h e h e a d o f h i s e x p l o r a t i o n a n d t h i n g b u t h o r r i b l e f o r m s o f m e n s ql i t t e n w i t h d i s e a s e , r e l i e f e x p e d i t i o n , w h i c h s t a r t e d u p t h e C o n g o , o n t h e b l o a t e d , d i s fi g u r e d . a n d s � a 'r r e d , w h i l e t h e s c e n e i n t h e W e s t A f r i c a n c o as t , i n M a r c h , 1 8 8 7 , a r r i v e d a t B a g o · c a m p , i n f a m o u s f o r t h e m u r d e r o f p o o r B a r t t e l o t b a r e l y m o y o , D e a r Z a n z i b a r , o n t h e e a s t c o a s t , D e c . 4 , w i t h f o u r w e e k s b e f o r e , is s i m p l y s i c k e n i n g . O n t h e s a m e E m i n P a s h a a n d h i s p r i n c i p a l l i e u t e n a n t s a n d a c o n - d a y , 6 0 0 m i l e s w e s t o f t h i s c a m p , J a m e s o n , w o r n o u t s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f f o l l o w e r s . T h e d a y f o l l o w i n g a w i t h f a t i g u e , s i c k n e s s , a n d s o r r o w , b r e a t h e s h i s l as t . s e r i o u s , i f n o t f a t a l . a c c i d e n t o c c u r r e d t o E w i n , w h o , O n t h e n e x t d a y , A u g u s t 1 8 , 6 0 0 m i l e s e a s t , E w i n b e i n g n e a r · s i g h t e d , m i s j u d g e d t h e h e i g h t o f a b a l c o n y P a s h a a n d m y o ffi c e r , J e p h s o n , a r e s u d d e n l y s u r r o u n d ­ i n a b u i l d i n g w h e r e h e w a s b e i n g b a n q u e t e d , a n d f e l l a e d b y i n f u r i a t e d r e b e l s , w h o m e n a c e t h e m w i t h l o a d e d d i s t a n c e o f t w e n t y f e e t . T h i s s e e m s s t r i k i n g l y l i k e a r i fl e s a n d i n s t a n t d e a t h , b u t f o r t u n a t e l y t h e y r e l e n t c o n t i n u a n c e o f t h e f a t a l i s m o r p r o v i d e n c e w h i c h S t a n l e y a n d o n l y m a k e t h e m p r i s o u e r s , t o be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e a p p e a r s t o t h i n k h a s b e e n a d o m i n a n t f a c t o r w i t h h i m M a h d i s t s . H a v i n g s a v e d B o n n y o u t o f t h e j a w s o f t h r o u g h o u t h i s l a s t e x p e d i t i o n , a s s e t f o r t h i n h i s o w n d e a t h , w e a r r i v e a s e c o n d t i m e a t A l b e r t N y a n z a , t o w o r d s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r i l l i n g r e c o r d o f p e r i l , a d v e n · fi n d E m i n P a s h a a n d J e p h s o n p r i s o n e r s i n d a i l y e x ­ t u r e , s u ff e r i n g , a n d e n d u r a n c e , w h i c h c o m e s b y c a b l e p e c t a t i o n o f t h e i r d o o ll l. t o t h e N e w Y o r k H e r a l d . H e s a y s : J e p h s o n ' s o w n l e t t e r s w i l l d e s c r i b e h i s a n x i e t y . N o t F i r s t o f a l l I a m i n p e r f e c t h e a l t h , a n d f e e l l i k e a u n t i l b o t h w e r e i n m y c a m p a n d t h e E g y p t i a n f u g i ­ l a b o r e r o f a S a t u r d a y e v e n i n g r e t u r n i u g h o m e w i t h h i s t i v e s u n d e r o u r p r o t e c t i o n d i d I b e g i n t o s e e t h a t I w e e k ' s w o r k d o n e , h i s w e e k ' s w a g e s i n h i s p o c k e t , a n d w a s o n l y c a r r y i n g o u t a h i g h e r p l a n t h a n m i n e . M y g l a d t h a t t o m o r r o w i s t h e S a b b a t h . o w n d e s i g n s w e r e c o n s t a n t l y f r u s t r a t e d b y u n h a p p y J u s t a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s a g o , w h i l e l e c t u r i n g i n N e w c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I e n d e a v o r e d t o s t e e r m y c o u r s e n , s d i E n g l a u d , a m e s s a g e c a ll i " m u n d e r t h e s e a b i d d i n g r e e t a s p o s s i b l e , b u t t; h e r e w a s a n u n a c c o u n t a b l e i n fl u m e t o h a s t e n a n d t a k e f "t. - ! s s i o n t o r e l i e v e E m i n e n c e a t t h e h e l m . P a s h a a t W a d e l a i ; b
    • hlulani
      hlulani on 26 Apr 23
       
      The author explores Africa by looking into the nature, the history of the nineetenth century where he discovers more about the roots of Africa. For instace, who explores Africa, was it the nature or culture? This article is related to the historical content of Exploration Africa.
siphamandlagiven

26053212.pdf( https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179483.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A3f... - 2 views

siphamandla lebea 221028179

shared by siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • f h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • siphamandlagiven
      siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23
       
      ivory trade has only gotten worse with the years in eastern Africa .according to the convention international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora Tanzania and Kenya(both eastern countries0are in the top 10 countries in the word with the highest levels of illegal ivory trade .between the years 2009-2014 about 100000 elephants were killed for their ivory which is very high for 5 years compared to the 1800s
  • d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s . T h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y i m p o r t e d i n t o ( h e a t B r i t a i n i n 1 8 7 5 w a s 6 8 0 t u n s , t h e l a r g e s t i n a n y y e a r b e t w e e n t h a t t i m e a n d 1 8 4 2 , w h e n i t w a s o n l y 2 !J 7 t u n s : t h e l o w e s t b e i n g 1 8 4 4 , b u t 2 1 1 t u n s . 'f,
    • siphamandlagiven
      siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23
       
      the vast majority of this imports being from eastern African countries mainly Kenya and Tanzania
  • a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
fortunatem

Ivory.pdf - 2 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      British cutlery and billiard ball producers frequently claim that ivory will become a thing of the past but the facts do not seem to support their statements.
  • c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g , f r o m t h e B T i t i 8 li M a i l , M e s s r s . L e w i s & P e a t , c o l o n i a l b r o k e r s , h a v e i s s u e d a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r e p o r t. o f t h e m o d e r n i v o r y t r a d e , w h i c h , t h o u g h s h o w i n g g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n c e 1 8 4 2 , i s a m e r e s h a d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s .
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      According to a report by Peat and Lewis, the British mail Deliverers, the present ivory trade has greatly improved since 1875. 680nturns were imported into Great Britain in total in 1875 which was the most imports from that time until 1842.
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The imports for the previous year for the ivory trade were probably worth at least $2,500,000. More imports traveled through Egypt than the previous year, while fewer traveled through Zanzibar and Bombay. More traveled through South Africa and less traveled through East Africa
talha09noor

Part 6.pdf - 0 views

shared by talha09noor on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • T H E S L A V E T R A D E A B O L I T I O N C O M P A C T b e t w e e n M a u r i t i u s a n d M a d a g a s c a r , h u m b u g t o s o l d i e r s i n M a u r i t i u s b u t a v e r y r e a l s t r o k e o f B r i t i s h p o l i c y t o t h e B o u r b o n F r e n c h , w a s m a d e f r o m L e R e d u i t , i n d e f i a n c e o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p a l M a l a g a s y s l a v e a g e n t J e a n R e n e a t t h e p o r t o f T a m a t a v e o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f M a d a g a s c a r , b y h i s o v e r l o r d , m a j o r s l a v e s o u r c e , a n d u n d e r B r i t i s h u r g i n g h i s r e l u c t a n t b l o o d b r o t h e r , t h e M e r i n a k i n g R a d a m a I i n l a n d a t T a n a n a r i v e
    • talha09noor
      talha09noor on 25 Apr 23
       
      Even though there wasnt much movement of slave trade, the slave trade between mauritius and madagascar has been abolished with the british acting as mediator
aneziwemkhungo

THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 0 views

shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But his rise to power was probably also the result of tides that had been running in the life of the African peoples for two centuries: the rising population in the interior of Africa, the emigration from the interior that was crowding the pas­ ture lands of Natal, and the increasing contacts with European settlers and traders. Shaka's abrupt, brief and bloody appearance in history thus provides sig­ nificant inSights into the all too Iittle­ known history of the "Dark Continent."
  • Shaka had built this disciplined na­ tion and army in less than 10 years after he became chief of a small tribe of about 2,000 people
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r .
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • The castaways, like many modern students of African history, were in­ clined to regard the natives as "savages" who would attack and rob strangers un­ less frightened away. This was surely not the case; the tribes were well-organ­ ized societies with elaborate codes of law and ethics. A careful survey of the records has convinced me that the na­ tives did not slaughter and steal only when they felt they were stronger than the shipwrecked party, and trade and parley only when they were afraid; the situation was much more complicated. The natives had a great need for iron, copper and other metals: many of their javelins were made of wood hardened by fire, and in some tribes women cul­ tivated with sticks rather than with iron hoes. They
  • Seven fairly complete journals kept by castaways show that the parties were attacked either in years of widespread drought or after the invasion of locusts, when food was short among the natives; or when they were wrecked just before the harvest and the natives were in want as they waited for the new crops
  • 1,he journals and the native traditions make it clear that Natal was occu­ pied by a great number of small inde­ pendent tribes organized around kinship groups
  • Even in bad years, however, castaways who dropped out of the march from weakness were often succored by the very people who had been harassing them. Men from later shipwrecks occasionally met these cast­ aways; often they had been given cattle, wives and land, and had assumed im­ portant places among their saviors.
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • Without doubt economic forces were at work along with personal ambition in this process of political fission
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship. According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them al
  • 5ɍ  ɍ ɍ -Fɍ ɍ x,
  • Iɍ ɍɍɍɍUɍɍ$ñɍ ª ɍ5ɍ ɍ ɍɍ ɍ- ɍ ɍ ÇɍnRɍ ɍ - ɍ‰ɍÅɍ 4t"=ɍ 70 Dǁ4ɍ ɍɍɍɍ`ɍɍ `Nɍ3Èɍ E-ɍ$ɍtǂñ"ɍJ$ǃ$,ɍ áɍɍ0 Ā-=ɍ t<`ɍ $FJ-$ɍ n‰ɍ ɍ‰ ɍ.ɍ`ɍɍ$tf Ƕ#ɍ ɍ ťƌ ɍ `Çɍ ɍ Ț– ɍ  ɍ œ‰š R5ɍ`ǿEțĴɍ ɍ Bɍɍ y`F-ɍ ɍ $ɍ XǙɍ dž-ɍ 4ɍ ` ɍ .- 5
  • 3 -- /-Rɍ nɍc Óɍ ɍ nç -ɍɍɍɍɍÊ–ȅȽɍ ɍ 5ɍ D ɍ ɍ 5=ɍ ɍ  ɍ =ɍ ɍ$/ɍɍRɍɍ-f  ɍɍ -ɍFɍ--ɍɍ
aneziwemkhungo

THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 2 views

Aneziwe Mkhungo

shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Shaka then raised the stick in his hand and after striking with it right and left and springing out from amidst the chiefs, the whole mass broke from thei
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship
  • ɍ ɍɍɍɍUɍɍ$ñɍ ª ɍ5ɍ ɍ ɍɍ ɍ- ɍ ɍ ÇɍnRɍ ɍ - ɍ‰ɍÅɍ 4t"=ɍ 70 Dǁ4ɍ ɍɍɍɍ`ɍɍ `
  • 5ɍ  ɍ ɍ -Fɍ ɍ x,
  • According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them all
  • _'ɍ BVɍ 3 Đɍ ɍ 5Öɍ YBRɍ/5ɍ ɍ$ɍ$çɍ ɍɍc -Í
  • 3ÇEɍ 5ɍ DŽɍ B–ɍ ɍJɍ $ī0  =ɍ -5Úę- ɍ PVɍ Œɍ ȱɍÐĊɍ  ɍɍ$$-ɍɍɅ ƍt.ɍ ɍ ɍ Pɍ ɍ ɍ ”` =ɍ ɍ (ɍ @XȻɍ ɍ Ê÷ɍ ɍ ɍ $ ɍ ǭ ɍ ɍ Fɍ ɍ ɍ ɍ RɍɍȵD-ɍ ɍ –Dȥ4ɍ XPɍ sɍ
  • Shaka himself had had no children. He said that a son would kill him for the throne.
  • He forbade his men to marry or have sexual relations with women until he gave them permission to do so in middle age, and he quartered all his men in great barracks, as in any modern army.
  • Shaka became a conqueror because he was born into a system where changes in the ratio of population to land, and perhaps increased trade with Europeans through intermediary lands, were pro­ ducing a drive toward the emergence of an overlord of the region.
  • aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23
     
    The Zulu empire rose in the 19th century under the leadership of its founder shaka. This article highlights how he introduced new military tactics, including the use of short stabbing spears and large cowhide shields, and created a strict military discipline within his army. Even after Shaka's death, the Zulu empire continued to flourish under the rule of Cetshwayo kaMpande in 1879, but the Boers eventually defeated the Zulu army in the Ulundi battle resulting in a British invasion in 1879. Even though the empire was turned into a Natal colony but the Zulu culture continued to survive.
puseletsomonyeki

Dr. Livingstone's New African Expedition.pdf - 1 views

Puseletso Monyeki History 2A

shared by puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • t h a s b e e n a n n o u n c e d , t h a t t h e v e s s e l w h i c h h a s r e c Q n t l y s a i l e d w i t h t h e n o w c e l e ­ b r a t e d D r . L i v i n g s t o n e f o r t h e s o u t h e a s t c o a s t o f A f r i c a , h a s o n b o a r d a p e c u l i a r s t e a m b o a t , p r o v i d e d b y t h e B r i t i s h G O Y e r n m e n t , t o e n a b l e t h e v e t e r a n t r a v e l e r t o p r o s e c u t e h i s i n v e s t i g a ­ t i o n o f t h e Z a m b e s i R i v e r .
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr David Livingstone is one of the famous missionaries and explorers of Africa. He was the first person to discover the Zambezi river.
lidya-2

South Africa and Its Military Aspect.pdf - 7 views

lidya demssie babore 222217401 HISTORY 2A

shared by lidya-2 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • For. a couple of years past South Africa has been engrossing much of the attention of tho British Government and of the country. With the csccption of what might in one sense be called an unofficia1 war with Rrcli, in 1857-58, the country had enjoyed a peace of twenty-four years, when au affrq, at s natiw beerdrinking party, bo;Fond our boundary, lighted tho torch of war, in which wc spccdiIy became involved, and the flame is still nIi& though the scat of m-;\;p lias been shifted.
  • For. a couple of years past South Africa has been engrossing much of the attention of tho British Government and of the country. With the csccption of what might in one sense be called an unofficia1 war with Rrcli, in 1857-58, the country had enjoyed a peace of twenty-four years, when au affrq, at s natiw beerdrinking party, bo;Fond our boundary, lighted tho torch of war, in which wc spccdiIy became involved, and the flame is still nIi& though the scat of m-;\;p lias been shifted.
  • I need not speak of the resources of South Africa-its vast ngri- cnltuml, mineral, and other wealth-that has been done repeatedly by abler hands. Papers have been written and lectures delivered all owr the United Kingdom upon the vast treasure we hnro there; but, to give an idea of the cstent of ow South African possessions, I mill dmm n comparison wliich will the htter familiasize it
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 25 Apr 23
       
      it details how the British were exchanging resources like minerals, agriculture and animal skins in exchange for resources from British regarding military strengthening materials for the Zulu.
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • But thc morc rcstlcss mcmbcrs of this Dutch community, as cdy a 183G, crossccl thc Pax1 River, and wcrc creeping along tho moun- tins towards thc Limpopo, dcstroying, cnslrwiug, ov pushing bcforc thm tlic ill-armcd tribes, who, entirely without firearms, wcrc 110 mtch for thcm in an open, easy country. Among thosc tlint rctircd wcc thc Natabili, a Iargc branch of tho Zulu nation, undcr MOSC- fehtsc.
  • suffice it to say that, their system mas, firs; a reconnaissance of a given district, and n Trcaty with the tribc to wlic? it belonged ; then a raid upon it when the peoplo were quita off tieir guard, and scattered among their gardcns ; thc shooting of the m-ithout mcrcy, and tho carrjing off the women and children for sdo in thc toms, where they fetched from 151. to 20t. per hcad
  • In 18'1 it was estimated that about 4,000 women and children were in slarzy in the Transvaal, and, commencing with the Griquas on thc wcs'of the Frec State, northward to theLimpopo, and eren bcyond it, thmcc eaatward to tho coast, and then southward to and including tho Zulus with whom we are now at war, all the tribes
  • Tho only question is, why was it not donc bcforc ? 7Vc now fakc over tcrritory saturatcd with blood, dripping from tho hands of nicn &om wo in tho first instance Ict loosc. Lct us bo carcful to pay attention to establishing n just and merciful policy towards tho native tribes, which shall bo worthy of .Z Christian nation, and en- dearour, so far as me arc nblc, to makc amends for all tho blood which hm hccn shed.
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 25 Apr 23
       
      As the British start taking over more land, by force lots of people loss lives and they possessions. The British began to exert their military might in the late 19th century, using advanced weaponry and tactics to gain control of various regions. In doing so, they established themselves as the dominant colonial power on the continent. The British introduced new military technologies, such as the Maxim gun and the breech-loading rifle, which made them virtually invincible when fighting against local militias. This gave rise to a new era in African warfare, marked by increased bloodshed and destruction.
  • dia and Colonies, Febrnarr 22nd, 1879.) Thus much for thc Frco State, Transvaal, and Basutoland. I now tarn to the history of our dcdings with tho Kafiirs and Fingoes of the cape frontier, and the Zulus of Natal. Not long aftcr our taking possession of thc Cape, we, oxpanding ea8txard6, met the Amamss Kaffirs mo+ng wcstwards, driving the
  • Hottcntots.bcforc them. By a Treaty with the Kaffirs of 1817 the Great River lyns mado tho boundary betwccn US. Graham’s Tom an(2 Jlowcr Albany werc p~opled by 8 batch of settlers in 1820.
  • From tliis tinic to 1850 tlic liistory of our dexlings with thc Kaffrs cxllibits the policy of onc Governor modified. or rcrcrsed by tho poliq- of liis succcssor, or by ordcrs from licmc ; Trcatics mndc and arbitnril1 rc..crisccl, not to say brolicn, whcn wc found thcy did not snit US: tho KntIirs brought under British rule by one Gorernor, and dccIarcc2 indcpcndcnt again by tho iicst ; lmundnrics shifted back- wards axid forivards as if we wcrc at play. !ho important wars, by the first of mliicli any opportunity for good which -iic had secured ~7.w thromn away within a year by w ciimgo of Gorcrnor and n ro-rcrml of policy; and in thc second, also, just when a satisfactoq conclusion promiscd, the Go-m.nor was recalled, operations stopped, and peacc given to tlic &ffirs who Iiad not asked for it
  • hose Chiefs who wero let into the secret went through all tho pantomime of receiving tho ucws with displmsuro and discredit, gradually coming round to believe in it: then they hilled a head or tvio of their own cattlc, and sent tho rest away to distant parts of tho conntg :
  • n they began to urge tlie pcoplc to kill their cattle, and to persecute by witch doctors and other means those who did not, sometimes resorting to murder.
  • Thc nigh Commissioner was naturally cmbnrrasscd between the two accounts. Ho vishcd, nbom a11 things, to woid a Far, and hcrc were two doctors prescribing differcut modes of treatment. HO gar0 his confidence to tho police, and requcstcd thc Commander of the Forces, n-ho was at Capo TOWD, to mom troops to thcir support. h’ox, thc country bctwecn the Kei and thc Bashee 11ad never been proclairncd British tcrritory, and the Kci was our boundary. The Commander of the Forces, therefore, wplicd that hc mas quite ~1%- pard to defcnd tho Colony, but x-ithont preparation and very definite aims and instructioiq Iic could not mow troops across our boundary to precipitate o wnr, but that ho would himself at once tako up tho rclicfs for !Satall, and if thc situation mcro really serious he conld IancI
  • Had me sct our faces against idle refugees, we should have taught tho Znlns to carry their own burden instend of taking it up for thcm, and Cetewayo might possibly hnvc bccn dispwed of by 2L2
  • n the meantime the Zdu nation, l rho liarc in reality bcen feeling for some time the tyranny of their Sorereign, pnrticnlarly on the subjcct of his mni-ringc ~R~TS, might liavc hcttlcd the. question by disposing- of him themselves. They would then hare leaned towards the British Government for counsel and support.
  • I cannot help thinking tht it \could bo a mistake
  • to makc a military body of this forcc. AS policc it lias douc cxdlcnt nlilitq scr\yicc, and thc mc11 are cngagccl to SC1.rc “ cithcr within op 6‘ bepnd t11c b0rdci-s of the Colony.” With Kaflirs, as ~ell as wliitcs, it Iuakes all tlic difference. IVhcn d luoccmcnt of police is made, it onlr bc a theft, dispute, or small disturbance, but when troops come, it is war. Tile Ofiiccrs, inorcorer, if it be made n military bodp, \\.ill be linblc to grow aborc tlic work mliicli they ha~e hitherto doilc ,yell, and thc w.vltolc corps to bcco~llc far less efficient than it used to bc.
  • Natal and the Transvaal will) I coneludc, remaiiri Crown Colonies for a considerable time, as thcrc is rcnlly not sufiicicnt English population from which a reliable Gorcrnnient could be formcd. Their iiiternal nnd external natirc policy sliould, howcwi; comc under the Gomrnor of the Cape in Couiieil, of which body the Commander of the Forces and thc Lieutcnaat-Governors of Katal, Trausranl, and Griqualand should bc crtra meinbeis. This arrangement seems desirable : 1st. To prcl-ent a rcpctition in these Colonies of that frequent cha~~gc of policy towards the iiativcs, which has done so much miscliicif in thc old Colony; and, ‘Znd, to cnsure a uniform policj- in tlic nativo question throughout tlic South African Colonics so fnr as thcir relative circum- stauces will ndniit.
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The war was fought between the British colonial forces and the Zulu Kingdom, which had managed to build a powerful army that had been successful in battles against neighboring tribes.
  • ad ry. In three-fourths of Natal and Znlnland, and in the idillole of thc T~;tnsrd, mounted iufmtrj arc indispcnsnblc, IIIC~CC~, I caniiot con- cciro anything more tedious or lielplcss in tlic vast cipnnsc of tlic Transvd tcrritory, nntrarerscd RS yet JJJ- a railnvay, than n force ,,mposccl solely of infantry. In the early days of Natal, the import- Illlcc of R mounted force was so recognized, that the light company of the 45th Rcgimcnt mas mounted, and II wry smart and efficicut body JJy first keeping their distance, .?. fcW mountctl infentry can engage any niasscs of footmen, and play with them. It is tiins that dragoons llgd to be taught to lisrass a mob, and thus n handful of Dotcl U0c1-s Tlrc Zulns bad no guns, of conrsc; but, in the present war, the Zulus, with a few jnfcrior arms, arc rclativcly not in D much better Iiosition to our breech-loaders than mlien without firearms they cngngcd tho Boers, who xerc armcd with smooth-boro muzzlc-loadcrs. UuC tlio Doers were mounted, mid could kccp their distpnce
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Advancements in technology have undoubtedly played a significant role in the evolution of African warfare. Before the introduction of European weaponry, indigenous Africans relied on handmade weapons made from iron, wood, and animal hides. However, the arrival of Europeans in Africa brought with them the introduction of firearms, which revolutionized the way wars were fought. The development of machine guns and artillery allowed for larger armies to be deployed and resulted in more devastating attacks on enemy forces. In the late 19th century, colonial powers would often supply their African allies with modern weaponry, giving them a significant advantage over their enemies.
  • 3hny bclicvcd because they thought that their Chiefs belicwd ; others complied through fear; others carno to me and asked if tho Gorernmcnt would protect thcm if they followed my advice
    • lidya-2
      lidya-2 on 26 Apr 23
       
      fear amongst the blacks.
  • Zululand mill, 1 apprehend, bc kept for tlie Zulus, but it should b~ governed by its own Chiefs rlndei- ow direction, to such an extent, and in sucli a manncr, as may be de- termined bj Treaty.
masindi0906

131867085.pdf - 2 views

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A b y ssin ia n C h ris tia n ity as p e rso n a l relig io n is h ard ly b etter. I t is a b u rd e n o f form s, a n d n o th in g m ore.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Abyssinia Christianity is not much better as a personal religion. It is merely an aesthetic burden.
  • B u t th e ir C h ris tia n ity ! W h y has n o t th a t s h a p e d a b e tte r c h a ra c te r ? A cu rio u s C h ristian ity in d e e d I
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      However, they are Christian! Why didn't that produce a more positive character? What a strange Christianity!
  • Considering, therefore, what kind of a Christianity it is, it would be simply absurd to expect from the Abyssinian religion any profound in­ fluence for good upon the individual character.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, given the type of Christianity it is, it would be ludicrous to expect the Abyssinian religion to have a significant positive impact on a person's character.
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    link does not work
nmapumulo

Ivory.pdf - 1 views

Nobuhle Mapumulo222111421

shared by nmapumulo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • JUNE
  • f h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i
    • nmapumulo
      nmapumulo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Rhinoceros horns were imported in 1874, they valued a lot.
masindi0906

Abyssinia.pdf - 2 views

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • As for Thcodorc himself, liis real nanic was Cnrsai. TTc lvas born in Runra, oiic of tlic westcnimost provinces of Alpsinin, son of :t man of 110 cmincncc or wcnltlt, though claiming liiicnl clcsccnt from Xcnilcli, tlic traditional son of Solomon tlic Grcat, and JInqucdn, the lovely Queen of Slicba.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      He was born in Kuara, one of the most western provinces of Abyssinia, the son of a commoner who claimed descent from Maqueda, the beautiful Queen of Sheba, and Menelik, the traditional son of Solomon the Great.
  • In February, 18jS, Iic WIS crowned Tlicodoros, King of Rings, Emperor of Ethiopia, by tlic liaiid of tlie Coptic Bishop of Abyssinia.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      He received the title Theodoros, King of Kings, Emperor of Ethiopia, from the Coptic Bishop of Abyssinia in February 1855.
  • The Abyssininns arc n mixed race. The .word Abyssinia is probably derired from their native name ITnbash, which, I believe, in the Giz, 01- aricicnt Etliiopic language, means n mixture.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      They are a mixed race, the Abyssinians. The word Abyssinia is most likely derived from their native name, Habash, which, according to my understanding, in the Giz language, an early form of Ethiopian, implies a combination.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Thc professed religion of h’orthern Abyssinia is Christianity. There arc n few BIoliamniedans and Falashas, or Jews. Abyssinian Cliristi- anity is, howeyer, among the people generallj-, merely tlie Jcwisli religion, with n few Christian nanies and forms superadded.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Northern Abyssinia is predominantly Jewish, with few Christianity names.
  • In slaying their cattlc, too, the beast must be thrown down, with its liead turned to Jerusalem, and its throat cut while the Christian words, ‘‘ in the iiamc of the Father, and of the Son, and of tlic IIoly Ghost,” are pronounced.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The beast must be killed in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
  • It iiiust bo understood that, with tlic exception of n fom stone churclics, built by the carly Portn- giicsc, as at Asurn, the teinples of Abyssinia arc merely round huts, divided as I have mentioned, and covcrcd by a conical roof of thatch, distingnisliablc only from the ordinary dwllings by being rather larger, somewhat more neatly made, and often surmounted by n quaintly fashioned iron cross, ,sometimes ornamented with ostrich eggs.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      It must be understood that, with the exception of a few stone churches constructed by the early Portuguese, such as those in Axum, the temples of Abyssinia are merely circular huts divided as I have mentioned and covered by a conical thatch roof, distinguishable from the ordinary dwellings only by being somewhat larger, somewhat more neatly made, and frequently surmounted by an oddly fashioned iron cross, occasionally embellished with ostrich eggs.
  • Tlic Christian element in Abyssinian Cliristianity is chiefly to be traced among tlic Cliurchmcn, in their extraordinary fondness for scliisms and theological clisputings, and among all classes, in the number- less saints, whose names are continually in tho mouths of tlie people.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Christian component of Abyssinian Christianity can mostly be found among Churchmen, who have a remarkable penchant for schisms and theological disagreements, and among all classes, who are inspired by the countless saints whose names are constantly spoken in conversation.
katlegomodiba

An Ascent of Kilimanjaro.pdf - 1 views

Katlego Modiba History 2A

shared by katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Read at the Meeting of the Society, 27 November 1922. SINCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848, and since Sir Harry Johnston's pioneer work on the upper slopes in 1884, eighteen men and at least one lady had reached the icy rim of the great crater on its summit. The first Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. Dr. Foerster, a German settler at Moshi,
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      this is a journal article by C. Gillman about some expedition in Mount Kilimanjaro. The writer describes the mount Kilimanjaro and how it was and the conditions there.
  • NCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848,
  • on the upper slopes in 1884, e
  • ...50 more annotations...
  • t Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. D
  • anjaro, and t
  • anjaro, and th
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mount Kilimanjaro is located in the country Tanzania which in the Eastern part of the continent Africa. Kilimanjaro is one of Africa's tallest mountains at about 5, 895 meters and 19,340 feet. Many explorers, explored this mountain because it is well known in Africa and this mount changed how many explorers viewed Africa, it is well known that most Europeans viewed Africa as a continent that is
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Of course, many of the tallest mountains in the world and a number of volcanoes on the central and South American plateaus are higher than Kilimanjaro at sea level, but their bases, whether mountain chains or plateaus, are already at a significant altitude, whereas here the slopes rise uninterruptedly for 5,200 meters above plains below(800 meters) to the summit of Kibo.
  • ly ste
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a summit can be described as the highest point of a hill or a mountain.
  • y ste
  • aphical base to the top. Many peaks of the world's big fold mountains, several volcanoes on the Central and South American plateaus are of course actually higher above sea-level than Kilimanjaro, but their base, be it a chain or a plateau, lies already at a considerable altitude, whilst here t
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
  • bove. From a base about 80 kms. in diameter, the slopes rise very gently at first, and, gradually steepening towards the summit, produce that slightly concave outline so characteristic of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating the fact that the earlier lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were m
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slopes rise very gently at first, gradually steepening towards the summit to create that slightly concave outline so distinctive of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating that older lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were more viscous. The slopes begin at a base that is about 80 km in diameter.
  • -volcano. The three cones whose centres of eruption lie on an almost straight line running west to east, are Shira in the west, Kibo in the centre, and Mavenzi in the east. Shira, the oldest, 4000 metres high, is to-day only a ruin with the remains of its former crater-wall forming a ragged more or less horizontal spur protruding from the western slope of its
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three cones are namely Shira, Kibo and Mavenzi. Shira is the oldest and is only 4000 meters high, while Mvenzi is only 5270 meters high and Kibo is the highest with 5930 meters high.
  • Structurally Kilimanjaro consists of three single strato-volcanoes, each of which has had its own
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Here the writer simply tells us that mount Kilimanjaro is made up three separate starti-volcanoes and each have their own history and origin
  • eighbour. The second in age is Mavenzi, 5270 metres high, whose former crater, though much destroyed by erosion, is still well recognizable and opens by two deep barrancos towards the north-east. The centre is taken up by Kibo, 5930 metres, the youngest and highest of the three component volcanoes, and the only one which still shows an intact crater and a perpetu
  • rin
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Kibo summit is the highest point of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania located in the mountain's arctic zone.
  • called Sa
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least on side. Plateaus occur on every continent and take up a third of the Earth's land.
  • tless small parasitic cones the .middle and lower slopes of the main massif. One of these cones, right down at the foot of the mountain in its south-east corner, has a large crater fllled by the beautiful emerald-green waters of lake Chala.
  • limatic features of Kilimanjaro are determined by three main factors: (1) the mountain's position in the equatorial region of continuous trade winds; (2) the isolation of a huge mass of rock rising from a level plain; and (3) the great height above this plain which brings the upper regions of the mountain well within the zone of the anti-tr
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti-trades are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They are also called westerlies.
  • ins. The results are ascending winds during the day and descending winds at night, the mountain winds being stronger over the southern than over the n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This are the results of trades that bring vapour from the Indian Ocean that blows and that's what happens as soon as they approach the mountain.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column influenced by them much larger. It is these mountain winds which, by altering the horizontal direction of the trade as it strikes Kilimanjar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The daily cycle is controlled by the mountain's winds, which change the trade's horizontal direction as it approaches Kilimanjaro.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column inf
  • alt
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      it is difficult to understand this word, so it makes the whole sentence not to be understandable.
  • opes, to arctic
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the weather there is drier, with less snow in the winter and sunny summer days
  • o well dis
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      discernible means to be visible or noticeable.
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EA
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EAST
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This picture shows how the mount Kilimanjaro looks like when one is viewing it from the north-east side. its a picture by C. Dundas
  • MAVENZI AND THE SADDLE PLATEAU FROM THE CAVE ON KIB
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A picture of how Mavenzi summit and saddle plateau looks like
  • n the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow o
  • the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow or
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is something interesting about the explorers who were able to identify the five zones of Kilimanjaro and the meters they all have.
  • ent-da
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on Mountains. glaciers were found in summit Kibo all present day.
  • n or meteorological con
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      meteorological conditions are determined by the wind velocity and direction, the air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and the stabilityy class.
  • a peculia
  • Kibo, however, shows a peculiarity, unique as far as our knowledge goes, in that its large central crater forms an island-like region of fusion, interrupting the region of feeding, t
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      peculiarity is a strange or unusual feature or habit
  • l
  • latter thus being of annular shape and enclosing a dischargeless glacier ar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The summit Kibo exhibits a characteristic that is unique to our knot in that its massive center crater divides the feeding zone into an island-like region of fusion and an annular region that is surrounded by a discharge-free glacier area.
  • ior Commissioner of Moshi, Messrs. P. Nason and F. J. Miller, and myself. The first day's march of seven hours took us through cultivated Chaga Land in an easterly direction to the little kingdom of Marang'u, which had supplied the porters for most of the former expeditions, and whence a good path leads through the forest belt. This march across the lower slopes of the mountain entailed a good many ups and downs caused by the deeply eroded radial valleys, but it also afforded us a fair insight into the life of a most interesting people. Nowhere in East Africa have I seen anything approaching the high standard of culture that is exhibited by the sturdy inhabitants of the cultivated zone of Kilimanjaro
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the mountain was fascinating
  • little chieftaincies
  • Grouped together in a number of little chieftaincies, the Wachaga are certainly a happy blend of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman. This is very probably due to the initiative of powerful and despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, led the masses to more intensive labour and thus to higher forms of civilization, and have understood how to make the best of the very favourable conditions which the well-watered mountain
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The explorers viewed the Wachagga as unquestionably a successful fusion of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman, grouped together in a number of small chieftaincies. This is very likely a result of the initiative of strong, despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, drove the populace toward more intense labour and, consequently, toward higher forms of civilization, and who also knew how to make the most of the favorable conditions that the well-watered mountain sloped offered. it is interesting that the slopes are watered
  • o abe
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      abeyance means a state of temporary disuse or suspension
  • rd but healthy work are well built, sturdy, and tough. To see their women balancing huge bundles of thatch descend along a steep and slippery path, slim and erect, is a fine sight. And as to the men, our porters gave a good exhibition of their staying powe
  • tropical forest, we rested on the lowest patch of grass at about 2000 metres. A further climb of a little more than an hour took us through the temperate rain-forest to the lowest of Dr. Foerster's huts (2730 metres), which we reached soon after noo
  • e advantages of the cool dark shade. It probably requires the trained eye of the botanist to distinguish between the lower and upper tropical rain-forest. As far as I could see they both agree in their main characteristics, i.e. tall trees growing out into the light from a dense undergrowth, and large smooth shiny leaves adapted to a highly increased transpira
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was difficult for explorers to distinguish the difference between the lower and upper tropical forest because they had similar features
  • The abundance of moisture with which the plants have to deal during most of the year up there in the mean altitude of the daily mists is aggravated by the comparative coolness of the climate. Mere enlarging of the transpiring leaf surface and the tropical devices for letting the water drip off no longer suffice. Other means had to be developed to deal with the altered environment. The leaves again become smaller and are often covered with thin hair, which, while allowing the surplus water to drip off easily, may also be regarded as pro
  • ht and heat there. The uppermost portion of the temperate forest consists almost entirely of tree-heather growing to a height of io to 15 metres. A most curious fact, and one which requires further investigation, is the absence of that bamboo belt which is found everywhere in East Africa above the rain-forest and, according to Uhlig, is particularly well developed on Mount Meru, only some 80 miles distant from
  • I wish to add a few words on the economic function of the forest be
  • he agriculture of the Wachaga, and with it their further progress towards civilization, but also the development of the European plantations in the lower regions of Kilimanjaro, depend in the first instance on that continuous and ample supply of water which the mountain guarantees them. It seems, therefore, of the utmost importance to understand clearly the agencies which influence this life-spending ele
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The mountain supplies the lower regions plantations of the Europeans with water. The question is why can't they just get water from rivers or even from the rainfall?
  • e perennial stre
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      perennial streams are streams that have continuous flow of surface water throughout the year in at least parts of its catchment during seasons of normal rainfall
  • usal n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a central or focal point
  • But the meteorological conditions of the mountain are such that a considerable portion of the vapour-laden atmosphere reaches the
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the course
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the cours
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Did the explorers actually watch everything that happened in the mountains
  • d awa
keitumetse02

Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 - 3 views

www.tandfonline.com/...j.1540-6563.2006.00144.x

Keitumetse Malebe

shared by keitumetse02 on 15 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • IMPERIALSTRATEGY
  • but a second battle on that same day at a smallmission station named Rorke’s Drift made these events more remarkable st
  • 120 men decided to stand and fight rather than flee the advancingimpithat had justwiped out their comrades.
    • gumedehp
      gumedehp on 17 Apr 23
       
      the British due their capability the British warrior split into half to fight powerful against the Zulu warriors, the Zulu's was lacking of the new techniques. that leads them to be defeated by British European.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • British Empire provides an example of greedycapitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets andraw materials,1yet w
    • gumedehp
      gumedehp on 17 Apr 23
       
      the British were so cruel and desperate because of their desperation of the minerals like gold. the acted greedy to get what they want by invading other kingdoms to take over.
  • That an army of this size had slipped pastBritish reconnaissance on the open veldt of South Africa to mount such a successfulattack was remarkable in itself,
    • gumedehp
      gumedehp on 17 Apr 23
       
      during their first war of isandlwana the Zulus defeated British. The two war happened on a same day.
  • On22 January1879,
    • gumedehp
      gumedehp on 17 Apr 23
       
      after the British invaded Zululand in South Africa, it has led to a formation of a war called isandlwana or Impi yasesandlwana,it was between the British and the Zulu,s.
  • O’CONNOROn22
  • January1879
  • after the British invaded Zululand in South Africa, it has led to a formation of a war called isandlwana or Impi yasesandlwana,it was between the British and the Zulu,s.
  • he British due their capability the British warrior split into half to fight powerful against the Zulu warriors, the Zulu's was lacking of the new techniques. that leads
  • IMPERIALSTRATEGY AND THEANGLO–ZULUWAR OF1879DAMIANP. O’CONNOROn22 January1879, the British army suffered its worst colonial defeat of thenineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons thenavailable were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army––animpi––of25,000 warriors armed only with spears. That an army of this size had slipped pastBritish reconnaissance on the open veldt of South Africa to mount such a successfulattack was remarkable in itself, but a second battle on that same day at a smallmission station named Rorke’s Drift made these events more remarkable still. Here,120 men decided to stand and fight rather than flee the advancingimpithat had justwiped out their comrades. At bayonet point, they fought a last-round defenseagainst 4,000 Zulu warriors which earned them a victory and eleven VictoriaCrosses––the highest number of the highest award for bravery ever bestowed on asingle day in British military history. In 1964, this remarkable battle was immor-talized in Cy Enderfield’s classic filmZuluwhich, among other things, providedMichael Caine with his first screen role and generated an interest in the Anglo–ZuluWar of 1879 which has scarcely abated today. Indeed, the historiography on theevents of this war is now remarkably complete; we know more about the militaryevents of this war than perhaps any other. Still open to question, however, is whythose famous Redcoats were fighting Zulus at all, and the search for an answer tothis question has led to some conclusions that were not at all obvious.It has often been posited that the British Empire provides an example of greedycapitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets andraw materials,1yet whenever one looks into the particular circumstances of anepisode of expansion, it is very difficult to isolate a viable economic motive. This isDamian P. O’Connor is a doctoral research student at the University of East Anglia, UnitedKingdom.1. See for example, A. Duminy and C. Ballard, eds.,The Anglo-Zulu War: New Perspectives(Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1981); R. L. Cope,Ploughshare of War: TheOrigins of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879(Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1999);</spa
maselaelo1

Guns and top hats: African resistance in German South West Africa, 1907-191...: EBSCOhost - 0 views

web.s.ebscohost.com/...detail

shared by maselaelo1 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • By contrast, this study argues that Africans did indeed have effective means to resist while their motivations were more complex than a uniform anti-colonial spirit.
  • n his account, however, this resistance is more fierce than it is effective.
    • maselaelo1
      maselaelo1 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Their military forces were used to resist intruders and not to inflict war.
  • After all, the Schutztruppe (Protection Troops) had fought a ruthless war against Herero and Nama speaking pastoralists between 1904-07. During the following eight years Africans did not go to war against German colonialists again.[3] In the light of the brutality of German warfare and post-war rule, the period between 1907-15 has been commonly described as a time of African suffering and misery.
    • maselaelo1
      maselaelo1 on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is evident that although Africans had millitary forces like their opponents they never used guns and millitary forces to enforce power but only to protect themselves. As a result they came up with creative ways of protecting themselves in ways that made them the laughing stock to the German people which prolonged the advancement of war against the two rivalries.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • By contrast, this study argues that Africans did indeed have effective means to resist while their motivations were more complex than a uniform anti-colonial spirit.
    • maselaelo1
      maselaelo1 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The significance of this highlighted sentence reveals that during the wars and battle with the Westeners Africans did have effective means of millitary forces. However, reasons are yet to be explored as why and how they lost against colonial power.
  • Like the power of the rulers, the resistance of the ruled does not only grow out of the barrel of a gun, but runs the gamut from 'material' to 'symbolic', from gun to top hat.
    • maselaelo1
      maselaelo1 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Alternatives ways Africans used to resist invaders rather than resorting to violence.
  • n early 1904, the Hereto, Bantu speaking pastoralists in the centre of GSWA, declared war on German colonialists; Cape Dutch and Nama speaking pastoralists in the South followed months later. Over the next three years Germany spent nearly 600 million marks and employed up to 14,000 soldiers in an embarrassingly long war.[
    • maselaelo1
      maselaelo1 on 25 Apr 23
       
      This evidently reveals that Africans did have means of inflicting war and that they had fully funtional armies with guns and the likes.
ndcekeasemahle

EXPLORATION: Dr. Livingstone, He Presumed - 2 views

shared by ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Presumed DANJACOBSON David
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      David Livingstone was a well-known Scottish explorer in Africa.
  • All the journeys he undertook, once several ambitious, preliminary forays across the Kalahari Desert were beh
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone took a long journey across the Kalahari desert exploring it.
  • the Kalahari Desert
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Kalahari desert is shared among the three countries in the Southern Africa. Those countries are Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. The large area of the Kalahari desert takes up the large space in Botswana.
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • him, were of prodigious len
  • whose
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word emaciated refers to abnormally thin bones due to lack of nutrition if illness.
  • Westminster Abbey. It was his second career as an explorer, and as a writer and lecturer about his explorations, that turned him into a public phenomenon or legend
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      David Livingstone's work of exploration made him to be a well-known and celebrated explorer.
  • most
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word protracted means lasting for along time
  • his indomita
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word indomitability means to being unable to be defeated.
  • own irascibilities
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      irascibility is the state of being hot tempered and have an easily provoked anger.
  • Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" For that he had to thank his fellow explorer, Henry Stanley, who had been paid to find him after the alarm raised by the most protracted of all his absences, and who greeted him in these terms when the two men finally met at Ujiji
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Stanley and Livingstone met at the Lake Tanganyika, this was because Livingstone disappeared from everyone during his exploration and Stanley went on search for him.
  • er, Hen
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Henry Stanley was David Livingstone's fellow explorer, he was well-known for his exploration in Africa an d his search for Livingstone.
  • ng in
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The word interred refers to a corpse being placed in a grave.
  • met
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Ujiji was a depot located in Tanzania
  • to stamp out the slave tra
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone fought against slave-trade.
  • Lake Tanga
  • Their meeting took place twenty years after Livingstone had abandoned his life as a missionary, and a full six years after he had once again vanished from the view of everyone other than his African guides and
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Is the fact that David Livingstone's exploration was delayed due to the plundering of his good at Ujiji the main reason why he vanished from everyone other than his African guides and ports?
  • n his seven years in and near what is now the Republic of Botswana, from 1844 to 1851, he succeeded in converting just one ma
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Republic of Botswana is situated at the center of Southern Africa. In his exploration he also spent a lot of years in Botswana.
  • he chief of the Kwena t
  • frettin
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      fretting means being constantly anxious
  • e Chobe R
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Chibe river is located in Botswana.
  • Kalahari and relentlessly northwest to Luanda, on the Atlantic coast, and then eastwards across the breadth of the continent to arrive at the Indian Ocean; followed by a protracted and tormented series of forays up, down, and around the hitherto unmapped river and lake systems of Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania, in a misguided search for (among other things) the sources of the N
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      These are the places that Livingstone journeyed through during his exploration.
  • hese. Even the regard he increasingly felt for the Africans he lived and worked with, and the warmth of the affection he came to have for them, are to some extent vitiated by the fact that he was never in danger of having to think of them as his social or professional superiors. He could therefore afford his generosity
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      As Livingstone was exploring the African continent, he spent a lot of time with Africans as a results he became generous towards them.
  • t vitia
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      to vitiate is to impair the efficiency of something.
  • h. What is less well known is that he was also a remarkable writer, both in the more formal style of Missionary Travels and Researches in Southern Africa (1857) , and the later Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is suprising and interesting! Despite being an explorer, a missionary and a medical doctor Livingstone was also a writer of the most interesting journals about exploration.
  • For seven years, from one more or less chance-chosen spot or another, Livingstone looked out on the bleak, dusty, thorn-ridden landscapes of Botswana, or lumbered across them in his wagons
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone explored the landscapes of Botswana
  • s deje
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      dejected means being sad and depressed.
  • gunsmith
    • ndcekeasemahle
      ndcekeasemahle on 25 Apr 23
       
      Gunsmithing is a person who makes, repair and sell small guns.
molefet

January 7, 1885 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 3 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Thandi Molefe

shared by molefet on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Arabs, attracted by the immense stores ot ivory existing închis region, have combined their caravans and proceeded at intervals, with from 1,000 to 2,000 armed followers, through the Masai country on trading exoeditions ·' and though in many instances these caravans have been attacked and sometimes almost totally destroyed, the large profits deriyecl from the more successful ventures have tempted the survivors to persevere in their efforts In 1878 Ica led the special attention ofthe Royal Geographical Society to the . \ „_. „r fbi c roo-ion as a field for exploration, but the undertaking ££Ж£ У aU Ж* till the spring of .883 that they were finally in ľ nositi to send out Mr. Joseph Thomson with the means of conducting an expedition to survey it ; and in the meantime they had been forestalled oy the Gm mans, who dispatched Dr. Fischer to make a sc.ent.fic exploration of the same ľoúntry, 'who, aft'er carrying out his 1»*™*««^™* ~^ а "иЛ_П_Л returned to Germany, where his reports have awakened very great interest, and where, there is reason to believe, the information he has acqu.red will not long remain unutilized. _ - . ,. n The details of Mr. Thomson's still more successful journey now
    • molefet
      molefet on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is a report from Mr Johnson to Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice. This report was sent on the 7th of January 1885. Mr Johnson was sent to discover parts of Africa and to report his finding. This is a report on the district of Kilimanjaro and the findings.
  • Arabs, attracted by the immense stores ot ivory existing închis region, have combined their caravans and proceeded at intervals, with from 1,000 to 2,000 armed followers, through the Masai country on trading exoeditions ·' and though in many instances these caravans have been attacked and sometimes almost totally destroyed, the large profits deriyecl from the more successful ventures have tempted the survivors to persevere in their efforts In 1878 Ica led the special attention ofthe Royal Geographical Society to the . \ „_. „r fbi c roo-ion as a field for exploration, but the undertaking ££Ж£ У aU Ж* till the spring of .883 that they were finally in ľ nositi to send out Mr. Joseph Thomson with the means of conducting an expedition to survey it ; and in the meantime they had been forestalled oy the Gm mans, who dispatched Dr. Fischer to make a sc.ent.fic exploration of the same ľoúntry, 'who, aft'er carrying out his 1»*™*««^™* ~^ а "иЛ_П_Л returned to Germany, where his reports have awakened very great interest, and where, there is reason to believe, the information he has acqu.red will not long remain unutilized. _ - . ,. n The details of Mr. Thomson's still more successful journey now
matimbababsy

April 1876 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Matimba Babani HISTORY 2A

shared by matimbababsy on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • All these present ivory trades, notwithstanding what has been done to stop the Slave Trade by sea, are worked in concert with and by means of the Slave Trade.
  • These slaves are mostly taken to Jerige (the ľoľniľv Ù- n d ^ Κ ,n °o to sell there for ivory-a trader now making a journey to one'diivcd'ľ t^get Jes, and then another to dispose of them again m another ,i;..,.,.tm,i not finding a ready sale for them at the coast.
  • ivory trade
adonisi19

1581287.pdf - 1 views

Zanele Adonisi

shared by adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The work of the Church Missionary Society (
  • on the East African coast by Krapf and Rebma
  • that time, the missionaries operated by permissio
  • ...87 more annotations...
  • Zanzibar, the Sultan himself being influenced by t
  • the
  • e. Although the work of the CMS was not d
  • slaves, in time the mission came to realise that the success of its
  • work depended on freed slav
  • Freed slave centres were established on the coast by the CMS with direct assistance from the British navy and consul, who delivered captured slaves to the missions' se
  • tlement
  • Prior to the establishment of freed-slave-Christianity, Missionary work on the coast had made little progre
  • Prior to the establishment of freed-slave-Christianity, M
  • s.
  • It was the diplomatic mission of Sir Bartle Frere in 1873, aimed at persuading the Sultan to put an end to the slave trade which altered the situ
  • tion
  • Before coming to East Africa, Frere had made a tentative agreement with the CMS in London regarding the establishment of a CMS centre for freed slaves on the coast.
  • Prior to the arrival of Frere, the British consul, John Kirk, had directed his attention to the establishment of such centres, but only the Holy Ghost Fathers seem to have benefited much in these early
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Instead of the freed-slaves benefiting from this venture, the Holy Ghost Fathers benefited much.
  • the Holy Ghost Father
  • ging. Kirk did not receive the CMS missionaries-Sparshott and Chancellor-with any special warmth, and he offered no hope of any slaves being handed over to them, unless their mission proved its ability to take care of the
  • It appears, then, that Frere's promises to the mission were not immediately fulfille
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      What were the reasons for Frere not to immediately fulfill his promises to the mission?
  • ch failures in understanding between the CMS and the British agents over the question of ex-slave centres at the coast continued until the arrival of W. S. Price as superintendent of the mission in late 18
  • Price was lucky in that Kirk, on a visit home in late 1873, had also met with the leaders of the CMS in London, who had persuaded him to agree to co-operate with their mission in East Af
  • return to the coast, Kirk agreed to assist Price to purchase a mission centre and he also agreed to hand over to him as many ex-slaves as Price required
  • in
  • islamic factor was to become a significant is
  • tween the missions and the secular authorities at the coast. The CMS at one point, in an attempt to create harmony with the administrators and better their own position, tried to have one of their men appointed as vice-consul in Mombasa, but the Foreign Office refused.6
  • It was mainly over the issue of the missions' harbouring of runaway slaves that major clashes developed between the missions on the one hand and the British administrators and the Arabs on the oth
  • oncern. On its
  • CMS in London continued to promise the Foreigh Office
  • missionaries would obey and co-operate, but this was n
  • his strained relationship between the mission and the consul over the issue of slavery had not been resolved when the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA) started work in 1888. The situation at the coast was, however, complicated by other factors.
  • the case in the mis
  • One of these factors was the problem of
  • diction. Th
  • of Zanzibar was technically sovereign in the coastal area, although in practice, even before 1888, some of his subjects did not necessarily accept his auth
  • The British consuls represented a government which wished to facilitate the introduction of Christianity and commerce but not at any direct cost and trouble to the British taxpaye
  • . It was therefore difficult for Britain to find an easy answer to the issue of slavery, it being acceptable as an islamic ins
  • Secondly, the major centre of the CMS at Freretown, which accommodated freed slaves, was situated on the mainland just across from Mombasa.
  • exasperated
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This word means being intensely irritated and frustrated.
  • On the other hand, the slaves who were still in bondage in Mombasa, could easily compare their lot with that of their neighbours in the mission centres like Freretown and become envious.
  • Many of them took the risk of crossing the creek which separated the two places and tried to settle in or near the mission. The risk involved in running away seems to have been ignored by the critics of the missions who regarded them as deliberately receiving and harbouring the slave
  • Also ignored by those critics was the fact that some Arabs raided the mission centres and took many ex-slaves back into slavery, as happened once in Freretown.7
  • n East Africa was not unique in its practice of receiving such fugitives. The Church of Scotland in Blantyre, Nyasaland, had seven villages occupied by such fugitives in the 18
  • On the East coast, moreover, not all fugitives took refuge in the mission ce
  • s. There were large ex-slave communities with no mission connection at Shimba Hills, Malindi, Lamu, Juba, Fulladoyo and an estimated 5000 fugitives at B
  • The above points should be kept in mind in considering the accusation against the CMS mission for harbouring fugitives.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These accusations show how missions were not welcome in Arab.
  • In 1880, the slave population near Mombasa planned a revolt against their masters. The missionaries knew of this plot but refused to warn Kirk about
  • A timely raid on the Giriama by the Maasai may have ave
  • crisis, but did not resolve the dispute
  • Streeter declared he would not prevent any fugitive settling near the mission, and made it clear that he would not allow any to be repossessed
  • In reporting the matter to the CMS, Streeter indicated that what East Africa needed was first a 'law-breaker' and then a 'law-make
  • e coast. Kirk also wrote to the Society condemning the mission for harbouring fugitives, but he indicated that the blame lay with Binns not Streeter. In the end the mission was forced to release most of the fugitives, leaving only those who had belonged to the
  • m. In 1879, about 100 Giriama slaves deserted their masters and joined the Rabai mission settlement and when their masters came to demand their return, the resident missionary, H. K. Binns, refuse
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Missionaries liberated some slaves.
  • We are Englishmen as well as Christian missionaries and cannot consent to fold our hands and see poor miserable wretches ill-used and put to death for no other crime than running away from savage mast
  • There was less conflict with the missions in the years 1881-2 during which time Price had rejoined the missions as superintendent, replacing Streeter, whose management, especially his method of carrying out discipline, had led the Society to concur with Kirk that he needed to be replaced
  • On arrival at the coast, Price found the problem of fugitives still rampant.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word rampant means spreading or flourishing. This means that the issue of fugitives was widespread.
  • The CMS survey of its work in 1882 concluded that the initial aim of establishing a self-supporting mission at the coast had largely failed, and that Rabai should be made the new centre instead of Freretown
  • Some progress, however, seems to have been made in that in 1878, Bishop Royston of Mauritius, on a visit to Freretown, had confirmed 54 candidates from the mission. In 1879, there were 35 baptisms in Freretown, while in 1883, Royston confirmed another 256 candidates.'1 Among those baptised and confirmed were fugitives.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this way Christianity was spreading.
  • When Price left the mission in June 1882, nothing much had changed
  • When he arrived home, he wrote to the missionaries in East Africa asking them to desist from harbouring fugitives, to cut connections with the native-initiated Fulladoyo ex-slave settlement which harboured fugitives, and to refuse them any asylum at Freretown.
  • st f
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      to desist from means to stop doing something.
  • In East Africa, Binns agreed with Price to sever links with the Fulladoyo settlement, but he allowed many of the residents there, including fugitives, to go and settle at Rabai and Freretown. Streeter agreed with Binns on this matter, and both men decided to ignore Price's advice.
  • his was mainly due to Binns's personal disagreements with Price. Binns deprecated the manner in which Price superintended the mission single-handedly, without consulting the Freretown Finance Committee.
  • t is clear that personal disagreements between missionaries themselves made their task of maintaining a common mission policy on many issues difficult.
  • The departure of Price led to Binns's appointment as Lay Secretary and head of the mission. He immediately found himself in trouble with his colleague, C. W. Lane, whom he accused of misappropriating funds. Lane accused Binns of running the mission single-handedly, like Price before him, and most other mis-
  • sionaries sided with Lane. The situation deteriorated to the extent that Binns wanted to resign rather than work with Lane, while Lane asked for a transfer to Uganda.14 The mission was therefore much unsettled in 1883, and during this time, the influx of fugitives into mission settlements continued.
  • The Society may have thought that the appointment of a bishop for Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1884 would put matters right at the coast, but this did not happen because the first bishop, Hannington, was murdered on his way to Uganda, and his successors had so many problems to tackle in Uganda that .they had little time for the coastal stations. The situation at the coast remained unsettled until Price rejoined the mission for the third and last time in
  • By then, the company was preparing to take over the administration of the area. By then also, the policy of subsidising some missions in their work among ex-slaves was being accepted by the British government in the wake of increasing measures against slave trade and slav
  • The crucial issue of slavery was in the minds of the CMS officials when they sent Price to East Africa in
  • his ambiguity by the Society was expressed by the CMS Committee of Correspondence, which resolved in April 1888 that while the East African missionaries could fight for the just treatment of slaves by their masters, and, if possible, fight for their manumission, they could not "arrogate to themselves any authority in the matter, and are not justified in receiving runaway slaves..."16
  • The complaint laid before Mackenzie by the Arabs was that the CMS, contrary to the laws prevalent on the coast, had knowingly harboured fugitive slaves. In emphasizing their standpoint, the Arabs insisted that should the company support the CMS on this issue, they in turn would follow the example of their fellow Arabs on the German East Africa coast and break into rebellion against the company. The Arabs knew too well that neither the consul nor the company would be ready to risk such developments.
  • istianised and reoriented ex-slaves by the mission was seen as tantamount to breaking up a Christian church.
  • Prior to the arrival of Mackenzie, Admiral Freemantle had reported the presence of 900 fugitives at Rabai, but this had been denied by the missionaries, Jones of Rabai and A. G. Smith of Freretown. When Mackenzie decided to search the stations, Jones agreed that there were fugitives but that: When Mr. Mackenzie and General Mathews bring the Arabs to find their slaves, I shall prove myself a useless servant. I will not and I cannot hand over those poor souls to their cruel and unmerciful masters, after I have been preaching to them the sweet liberty of my Lord and Saviour ... Somebody else will have to do that wicked work ...21
  • The whole transaction was described later by Tucker as the most "memorable act of the Company during its seven years tenure of supreme authority in East Africa"; and by Eugene Stock, the CMS historian, as "this great act of wise policy." Stock added that Buxton, a member of both the CMS and the company, paid ? 1200 towards the compensation, because it was felt that the CMS ought 219 This
  • commercial, and it required peaceful conditions at the coast. The company had to win the friendship of the Arabs who were the backbone of the economy. Both the company and the missionaries relied heavily on them for their caravans and their porters
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Arabs were in charge of the economy.
  • When he arrived, Mackenzie was of the opinion that the missionaries, "by some misguided action (had) raised such a universally bitter feeling that they had not only jeopardized their own existence but that of Europeans throughout the country."23 The only option he found open to him was to convince the Arabs to consider their slaves as lost property, and to accept compensation for them at a rate of ?25 per slave. The Arabs agreed to grant freedom certificates to the slave
  • to bear part of the co
  • Only five days after the emancipation, Mackenzie accused the missionaries of deliberately disobeying orders and continuing to harbour fugitives.
  • It is clear that the missionaries, unlike the company officials, were not ready to co-operate in a programme that accepted slavery.
  • Price left the mission for the last time in March 1889, only three months after the Rabai incid
  • It was the company officials who helped the CMS missionaries to start stations in areas that had previously proved too precarious for the missionaries, such as J
  • The company and the mission cooperated in tackling transport problems and other essential services. On the whole, however, the presence of the company proved more of a disadvantage to the miss
  • The missionaries felt, for example, that the proximity of company centres to mission stations often led to the backsliding of many adherents after their employment by the co
  • o, the ability of the company to pay higher wages than the mission for clerical work led to the departure of many mission agents. In Freretown, all but one of the mission agents took jobs with the comp
  • . Finally, the missionaries detested the character of many of the company officials, whose behaviour was far from Christian.
  • time in
  • The same instructions had been given to Price before, and were repeated to all the other missionaries
  • The Society desired that harmony be maintained with the company officials, but not to the extent of fostering an identity between the two in the eyes of the natives, who were mainly fugitives, freed slaves or slaves. Further, the Society accepted that slavery was evil and should be abolished, but on the other hand the Society did not wish its missionaries to be entangled in the coastal politics of slavery
  • The missionaries' position was also complicated by the fact that they themselves differed to some extent with regard to slavery, not forgetting their individual conflicts with each oth
  • The concern of the missionaries was with the freed and bondaged slaves upon whom the future of their work depended; the concern of the company was peace and order upon which a viable economic growth depended, based upon slavery. The concerns of the mission and of the company, therefore, conflicted radically with regard to the issue of slavery, and it is this issue which more than anything else dominated their relationship.
asandandulwini

Explorers travelling through the Lakes of Central Africa (JSTOR).pdf - 1 views

Asanda Ndulwini

shared by asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE travellers who have journeyeel anto (:entral Africa from the East coast and the neighbourhood of Zanzibar have been called to encounter difficulties as formidable as lrlay be met with in any part of the world. These difficulties have caused not only peril to health and severe trials of patience, but have occasioned theln unusual expense. One object which most of them have kept in vierv was to reach the line of the three great lakes, and pay a, visit to l:Jjiji.
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar- Swahili Unguja, was an island in the Indian ocean lying 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of east-central Africa. During this age of exploration, the Portuguese Empire it's when they gained control of Zanzibar.
  • of brushwood, and of small forest with tropical plants and trees. A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • . A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare the traveller cro now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • A llundred miles in the intelior the ground has beun to rise, and toW exhibit lines of hills with parallel valle-s, nzore or?]ess regulare having a general trend to the N.N.E. These the traveller crossesr now mounting a high granite ridge, then descending; mounting lligher, and descending a little again. In this way he crosses the broad swampy valley of the Mukandoliwa or Makata Xiver, passes the little Lake Ugombo in which it rises, and winding among the noble hills of the Usagara RanDe, arrives at length at Mpwapwa, on the upper plateau, 3300 feet above the se
    • asandandulwini
      asandandulwini on 26 Apr 23
       
      Explorers were crossing through the Makata river, a stream in Lindi region, Tanzania with the region front code of African/Middle east. Lake Ugombo one of the lakes of Tanzania expedited by Henry Morton Stanley, regarding Livingston's exploration in central Africa.
  • gulare the traveller
  • itherto all the English travellers in East Africa have been dependent upon these huluan bearers. Frotn Burton down to the Church Missionary Expedition, which left the coast a few nonths at,o, every one has been compelled to etnploy them. And the trouble they have caused by their fickleness, their dishonesty, their bodily weaknesses, their indolence, their diseases, and numerous deaths, has been indescriba
  • ganyika, thought it worth while specialla to inquire into two points: (1 ) Could a route be found to the north of the WAmi River, on higher ground, and free from the swampy levels found here and there on the road ftom Bagamoyo? and (2) Was it possible to employ on the entire line the waggen drawn by bllllocks, so common in the colonies of South Africa, and that without risk from the tsetse-fly? And as the Rev. Rot,er Price, who has had long experience of roads ancl waggons in South Afiica, was then in England, they requested Mr. Price to proceed to Zanzibar to make these inquiries on the spot. The following is a brief outline of Mr. Price's proceedings, and of their result.
  • 877,
  • B- 26, 1877,
  • Mr. Price arrived at Zanzibar on May 2nd, 1876, and, havillb gained much inforlnation bearing upon his purpose, he resolved to pay a preliminary visit to Sadani, on the African coast, and confer with Bwfina Heri, the chief of the tdistrict, respecting a j ourney into the interior.
  • Mr. Price that no f) was known on that road which killed bullocks, and that cattle wele frequently brought down to the coast from the interior. The arrival of an ivory caravan from near Unyanyembe proved that the route proposed was actually isl use, and the information derived from its people i
  • that it contained no speci
  • diffioulties.
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