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kwanelealicia

Orange Free State* - Countries - Office of the Historian - 1 views

history.state.gov/...orange-free-state

Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Orange Free State
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Orange Free State was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902. It is one of the three historical precursors to the present-day Free State province.
  • The Orange Free State was a Boer republic in southern Africa. The Boers, of Dutch ancestry, had settled the area earlier in the nineteenth century. The 1854 Bloemfontein Convention recognized the independence of the Orange Free State, which was located between the Orange and the Vaal Rivers. The Orange Free State was a republic modeled upon the U.S. constitution, but restricted franchise to white males.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Southern African Boer nation known as the Orange Free State. Early in the nineteenth century, Dutch immigrants known as Boers inhabited the region. The Orange Free State, positioned between the Orange and Vaal Rivers, was granted independence by the Bloemfontein Convention in 1854. A republic based on the U.S. constitution, the Orange Free State only allowed white men to vote.
  • The Orange Free State was a Boer republic in southern Africa. The Boers, of Dutch ancestry, had settled the area earlier in the nineteenth century. The 1854 Bloemfontein Convention recognized the independence of the Orange Free State, which was located between the Orange and the Vaal Rivers. The Orange Free State was a republic modeled upon the U.S. constitution, but restricted franchise to white males.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • In 1867 diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State and by 1870 there were sufficient reserves of diamonds to stimulate a “rush” of several thousand fortune hunters. Other important Orange Free State exports that gained a wider world market during the 1860s were ostrich feathers and ivory, obtained by hunting the region’s elephants
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Diamonds were found in the Orange Free State in 1867, and by 1870 there were enough diamond deposits to cause a rush of a few thousand would-be millionaires. Ostrich feathers and ivory, which were harvested from the area's elephants, were other significant Orange Free State products that expanded their global market during the 1860s.
  • The expanding commercial trade prompted the United States to complete its first international agreement with the Orange Free State, the Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition of 1871, and also recognize the young republic.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      I think that this is an important peace of information because the author explains how the Agreement of Goodwill and Economics and Extradition of 1871, which the United States concluded with the Orange Free State as part of its first international deal, and the nascent republic's recognition were both motivated by the growth of economic trade.
  • The 1902 Peace of Vereeniging, which ended the Boer War, annexed the Orange Free State to the British Empire.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Here the author tells us that the Orange Free State was incorporated into the British Empire as part of the 1902 Peace of Vereeniging, which put an end to the Boer War.
  • The first known act of recognition between the United States and the Republic of the Orange Free State occurred in 1871 when plenipotentiaries for the two states signed a Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition on December 22, 1871.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      When appointed officials representing the two nations approved the Agreement of Amity and Trade and The act of extradition on December 22, 1871, it was the first documented instance of an acknowledgment among the United States of America and the nation of the Republic of the Orange Free State.
  • 1776-1909
  • Consular Presence
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Consular presence is an official appointed by a sovereign state to protect its commercial interests and aid its citizens in a foreign city.
  • The first U.S. Consul assigned to the Orange Free State was Ernst Richard Landgraf, who was appointed as U.S. Consular Agent to Bloemfontein on December 16, 1891. U.S. consular agents remained posted at Bloemfontein after its incorporation into the British Empire until the post was closed by agency order on November 30, 1928.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ernst Richard Landgraf, who was appointed as the United States' first consular agent at Bloemfontein on December 16, 1891, served as the nation's first consul in the Orange Free State. After Bloemfontein joined the British Empire, U.S. consular officials remained stationed there until the post was disbanded on November 30, 1928, under agency directive.
  • William M. Malloy
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Author.
  • Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements Between The United States of American and Other Powers
  • Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1910).
  • Full diplomatic relations between the United States and the Orange Free State were never established. In 1899, the Orange Free State declared war upon the British and fought alongside its sister Boer republic, the South African Republic, during the Boer War (1899-1902). The British occupied the capital of Bloemfontein in 1900.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      The United States never established formal diplomatic ties with the Orange Free State. During the Boer War (1899-1902), which took place between the Boer Republics of South Africa and the Orange Free State, the latter declared war on the former in 1899. In 1900, Bloemfontein became the new British colony's capital.
  • Diplomatic Relations
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Diplomatic relations is the arrangement between two countries by which each has representatives in the other country.
  • The United States and the Orange Free State never established diplomatic relations.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Why did they not establish any diplomatic relations? I mean exchanges on the surplus of another country could be beneficial to the other's deficit, and the other way around.
  • On December 22, 1871, the United States signed a Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition with the Orange Free State in Bloemfonten, Orange Free State. The convention was negotiated and signed by U.S. Special Agent Willard W. Edgcomb, who served at the time as American Consul at the Cape of Good Hope, and the government secretary of the Orange Free State, Friedrich Kaufman Höhne. This convention was denounced on January 4, 1895 by the Government of Orange Free State.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      So basically a Convention of Friendship and Commerce and Extradition between the United States and the Orange Free State was signed on December 22, 1871, at Bloemfontein, Orange Free State. U.S. Special Agent Willard W. Edgcomb, who was then the American Consul at the Cape of Good Hope, and Friedrich Kaufman Höhne, the Orange Free State's government secretary, worked out the terms of the convention and signed it. On January 4, 1895, this convention was condemned by the Orange Free State government.
  • Colonization
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Colonization is ​the act of taking control of an area or a country that is not your own, especially using force, and sending people from your own country to live there.
  • The Orange Free State ceased to exist as an independent, sovereign state in 1902 as a result of the process of colonization that carved up much of the African continent into areas of European empire. There were several states like the Orange Free State, with which the United States had treaties or sometimes even diplomatic relations, that were incorporated into another state’s overseas empire.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 26 Apr 23
       
      Due to the colonization process, which divided much of the African continent into regions under the control of the European empire, the Orange Free State ceased to exist as a free, sovereign state in 1902. It included a number of states, such as the Orange Free State, that were absorbed into the overseas empire of another state with which the United States had treaties or occasionally even diplomatic relations.
nqobilemaseko41

Banning the sale of modern firearms in Africa: On the origins of the Brussels Conferenc... - 3 views

shared by nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 constituted the first international agreement on global arms control, a fact that points to the imperial legacy of international arms trade regulation.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      the brussels conference act of 1890 was a turning point in the trade of firearms in East africa
  • imperial powers
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      19th centuary- activitives in Africa being dictated by the West
  • It was only in the decades after the middle of the 19th century that arms importation grew substantially,
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • omestic production of guns developed in East Africa
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      little production of firearms in east africa suggesting that majority came from outside the region
  • Imported guns were either newly produced, predominantly in Liège and Birmingham, or reworked from discarded weapons stemming from various European, North American and South Asian arsenals
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      firearms present in east africa came from countries outside africa. this suggests that guns were invented outside Africa
  • found their way into military, economic and social contexts and figured among the most sought-after commodities of the region
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      the introduction of firearms might have strenghtened East African armies and were a source of status ie if you had a firearm you were given higher social status
  • objects of masculine gender identity
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      raises the question of women in society at this time. were women allowed to have firearms or ?
  • Firearms also gained strong economic relevance in East Africa, mainly due to their use for commercial hunting
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      this suggest a switch from ancient ways of hunting such as bow and arrow to more advanced which is the use of firearms
  • Abushiri revolt.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      "The Abushiri revolt, also known as the slave trader revolt (German: Sklavenhändlerrevolte), was an insurrection in 1888-1889 by the Arab and Swahili population of the areas of the coast of East Africa that were granted, under protest, to Germany by the Sultan of Zanzibar in 1888. It was eventually suppressed by a German expeditionary corps which conquered the coastal area"
  • this must be seen against the background of increased armed resistance against European rule and of the already existing co-operation in East Africa.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      regulation measures were implemeted to limit firearm trade that fueled resistance against the colonial powers
  • The memorandum already mentioned the idea of including the arms trade issue in the earlier envisioned anti-slavery conference.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      firearm regulation in east africa went hand in hand with the abolishment of slave trade
  • Brussels Conference assembled in November 1889
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      the Brussels Conference Act of 1890 on the prohibition of slave trade and slavery in Africa. The convention favoured colonial policies, justified by the anti-slavery argument.[
  • the issue of the slave trade became a proxy for negotiating the much more politically pressing issue of the arms trade.
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      scholars argue that the event and its origins were shaped primarily by a narrow national interest. Governments paid lip-service to humanitarian goals in order to legitimize their imperial aims.
  • The vast majority of the African population was, if at all, only allowed to purchase and possess firearms of outdated patterns, mainly smooth-bore muzzleloading guns and common powder
    • nqobilemaseko41
      nqobilemaseko41 on 29 Mar 23
       
      firearms were not entirely banned
motlolisi066

CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND INDEPENDENT AFRICAN CHIEFDOMS IN SOUTH AFRICA IN THE 19TH CENTUR... - 1 views

Lebohang Motlolisi 222235011

shared by motlolisi066 on 22 May 23 - No Cached
  • Missionary activity amongst the Bantu-speaking people in South Africa started at the beginning of the 19th century. Today, according to census returns, 70%of the African population describe themselves as Christians. There was, however, a good deal of initial resistance to Christianisation on the part of independent African chiefs and their people. It is true that the chiefs generally welcomed missionaries; but this was because of their usefulness in such secular spheres as diplomacy and technology. Their religious and moral teachings necessarily involved an attack on African customs, and so were perceived as subversive of the social order and of chiefly authority. This, together with the missionaries' association with the British colonial authority, made conversion appear an act of disloyalty. A convert was seen as casting off his own people and throwing in his lot with the Whites. Consequently chiefs actively discouraged conversion. The converts the missionaries made tended to be the outcasts and misfits of tribal society. Missionaries, discouraged at the frustration of their work, became more and more inclined to the view that the overthrow of savage customs and of chiefly authority by the imposition of British rule was the necessary precondition for African acceptance of the gospel. And, indeed, as the independent power of chiefs was replaced by that of White magistrates, and as economic as well as political factors caused the disintegration of the traditional social structure, so it became easier for members of African societies to accept the new religion without seeming to be traitors to their own people. But converts found they were not accepted as equals by their White co-religionists. This, together with the continuing cultural distinctiveness of African Christians, has led in many cases to Christianity being embraced not simply as it was proffered but in a form adapted to African needs. This content downloaded from 154.117.167.42 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 16:46:49 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Stickynote
    • motlolisi066
      motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
       
      missionary in chiefdomsy,religion
  • COPE Missionary activity amongst the Bantu-speaking people in South Africa started at the beginning of the 19th century. Today, according to census returns, 70%of the African population describe themselves as Christians. There was, however, a good deal of initial resistance to Christianisation on the part of independent African chiefs and their people. It is true that the chiefs generally welcomed missionaries; but this was because of their usefulness in such secular spheres as diplomacy and technology. Their religious and moral teachings necessarily involved an attack on African customs, and so were perceived as subversive of the social order and of chiefly authority. This, together with the missionaries' association with the British colonial authority, made conversion appear an act of disloyalty. A convert was seen as casting off his own people and throwing in his lot with the Whites. Consequently chiefs actively discouraged conversion. The converts the missionaries made tended to be the outcasts and misfits of tribal society. Missionaries, discouraged at the frustration of their work, became more and more inclined to the view that the overthrow of savage customs and of chiefly authority by the imposition of British rule was the necessary precondition for African acceptance of the gospel. And, indeed, as the independent power of chiefs was replaced by that of White magistrates, and as economic as well as political factors caused the disintegration of the traditional social structure, so it became easier for members of African societies to accept the new religion without seeming to be traitors to their own people. But converts found they were not accepted as equals by their White co-religionists. This, together with the continuing cultural distinctiveness of African Christians, has led in many cases to Christianity being embraced not simply as it was proffered but in a form adapted to African needs. ********
    • motlolisi066
      motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
       
      In paragraph 1 colonialism had a negative effect on the work progress of African missionaries ,because white magistatres overpowered black people that were already in charge which made it hard for them to work or progress.
  • by R.L. COPE Missionary activity amongst the Bantu-speaking people in South Africa started at the beginning of the 19th century. Today, according to census returns, 70%of the African population describe themselves as Christians. There was, however, a good deal of initial resistance to Christianisation on the part of independent African chiefs and their people. It is true that the chiefs generally welcomed missionaries; but this was because of their usefulness in such secular spheres as diplomacy and technology. Their religious and moral teachings necessarily involved an attack on African customs, and so were perceived as subversive of the social order and of chiefly authority. This, together with the missionaries' association with the British colonial authority, made conversion appear an act of disloyalty. A convert was seen as casting off his own people and throwing in his lot with the Whites. Consequently chiefs actively discouraged conversion. The converts the missionaries made tended to be the outcasts and misfits of tribal society. Missionaries, discouraged at the frustration of their work, became more and more inclined to the view that the overthrow of savage customs and of chiefly authority by the imposition of British rule was the necessary precondition for African acceptance of the gospel. And, indeed, as the independent power of chiefs was replaced by that of White magistrates, and as economic as well as political factors caused the disintegration of the traditional social structure, so it became easier for members of African societies to accept the new religion without seeming to be traitors to their own people. But converts found they were not accepted as equals by their White co-religionists. This, together with the continuing cultural distinctiveness of African Christians, has led in many cases to Christianity being embraced not simply as it was proffered but in a form adapted to African needs.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • CHRISTIAN
    • motlolisi066
      motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
       
      The Taung Child is among the most important early human fossils ever discovered. It was the first hominid to be discovered in Africa, a species later named Australopithecus africanus, supporting Charles Darwin's concepts that the closest living relatives of humans are the African apes.
  • s. The Gqunukhwebe
    • motlolisi066
      motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
       
      What is a Qgunukhwebe chief? Ama Gqunukhwebe is a chiefdom of the Xhosa Nation that was created under the reign of King Tshiwo (1670-1702) of amaXhosa who was a grandfather to Gcaleka and Rharhabe. It consisted mostly of the Khoi chiefdoms (Gonaqua, Hoengeniqua, Inqua and others) that had been displaced by colonists and became incorporated into the Xhosa nation.
  • motlolisi066 on 22 May 23
     
    Missionaries were an advantage for African people because it created oppurtunities for people to learn new skills and once they had those necessary skills like reading they could even use it for religious things for instance read bible versus and teach people how to read the bible .
makofaneprince

History of Southern Africa.pdf - 1 views

makofane Prince 221081879

shared by makofaneprince on 19 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • He strengthened his new nation by raiding local Tembu and Xhosa groups for cattle and adopting the use of horses and fi rearms.
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 19 Apr 23
       
      many kings used firearms to strengthen their kingdoms and armies
  • The Cape Colony’s government intended to destroy the powers of the Sotho chiefs and revise their traditional laws, and attractive land in Basutoland was earmarked for white occupation
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 19 Apr 23
       
      this act was done as a way of civilizing the natives since they were termed uncivilized
  • 1879 Disarmament Act, ordering the Sotho to disarm and hand in their guns
    • makofaneprince
      makofaneprince on 19 Apr 23
       
      the act was mostly aimed at weakening the tribals and trying to get them to surrender
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • After the war the Sotho were permitted to retain their arms, though they were to pay an annual tax on each gun. By 1882, however, the Sotho were refusing to register their fi rearms and thus evaded the tax.
tendaim

Full article: Guns, Race and Power in Colonial South Africa - 4 views

www.tandfonline.com/...03086530903157797

History 2A Tendai Mangena 221060211

shared by tendaim on 03 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Guns are both ubiquitous in colonial encounters and occupy an ambiguous place in early imperial enterprise
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea why did guns have such a strong rise and hold during colonial times and why did the british allow Africans to have guns if they were knew that they did not want Africans to have a potential power over them?
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea why did guns have such a strong rise and hold during colonial times and why did the british allow Africans to have guns if they were knew that they did not want Africans to have a potential power over them?
  • relationship of guns to notions of race and citizenship throughout the mid and late nineteenth century
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea
  • guns were a central part of Xhosa and Zulu polities
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      tribal/race theme
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • guns were integral to South African society
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      theme of guns
  • relationship of guns to notions of race and citizenship throughout the mid and late nineteenth century
  • The creation of the diamond and then gold industries fostered a great expansion of the market for firearms
  • 1870s with the development of longer-ranged weapons with the capacity to fire repeatedly and quickly.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      theme of guns
  • who should own guns and precisely what that implied now became a central issue of the politics of citizenship.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      tribal/ race theme
  • idea that gun ownership should be controlled along racial lines
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      tribal/race theme
  • John Gordon Sprigg, who saw guns in African hands as a threat to imperial rule
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important tribal and racial theme
  • part of the trend to exclude from citizenship those with black skins, even if they qualified in terms of literacy or economic possessions.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      main idea
  • the Hlubi chief Langalibelile and Theophilus Shepstone, the powerful secretary for native affairs, in Natal in the mid-1870s.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • the Hlubi chief Langalibelile and Theophilus Shepstone, the powerful secretary for native affairs, in Natal in the mid-1870s.
  • the Cape in 1879 when the ninth Xhosa war was used as the excuse to pass the nicely named Peace Preservation Act which effectively provided the legal means to prohibit gun ownership on a racial basis.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • Cape-Sotho War of 1879–80 which followed the attempt by the Cape government, led by Sprigg, to use the Peace Preservation Act to disarm the Sotho.
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • the Peace Preservation Act succeeded in imposing restraints upon African ownership of firearms
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      important
  • he Cape Colony, the home of South African liberalism
    • tendaim
      tendaim on 23 Apr 23
       
      shocking fact I just learned
nrtmakgeta

Guns, Race, and Skill in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa.pdf - 6 views

Nrt makgeta NTSHEDI MAKGETA 222150147

shared by nrtmakgeta on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Guns, Race, and Imperialism
  • Guns, Race, and Imperialism
  • By the 1870s, pseudoscientific racism had taken hold among European
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • licymakers, who increasingly believed that it would be difficult to transfer technical skills to colonial subjects. C
  • cal knowledge and practices circulated in complex ways; they were not simply transferred from the European core to the colonial periphery, as the development of local firearms in southern Africa makes clear. People living in the colonies made end-user modifications to both imperialist technologies and imperialist ideologies.31
  • It was precisely in the 1870s - the Scramble for Africa - that Africans became more deeply enmeshed in southern Africa's emerging capitalist economy, frequently using their wages to buy guns. African gun ownership concerned both British and Boer settlers, who saw firearms not only as tools of civilian life on the frontier but also as instruments of political power. It also concerned British and Boer officials, who incorporated disarmament into their plans to despoil Africans of their land. While developing plans to disarm, dispossess, and disenfranchise Africans, British settlerpoliticians argued that whites should take care to maintain their skills with arms - not to denude the environment of animals but to defend against attacks by dangerous Africans.
    • nrtmakgeta
      nrtmakgeta on 24 Apr 23
       
      This is the introduction of how guns came in southern Africa , after the Scramble for Africa in 1870s to be precise. African were using their money from their emerging economy to buy guns, this made the Boers and British settlers in Africa to not be settled and they were very concerned about this matter.
  • G. 3 Southern Africa in the 1870s. (Map by author and
  • To understand colonial gun control, it is important to r
  • colonies of
  • olitics. The commission's investigations did overturn one stereotype. Throughout the English-speaking world, settlers on the frontier were supposed to be heavily armed and skilled with weapons. Yet the testimony before the commission revealed that settlers in the Eastern Cape were lightly armed and inexperienc
  • ces. According to the 50th Ordinance of 1828, all Cape citizens were equal before the law
  • y. Guns had been subject to.a variety of sporadically enforced regulations since the seventeenth century. In the 1870s, permits to purchase firearms could be issued by unsalaried justices of the peace as well as by salaried resident magistrates. Rules for issuing permits were spelled out in the colony's Circular No. 4 of 1874, which instructed resident magistrates to issue gun permits only to Africans who were "fit" to possess guns without defining how, exactly, they were to determine fitne
  • n Africa had different native policies. There were two independent Boer republics across the Orange River from the Cape Colony, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal). These restricted citizenship to European men and deprived Africans of all civic rights, including any right to possess weapons. To the east, in the British colony of Natal, guns had to be registered with British magistrates who supervised African chiefs. (African chiefdoms remained substantially intact so that chiefs might administer customary law under the supervision of the colony's lieutenant governor.) Chiefs retained a degree of autonomy in certain other regions along the Cape Colony's borders, such as the Transkei, Lesotho, and Griqualand East, while the Mpondo remained indepen
  • s.35 In 1876 the British settlers of the Eastern Cape began to protest what they considered irregularities in the regulation of African gun ownership. The debates that ensued acquired a broad significance for South African politics, and their prominence, in parliament and in newspapers, accented the importance of skills in the use of firearms and highlighted the everyday practice of carrying weapon
  • more stringent gun control. Most witnesses opposed the arming of Africans.36 Witnesses and commissioners linked gun ownership to broader policy debates about citizenship that had been going on for some time in the Cape Colony, and that were intensifying dur
  • ractically with them if the danger becomes real, are not inclined to agree."37 One regular officer of the British army, Lieutenant Colonel Crossman of the Royal Engineers, agreed with Froude. In a confidential report to Carnarvon on diamond miners in Kimberley, he argued that only long-serving Africans ought to be permitted to purchase guns. "For my own part," he continued, "I would not allow guns to be sold to the natives at all. They do not purchase them for hunting but for purposes of war. They are not satisfied with the common exported article, but endeavour to obtain the best rifles they can purchase, saying 'that as the red [British] soldier uses good rifles they also must have th
  • rship. The problem Ella saw was not that guns themselves would make Africans more dangerous, but that the "possessor of [a gun] gets thoughts into his head which might not otherwise get there." Africans did not buy guns with the idea of attacking Europeans, but "when a lot of men with guns get together they might get ideas of that nature into their heads."43 A superficial analysis of these settlers' statements would dismiss them as deterministic. But if we accept the Comaroffs' claim that the everyday material practices of colonialism were associated with hotly contested changes in ontology and epistemology, they take on new significance. Ideas about the use of guns were instrumental in ra
  • Justices of the peace received no such instructions, and many settlers felt that they were too liberal in issuing permits
  • In 1876, as fear of a Xhosa attack mounted, some settlers and soldiers fretted about whether the Europeans living in the Eastern Cape were well-enough trained in the use of firearms. E. B. Chalmers of the Frontier Armed and Mounted Police testified that few Eastern Cape settlers even owned gun
  • Several other settlers also called attention to the state of affairs. According to two witnesses, fewer than half the settlers owned guns, although more knew how to use them, and more of the young men were learning.45 According to another witness, "farmers and their sons" not only lacked arms, they had also lost the skill of riding while carrying a gun.46 It took a great deal of time to manage a farm or wor
  • while carrying a gun.46 It took a great deal of time to manage a farm or work at a craft, and settlers frequently lacked the leisure to hunt or take tar
  • p. In the 1878 session of the Cape Parliament, Sprigg succeeded in steering through a set of bills that created an all-white militia. He also secured passage of the Peace Preservation Act, which provided for disarming parts of the population; the governor was empowered to proclaim certain districts subject to the act, and could then instruct magistrates to determine who should
  • urn in their arms and who might keep them. The act was not in itself discriminatory, but it was understood that Europeans in proclaimed districts would keep their arms and that Africans would turn theirs in. Those who were forced to surrender their weapons would be compensated. According to Sprigg, this measure was necessary "for getting arms out of the hands of disloyal na
  • Cape Colony, Sir Bartle Frere, embodied the full range of colonial rhetoric. When liberals challenged the disarmament of Basutoland, Frere mocked liberal arguments that "a native tr
  • armed with firearms [is] less formidable than one armed after their own fashion with assegai
  • nrtmakgeta on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a JSTOR article. It speaks about how the economy of Africans was emerging(newly formed or prominent) basically their economy was growing and they got to buy guns. Them (Africans) buying and owning guns came as a threat to the Boers and the colonizers' as they thought that Africans cannot or do not have the skills needed to use guns and they will use them in a bad way influencing each other to misuse their guns. Hence the process of disarming African was introduced whereby they had to have permits to own guns and only whites were allowed to own guns .
zenethian

Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 2 views

Zenethian VanRoss

shared by zenethian on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 1879
  • On 22 January 1879, the British army suffered its worst colonial defeat of the nineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons then available were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army––an impi––of 25,000 warriors armed only with spears.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The Zulu forces attained a brilliant and famous victory at Isandlwana.
  • remarkable
  • ...42 more annotations...
  • a small mission station named Rorke’s Drift made these events more remarkable still. Here, 120 men decided to stand and fight rather than flee the advancing impi that had just wiped out their comrades. At bayonet point, they fought a last-round defense against 4,000 Zulu
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British won at the Rorkes Drift.
  • eleven Victoria Crosses
  • the British Empire provides an example of greedy capitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets and raw materials
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      It was plainly this motive.
  • Zululand, invaded by British forces in 1879, but left un-annexed until 1887
  • economic motives drove imperial expansion in Africa in the last quarter of the nineteenth century
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      British were ultimately ambitious for Africa and its possessions.
  • Before this mineral revolution, South Africa was too poor to tempt the British government into increasing its control there for economic reasons
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British empire were only seeking South Africas resources.
  • What the British wanted was control of the route to India, and this meant control of the ports: Cape
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Britain wanted control of the route to India.
  • T own, Simonstown, and Durban
  • By 1876, Britain was without doubt the strongest power in the region, but both the Zulus and the Boers were unwilling to recognize that and were determined to resist British influence.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The two groups were adamant in its opposition to Britain conquest.
  • always on the lookout for ways to complicate Britain’s imperial problems. 8
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Boers made this move to disturb Britain.
  • a British invasion of Zululand, the strategic control of the Cape route to India assumes greater significance
  • article will argue that the roots of this war lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India and the particular strategic situation of the British Empire in 1879
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      the route to India has strategic importance.
  • Lord Carnarvon’s concern with security that powered his controversial policy of confederation for South Africa, whereby the problems of defense among others would be solved by amalgamating the various states—Boer, African, and British—into one powerful British bastion on the Canadian mode
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      British leaders had a policy of confederation.
  • he Cape may become to us a station of first-class value.” 11 It was essential therefore to make it “an imperial station for military and naval purposes.” 12
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The Cape was used for British purposes.
  • The Cape feared it would end up paying for the Boers’ wars against indigenous Africans while the Boers distrusted any British proposals on principle.
  • that confederation was primarily intended to bring South Africa into a state of defense
  • None of the biographers of Frere, Carnarvon, nor Hicks-Beach referred to their role in setting up a Colonial Defense Committee long before the more famous Committee of Imperial Defense was established after the Boer War
  • Political and Secret Committee on the Indian Council
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere was head of this council.
  • As well as being an “Indian” administrator of enormous talent, a zealous antislavery campaigner and humanitarian, Frere was one of the foremost defense thinkers of the day
  • was he who wrote the plan for the defense of India,
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere wrote a defense plan for India against the British.
  • his successor as commander there, Lord Chelmsford.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere successor was lord Chelmsford
  • Constantinople fell to the Russians then their fleet would be able to interdict the Mediterranean route to Indi
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      This was important for Britain because the city provided a land bridge between Europe and Asia.
  • and singled out Frere for praise in his efforts to take the Cape defenses in hand
  • This aspect of South African affairs has been entirely neglected in the historiography, which tends to look at Frere almost entirely through the prism of the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.
  • vital link in the imperial defense chain.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere had a vital link in the defense , which included South Africa.
  • onal situation. For Frere, however, making Cape Town secure was only part of the answer to external threats, and he argued that there were a number of opportunities for European powers to intervene in Southern Africa if they so wished.
  • He annexed Walfisch Bay 34 and the mouth of the St. John’s River, 35 both potential sites for a port, and pressed for the annexation of all territories between the Cape Colony and Natal and for a “complete and exact survey” of all the coastline. 3
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere annexed territory.
  • Frere made strenuous efforts to construct local forces through the Peace Preservation Act of 1878, 40 including a revived Cape Mounted Rifles, which would go some way to alleviating the defenselessness of the Colony
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere took some measures to protect the Colony of the Cape.
  • the beginning that imperial troops would be needed to defeat a major threat and applied for two regiments in July 1877. 41
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      However, Frere needed the help of the imperial powers: Britain.
  • securing South Africa through confederation
  • Sir Bartle Frere as High Commissioner
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Was high commissioner,and administrator in India and finally in South Africa.
  • In reality, Frere reacted to events in places where he could have little actual day-to-day control. South Africa is a very big place, and communications were so appallingly bad that he was never able to impose his will on events within the frontiers as much as he wanted.
  • Carnarvon had authorized Shepstone to annex the Transvaal if he felt the time was ripe, but neither he nor Frere expected him to act so soon and without prior consultation.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Carnarvon authorized the annexation of the Transvaal.
  • Paul Kruger, set off for London and Europe to petition for the removal of British rule.
  • The second Boer republic, the Orange Free State, rejected confederation the next month.
  • He was also aware that the annexation would have repercussions for the relations of Britain with the Zulus, in that the British had now inherited Boer border quarrels with Cetshwayo, the Zulu King, who would no doubt look on this development as something of a diplomatic revolution. 48
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Cetshwhayo was the Zulu King.
  • Although the Zulus had moved up Frere’s list of priorities, they still ranked far behind the construction of adequate naval defenses and the untangling of Shepstone’s Transvaal fiasco
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The Zulus was indeed on Freres List of priorities.
  • Frere had won a desperate bureaucratic struggle over the necessity to centralize control of the armed forces, both imperial and colonial, under his own command, the Natal telegraph told him that the Zulus had committed a series of border violations
  • replace those weak polities based upon semi-independent clans and chiefdoms
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Frere taught that the Capes security was dependent upon replacing the following:
  • Cape strategic security was ever to be achieved.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Britain through Frere wanted to achieve the Capes security.
  • Cetshwayo’s acts as “indicative of an intention to bring about war .”
  • Rather , he was a shrewd leader who unfortunately suffered from an overwhelming ignorance of the extent of British power .
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Cetshwayo did not understand the power of the British military.
ncamisilenzuza9

Slaves, Workers, and Wine: The 'Dop System' in the History of the Cape Wine Industry, 1... - 2 views

Ncamisile Nzuza History 2A

shared by ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Providing wine to workers ‘as partial remuneration’ was unequivocally made illegal in 1809
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Providing wine as remuneration to slave workers was part of the idea of cheap labor, because slaves worked hard in the farms at the Cape only to be cheated by their slave owners by being paid back with a glass of wine. Therefore, to slaves the banning of wine as being a remuneration was aa win for slaves, because it was an unjust act towards them.
  • lavery and wine continued to provide the economic foundation for the Cape under the British and Batavia
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      For slaves to continue providing the economic foundation of the Cape, they had to endure exploitation from their slave owners, such as cheap labor. Therefore, slavery was the key foundation of the economy of the Cape, because slaves labored hard on the farms.
  • Netherlanders’
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • The Cape wine industry was built on the labour of slaves
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape Colony is dominated by vineyards, especially in the western Cape, so the rapid increase in wine export meant more slaves were needed for labor at the farms. The increase in slaves meant that the wine industry was being dominated by slaves, which proves that the wine industry was built on the labor of slaves.
  • an van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape as Commander of the Company settlement on 6 April 1652
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The arrival of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape Colony was viewed or is still viewed in different ways. Some viewed his arrival as the beginning of colonial repression and resistance, and some viewed it as the beginning of white civilization.
  • 1657, van Riebeeck released nine Company servants (knechten) from the Company’s service as freemen (vrije luiden).
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Jan van Riebeeck was a bit lenient with African slaves, he was aware of the inhumane act done by the slave trade or slave owners, which is why he released some of the slaves.
  • slaves and their masters producing wine and wheat
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Cape also had farms that produced wheat, wheat is also a crop that requires so much labor, so slaves also played a huge role in the production of wheat.
  • Khoi were in a position to resist labour discipline and avoid hard manual labour.
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Khoisan's were hunter gathers so they were used to manual labor, so the VOC saw them as a good investment to turn them into slaves, but as hunter gathers the Khoisan's were not always available. They did not stay in one place, because of hunting they would move from one place to another. Which is why they had a chance to resist hard manual labor as slaves.
  • Burghers
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      What were Burghers? Historically, the term Burgher refers to a non-slave or serf citizen of a town or city, typically a member of the wealth bourgeoisie.
  • expected the Company to discipline errant slaves brutally and to ensure their return to their owners
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Slaves were not considered as humans which is why they were brutally treated, which was an inhumane act towards the slaves.
  • ports of slaves were insufficient to meet the year-round needs of arable and livestock farmers. Khoi provided most of the labour for stock farme
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Imported slaves were insufficient because they had to travel on sea for a long time in cargo ships, so they would arrive after a certain period of time. Moreover, since Khoisan's were good with live stock, they did most of the labor for stock farms.
  • children of slave fathers and free mothers – would be apprenticed (‘ingeboek’) to serve the master of the slave until the age of 25
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The whole system of slavery was unfair especially to the children, because being a slave was sort of an inheritance to them, a bad inheritance. The slave owners did not care about the education of the children of slaves, which was legally unfair.
  • The abolition of the slave trade in 1808 preceded the export-led and tariff-assisted expansion in wine production between 1815 and 1830
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Slavery at the Cape Colony was abolished in the 1830s by which the colony was under the British rule. However, the abolishment of slavery challenged the wheat and wine industry, because of the scarcity of labor these industries struggled.
  • The ‘Caledon’ Proclamation of 1809
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The 'Caledon' Proclamation also known as the Hottenot Code, was a decree issued by governor of the Cape Colony at the time to restrict the mobility of Khoisan's.
  • ottentot’
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Khoisan's were also referred to as 'Hottenots, .
  • e Ordinance was intended to establish a ‘proper relation between master and servant’
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Ordinance aimed to establish the equality between master and servant, slave owners and slave workers.
  • And, adding tobacco, the Ordinance also ‘enacted, that no Liquor or Tobacco shall be admitted as Money due for Wages, or in any manner charged in account against any such Hottentot or free Person of Colour
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The Ordinance also helped in the demolishing of cheap labor, slaves were not to be cheated of their hard work.
  • The Slave Proclamation
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      What was the slave proclamation? It was a law that promoted the release of slaves.
  • Slavery formally ended on 1 December 1834
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      This is when slavery ended in at the Cape Colony.
  • reed slaves left their former owners when they were emancipated ‘to escape the bonds of farm labou
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Many slaves left their slave owners, because they were brutally treated by their slave owners prior to the abolishment of slave trade.
  • Emancipatio
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Emancipation meant to free from control and power, so that allowed women slaves more freedom to make their own choices. So, the abolishment of slavery did some good to slaves.
  • Slaves had commonly been given garden plots. Farmers found themselves pushed into extending this provision by granting their freed workers ‘lodging’ and ‘plots for sowing and gardening’ where their wives and children could meet the families’ food needs.
    • ncamisilenzuza9
      ncamisilenzuza9 on 22 Apr 23
       
      The abolishment of slavery also allowed slaves to have their own properties.
anda mdlokolo

Slavery in Africa - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - 2 views

www.oxfordbibliographies.com/...obo-9780199846733-0085.xml

Anda Mdlokolo-222024267

shared by anda mdlokolo on 13 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery in Africa is a very old institution with diverse origins, forms, and ramifications.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the fact that slavery was not a new thing that happened in Africa . It was an act that already existed in various parts of the world.
  • herefore subject to different perceptions and definitions
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery has different perceptions . Some people view it as an act of inhuman whilst others saw slavery mainly as a "business transaction".
  • Forms of servitude like polygyny, tribute payments, and retainership of royal households were practiced in Africa but were not slavery in the strict sense of the word, though they are known to have created enabling conditions for slavery. The history of slavery in the continent shows development from servitude to slavery,
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      In simpler terms , this ,means that African's already practised a sense of having servants work for them in their households and royal kingdoms , however , they did not practise slavery . This then poses a debate cause if African's practised having servants that went through the conditions of slavery , one can argue and say they influenced the mindsets of the Europeans into enslaving the Africans.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The trans-Atlantic, trans–Red Sea/Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan slave trades appear to have been largely responsible for introducing slavery and analogous practices among many African peoples.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      There were other slave trades that existed prior the Trans-Atlantic slave trade , however , the Trans-Atlantic slave trade was labelled and recorded as the biggest slave trade as many Africans were enslaved to European countries and other African countries.
  • slavery is defined as the subjugation of individuals to temporary or permanent involuntary servitude, including using such persons as chattels, as sex slaves, and in rituals. Slavery is not determined by the way an enslaved person is treated but by the fact that the function such a person performs is involuntary.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was the act of "owning " a person. " slaves" were sold to the highest bidder and that bidder had a sense of possession upon that slave . The bidder / the slave -owner had the right to use and treat the slave the way they had desired too. The slaves were treated as sex slaves , labourers and many more . In some regions , the slaves worked for their " masters " which is the slave owner till they die or become unworthy of their services.
  • Though slavery in Africa dates back to the periods of ancient Egypt, Roman imperialism in North Africa, and the epoch of ceremonial kingship of ancient empires of Sudan, it became a terrible experience only during the external slave trade.
  • European colonization of Africa is linked to the trans-slave trade in that it weakened the continent so badly that it did not take much effort on the part of European imperialists to colonize it. It also exposed the rich resources of the continent, which the Europeans exploited with impunity through colonization.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      The trans-Atlantic slave trade led to the colonisation of the African continent by the Europeans , as the Europeans has superiority among the African's and saw the Africans as inferior.
sinbomimapukata

CO 50/7, Cape of Good Hope Certified Copies of Acts - Document - Nineteenth Century Col... - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Sinobomi Mapukata History 2A 222080384

shared by sinbomimapukata on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • sinbomimapukata on 26 Apr 23
     
    This official document (The master and servant Act) contains regulations that have been made about servants and their masters; in the Cape of Good Hope, servants were native people, while their masters were white people. This document explains the connection between a master and their servant in detail, stating that the master may arrest the servant without a warrant if they fail to appear in court if the servant is suspected of any offense.
  • sinbomimapukata on 26 Apr 23
     
    (The Vineyard Protection Act) The vineyard is what drew European immigrants to South Africa and encouraged them to remain there permanently. This sparked a demand for land, and the cape was eventually taken over. Using locals as inexpensive labor, they were able to produce fresh produce by exploiting them.
ntsearelr

Trade and Transformation Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th Century East and... - 1 views

Lindokuhle Ntseare 222011098 History 2A

shared by ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute.
  • ivory could be translated into value both in the sphere of subsistence production and reproduction, and in the sphere of production for trade.
  • Tippu Tip.
    • ntsearelr
      ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
       
      Tippu Tip, also known as Hamed bin Muhammad el Murjebi, was a 19th-century trader, slave trader, and plantation owner who played a significant role in the history of East Africa. He was born in Zanzibar in 1837 and was the son of a successful merchant. Tippu Tip began his career as a trader, dealing in ivory and other goods. He later became involved in the slave trade, trading in slaves captured from interior regions of East Africa and selling them to buyers in Zanzibar and elsewhere. He also owned plantations in what is now Tanzania, where he employed slave labor to produce cloves, coffee, and other crops. Despite his involvement in the slave trade, Tippu Tip was also known for his diplomatic skills and his ability to navigate the complex political landscape of East Africa. He formed alliances with local rulers and played a significant role in the Arab-led slave trade networks that operated in the region.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • PORTERS, CARAVAN ROUTES AND TRADE COMMUNITIES Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade routes by peoples in the interior, particularly by the Nyamwezi and the Yao. Among the Nyamwezi, the carriage of ivory was important in the development of a body of professional porters with particular skills and a work culture that set norms for long-distance caravan transport in the 19th century
  • ivory was the basis of several kinds of transactions at the coast. It was used to discharge the debts of those who traded in the interior and was the basis for the further extension of credit, often in the form of trade goods. It was also the basis for the authority of senior merchants like Tippu Tip, who used it to acquire guns and trade goods
  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    Ruth Rempel examines the impact of the ivory trade on African societies and the processes of economic and social change that it brought about. She also explains how factors such as political factors, the consultate of Zanzibar, and caravan routes played a role. Rempel argues that the ivory trade created new patterns of trade and exchange, with local African communities acting as intermediaries between the interior and the coast, where European traders were based. These communities were drawn into the trade by the lure of European goods, such as firearms, cloth, and beads, and were able to accumulate wealth and power through their participation in the trade. At the same time, Rempel notes that the ivory trade also disrupted traditional social and economic relationships, causing conflict between different groups competing for control of the trade. European powers played a major role in shaping the ivory trade in Africa, using their control of coastal ports and trade routes to further their imperial ambitions and secure access to ivory and other resources.
lmshengu

Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration.pdf - 3 views

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nted a
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      yeilded is to give forth or produce by natural process or in return for cultivation
  • y Johann Re
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      johannes Rebmann was agerman missinary, linguist and explorer credited with feats including being the first european ,along with his colleague johann Ludwig krapf to enter africa from the indian ocean coast. in addition he was the first european to find kilimanjaro.
  • on th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is habitational name of british origin that means from the story
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • s too. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      . It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and wanted to stay more
  • ample,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mtyela Kasanda, better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief.
  • Europeans,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      NYUNGU-YA-MAWE was the exact contemporary and, for a time at least, the ally, of Mirambo-ya-banhu, the famous Nyamwezi war-lord who rose. to power in west-central Tanzania early in the second half of the nine- teenth century.
  • omoted
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting-breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. It can also refer to the state or result of being broken up or having been divided.
  • to switch from
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In matrilineal kinship sysytems,lineage and inheritance are traced through a groups female members and children are parts of their mothers and children are parts of their mothers kinship group. in contrast in patrillineal systems group membership is determined through men and children are part of their fathers kinship.
  • In the period of exploration the most notable visitors for the majority of East Africans were not the European explorers so much as other Africans and, more particularly, the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar. By the late 1870s again, it might be argued, some sort of accommodation showed signs of being reached between these traders and many African
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      For the bulk of East Africans, other Africans and especially the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar were the most famous visitors throughout the age of exploration rather than European explorers. It may be argued that by the late 1870s, some type of accommodation had been made between these traders and many Africans.
  • 'Scientific geography' did, in fact, mean, more than anything, the recording of accurate observations for latitude, longitude and height on the basis of which satis? factory maps could be constructed. In this sense, the 'discovery' of a feature like the source of the Nile was indeed a discovery for it definitively established a scientific fact.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In reality, the recording of precise observations for latitude, longitude, and height on which reliable maps could be created were what "scientific geography" really meant. In this sense, the 'finding' of a feature like the source of the Nile was legitimately a discovery because it established a scientific fact.
  • 'scientific geo
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts.
  • appear to have been in the Society mainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individuals may have joined because they considered their continental tours made them explorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthy amateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample. But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen, no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sample being
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      appear to have been in the Societymainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individualsmay have joined because they considered their continental tours made themexplorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthyamateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample.But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen,no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sammple being naval officcers.
  • out th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is insistent and positive affirming, maintaining or defending as of a right or attribute an aasertion of ownership/ innocence .
  • Clements Markha
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sir clements Robert Markham was an english geographer , explorer and writer.He was secretsry of the royal geographical society between 1863 and 1888 and later served as the society's president for a futher 12 years
  • r. There was in fact much more social and political cohesion in East African societies than most explorer
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      IN East African societies africans were more united in terms ofsocial and political than the most of the explores and the explores discovered that when they were there in east africa.
  • Although the British government moved to increase its control over East Africa for reasons that involve much wider considerations, the apparent need to improve law and order provided at least a very powerful justification. Indeed it was a necessary part of the process by which imperial objects could be achie
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Even if the British government expanded its influence over East Africa for far larger objectives, the seeming need to strengthen law and order served as at least a very strong pretext. In fact, it was a crucial step in the process of achieving imperial goals. Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.
  • precursors. It is much more difficult to attempt an answer to the question of what Africans learned or thought they learned about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa. Obviously, first of all, the explorers' direct social and economic impact was slight. It is true that Captain Speke seems to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by one of the Kabaka's
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.Answering the topic of what Africans discovered or believed they discovered about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa is far more challenging. Obviously, the direct social and economic impact of the explorers was little. It is true that according to the CMS Archives, Captain Speke appears to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by a Kabaka sister.
  • Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke, for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to be taken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable ally for one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera; in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971). Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who, unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, did frequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabs in 1
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke,for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to betaken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable allyfor one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera;in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971).Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who,unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, didfrequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabsin 1
  • European explorers could, then, have a noticeable political effect although generally only in the short term. In the longer term, their special characteristics probably operated in different and less easily described ways. Early European visits to Buganda were marked by great questionings of the explorers on the place of Man in Society and in t
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, European explorers could have an impact on politics, albeit usually in the short term. Their unique traits likely functioned in distinct and harder-to-describe ways over a longer period of time. Early European excursions to Buganda were distinguished by intense inquiries about the role of man in society and in the world.
masindi0906

Two Slave Brothers Birthed Africa's Oldest State Church | Christian History | Christian... - 2 views

www.christianitytoday.com/...hiopian-orthodox-tewahedo.html

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • While the region had been familiar with Christianity for decades, the religion was soon to spread across Axum.
  • While the region had been familiar with Christianity for decades, the religion was soon to spread across Axum.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Christianity had been practised in the area for many years, but it was shortly to become widespread across Axum.
  • Centuries later, when the first Muslims faced persecution, the prophet Muhammad instructed his followers to, “go to Abyssinia, for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress.”
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      When the early Muslims began to experience persecution centuries later, the prophet Muhammad advised his followers to "go to Abyssinia, for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from your distress."
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Abyssinia was also an early home to the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Judaism entered Abyssinia with the Queen of Sheba and later with Jewish exiles and merchants from Yemen and Egypt. (The Jewish community still exists today, although many emigrated to Israel in the 1980s.) One of the earliest Christian baptisms recorded in Scripture was the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 who took his new faith with him to his homeland. Islam came to Axum before it went to its second holiest city, Medina. This migration is known as the First Hijra, when Muhammad’s first followers fled persecution in Mecca.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all have early origins in Abyssinia. With the Queen of Sheba and subsequent Jewish refugees and traders from Yemen and Egypt, Judaism first arrived in Abyssinia. (The Jewish community is still present today, despite the fact that many moved to Israel in the 1980s.) The Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 was baptised as a Christian and returned to his native country after receiving one of the first accounts of Christian baptism in the Bible. Before spreading to Medina, Islam first arrived in Axum, its second holiest city. The initial Hijra, when Muhammad's initial adherents escaped persecution in Mecca, is referred to as this exodus.
  • Christianity heralded a new age in Abyssinia—the birth of advanced learning. A new class of people emerged fully devoted to learning and the cause of Christianity. As the first vocalized Semitic language, Geez simplified and improved reading and writing.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The advent of modern education in Abyssinia was ushered in by Christianity. A new group of individuals appeared wholly committed to education and the cause of Christianity. Geez, the earliest Semitic language to be spoken, facilitated and enhanced reading and writing.
  • oday, the Tewahdo Church has the most adherents of all the Oriental Orthodox churches and is second only to the Russian Orthodox in size among all Eastern Orthodoxy. (Most of the Oriental churches were eclipsed by the Muslim Crescent and their adherents relegated into minority status.) The Tewahdo Church, however, stayed autonomous despite its centuries-long isolation from the rest of Christendom.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Tewahdo Church currently has the most members of all Oriental Orthodox churches and is the second-largest among all Eastern Orthodoxy. (Most of the Oriental churches were overshadowed by the Muslim Crescent, and those who followed them were reduced to a small minority.) The Tewahdo Church, however, continued to exist independently despite being cut off from the rest of Christendom for many years.
  • This isolation may also have contributed to a theological rift between the Tewahdo Church and the rest of Christianity. The Tewahdo Church (whose name means “being made one” in Geez) follows the Coptic Orthodox belief in the complete union of divine and human natures into one perfectly unified nature in Christ.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Tewahdo Church and the rest of Christianity may have developed a theological divide as a result of this seclusion. The Tewahdo Church adheres to the Coptic Orthodox doctrine that the divine and human natures are totally united into one in Christ (whose name means "being made one" in Geez).
  • The Tewahdo church is the oldest and most venerated institution in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Its presence hasn’t only preserved and built up Christianity—it has created a repository of art, music, culture, poetry, and literature. While Christianity is no longer the official religion of these countries, the Tewahdo church continues to guide the moral, spiritual, and intellectual lives of its more than 45 million adherents.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The oldest and most revered organisation in Ethiopia and Eritrea is the Tewahdo church. Not only has its presence helped to strengthen and protect Christianity, but it has also helped to build a rich cultural, artistic, and literary heritage. The Tewahdo church continues to direct the moral, spiritual, and intellectual lives of its more than 45 million followers despite the fact that Christianity is no longer the recognised religion in these nations.
kgothatsolefika

Irish Missionaries in South Africa.pdf - 1 views

Lekokotla Kgothatso 222212554

shared by kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • OF the four provinces which compose the Union of South Africa namely, the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Natal, and the Cape-only the last mentioned was to any notable extent the scene of the missionary labours of Irish bishops and
    • kgothatsolefika
      kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23
       
      In South Africa's Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal, and Cape provinces, Irish bishops and missionaries were active
  • The first Europeans who came to South Africa were, of course, Catholics (Protestantism did not exist then), and their first act was a religious act. They were Portu guese, and the standard they hoisted was not the standard of Portugal but that of the Kingdom of
    • kgothatsolefika
      kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23
       
      This highlights that the first Europeans to South Africa were Catholics and Portuguese, hoisted the standard of the Kingdom of Portugal.
  • In 1674 we learn that the Catholic Church was present in the Cape at least in its
    • kgothatsolefika
      kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23
       
      This highlights the fact that catholic churches which were promoted by missionaries were present in the Cape of South Africa in 1674
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • St. Peter's College, Wexford, has the distinction of being the first nursery of Irish missionaries
    • kgothatsolefika
      kgothatsolefika on 26 Apr 23
       
      This highlight that St. Peter's College was the first nursery of Irish missionaries.
anda mdlokolo

About Archive - Slavery and Anti-Slavery: A Transnational Archive - 6 views

go.gale.com/...aboutThisArchive

Anda Mdlokolo-222024267

shared by anda mdlokolo on 13 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Most Americans do not realize that only about 6 percent of the enslaved Africans who crossed the Atlantic came to the present day United States.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      This led to the existence of " Black-Americans" . This terminology came from Africans that were enslaved from Africa and were transported to America as slaves from the Trans-Atlantic slave trade . This slaves then developed their own nationality and belonging in America and called themselves the " Black-Americans".
  • the trans-Atlantic slave trade had already been in progress for more than a century.
  • the abolition of the slave trade in the U.S. in 1808 was not the end of the trade.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • first half of the nineteenth century witnessed a very active slave trade, and U.S. shippers participated in the trade to Cuba, Brazil and other countries until its final ending in 1888. Thus the slave trade was a pan-Atlantic phenomenon that covered half the globe for four centuries.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      The act of slave trade continued till the late 1900s , as some countries made slavery a law and constitutionalised it , hence some countries abolished slavery after a long time.
  • slave trade cannot easily be studied in one country, because the system, which involved many countries from Europe and the Americas, was too complex, multi-lateral, and inter-regional for one thread to be teased out and viewed in isolation.
    • anda mdlokolo
      anda mdlokolo on 19 Apr 23
       
      Slavery was an international practised act.
  • The story of slavery does not begin with European ships arriving on the African coast. Slavery was already prefigured by the history of social stratification, war, and captivity in Africa, both before the trans-Atlantic slave trade started, and during the time of the slave trade—before enslaved Africans entered European ships.
  • European merchants had little or no involvement in the first part of the slaves' journey; that portion was in Africa and was generally the work of African rulers, merchants, and sometimes lawless figures like bandits
  • The evidence for slavery in African society, and the complex circumstances that led African elites and merchants to participate in the slave trade on the scale that they did, is largely documented by travelers who visited Africa during that period. European travelers to Africa varied widely in their motivations, background, level of education, and experience.
  • John K. Thornton, Boston University
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Not shared properly.
nhlangotisn

Presbyterians and politics in Malawi A century of interaction TAF.pdf - 1 views

Simphiwe Nhlangoti

shared by nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Lenten Pastoral letter from the Catholic bishops of Malawi was read in all Catholic churches in the country.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23
       
      the role of a Lenten Pastoral letter read in all Catholic churches in Malawi in 1992. The letter, while couched in respectful language, was a strong condemnation of the political situation in Malawi and eventually led to the downfall of Dr H. Kamuzu Banda, who had ruled the country as a one-party state for most of his 30 years in power. The surprise of this process was due in part to the rarity of open criticism of Banda's regime in the 1970s and 1980s and the historical reluctance of the Catholic Church to speak out against injustice and oppression, particularly during the colonial period. However, a careful study of the almost exactly 100 years between Sir Harry Johnston's declaration of a British Protectorate over Malawi in 1891 and the Bishops' letter in 1992 reveals a long tradition of missionary and local Christian opposition to policies they regarded as unjust. Scottish missionaries from the Livingstonia and Blantyre missions were particularly vocal in their criticism of the government during the colonial period.
  • Yet it was not long after the declaration of a British Protectorate that Sir Harry Johnston, the first Consul-General, was writing to Cecil Rhodes, complaining that it was partly as a result of the complaints of the Scottish missionaries at Blantyre (and particularly David Clement Scott, at that time the leader of the Blantyre Mission) that the British government had been persuaded to make Malawi a British Protectorate, under the direct control of the Foreign Office, rather than allowing it to be placed under the control of the British South Africa Company, as both Rhodes and Johnston would have preferred.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23
       
      In this passage, the author describes the role of Scottish missionaries in the early days of British rule in Malawi. The author notes that while the Scottish missionaries were initially responsible for persuading the British government to make Malawi a British Protectorate, they later became some of the most vocal critics of British rule. One of the main issues the missionaries raised concerned relations between the indigenous population and the small but growing number of European settlers. David Clement Scott, the leader of the Blantyre mission, was a particularly outspoken critic of the government, and much of his campaign was conducted through the pages of the Blantyre mission journal Life and Work in British Central Africa. The missionaries were successful in pressuring the government to reduce the hut tax, but less successful in their attempts to eliminate or limit the practice of Thangata (forced labour), which was one of the contributory factors to the Chilembwe Rising of 1915. The author also notes the importance of Joseph Booth, an independent missionary who was one of the few genuinely anti-colonial British missionaries of the period, and who influenced several African religious leaders in Malawi, including John Chilembwe, who eventually led an armed uprising against the British in 1915. The Scottish missionaries of the Free Church of Scotland were also involved in political action from time to time, including a case in 1899 where they saw themselves as protectors of the northern Ngoni people, who were threatened by a white cattle trader named Ziehl.
  • ritish state had reasserted itself. Several missionaries served in the British army during the war, and one outstanding Blantyre missionary, Robert Napier, was killed in action. In addition, and in some cases with great unpopularity, Scottish missionaries encouraged chiefs to submit to government demands that they supply carriers for the war effort in East Africa.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23
       
      During World War I, Scottish missionaries in Malawi supported the British army and encouraged chiefs to supply carriers. The Rev. John Chilembwe led an uprising against the British in 1915, which was quickly crushed. Scottish missionaries were criticized for allowing their African converts too much authority and independence. The Commission of Enquiry also criticized government policies, including the system of labor certificates. One memorable exchange was over whether Africans wearing hats should have to doff them for Europeans in the street.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • together to form the Nyasaland African Congress, the first president was Levi Mumba, a product of the Livingstonia mission’s educational system. While it is true, as John McCracken points out, 21 that by 1940 Presbyterianism had already lost its numerical superiority in both the ecclesiastical and educational fields to the Roman Catholic Church, this did not work its way through the system in terms of leadership for another generation.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23
       
      The paragraph discusses the European attitudes towards the social and political advancement of the local Malawian population, specifically in relation to the Scottish missionaries who had a gradualist understanding of the need for African advancement. The North Nyasa Native Association, the first Native Association in Malawi, was formed in 1912 and met in the reading room of the Livingstonia mission with the encouragement of the local missionary. This development highlighted the interaction between the church and the government, as African converts were beginning to make their voices heard in the social and political arena. For most of the first half of the 20th century, the local African population had no direct representation in government, and the appointment of missionaries to represent African interests in the Legislative Council was the nearest that Malawians came to this. This was seen as a two-edged sword, as it could be perceived as the missionaries aligning themselves with the colonizers, but it also consolidated the impression that the missionaries were constantly taking the side of the Africans. The emergence of the Native Associations from 1912 onwards provided a platform for political debate and a training ground for future political leaders. These movements represented the organization and opinions of a new educated elite, and since the Scottish missions (both Blantyre and Livingstonia) were pre-eminent in the provision of education up until the beginning of the Second World War, the Native Associations tended to be dominated by the products of a Scottish mission education. Many of the most active protonationalists were also critical of the theology and ecclesiology of the church itself and eventually broke away to form their own independent churches. In 1944, the various Native Associations came together to form the Nyasaland African Congress, and the first president was Levi Mumba, a product of the Livingstonia mission's educational system. Despite
  • The General Assembly, recognizing that the time has come for a radical revision of the Territorial Constitution of Nyasaland, earnestly recommend to Her Majesty’s Government that effective power be given to the African community in this land. 30
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23
       
      The imposition of the Federation of Rhodesias and Nyasaland in 1953 was highly unpopular among local populations in Zambia and Malawi. The local opposition to Federation was seen as a back door to entrenched European political domination. The Scottish missionaries and local Christians were involved in incidents such as the Constitutional Amendment Act and the Federal Electoral Act in 1958, which increased the overall size of the Federal Legislative Council but held African representation steady at a total of four members for all three countries of the Federation. The Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian produced a lengthy statement on the growing unrest in the country and identified the causes of the growing political unrest in Malawi. The political importance of the statement was in the appeal it made in its last section to the Church of Scotland to consider their political responsibilities towards the people of Central Africa. The Church of Scotland waged a high-profile and effective campaign against the Central African Federation. By the late 1950s, the local CCAP had obtained its own independence, allowing local Malawian ecclesiastical leadership to cooperate with Scottish missionary influence
  • The second point is that the events which followed the Pastoral Letter were greatly facilitated by the support of international partner churches in several other parts of the world. Indeed, the importance of external forces in producing the Pastoral Letter itself should not be underestimated. This point has subsequently been emphasized by Archbishop Chiona and Mgr John Roche, both of whom were key players in the production of the Pastoral Letter. 40 Once the letter had been released, international support was also crucial on the non-Catholic side. This included support not only from single denominations like the Church of Scotland, but also from international groupings such as the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, whose intervention helped to give the churches new impetus and the CCAP in particular new courage in the weeks immediately after the Pastoral Letter. 41
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 27 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph discusses the dynamics and the role of the Church of Scotland in Malawi's independence, and the subsequent rise to power of Hastings Kamuzu Banda, who became increasingly authoritarian, banning all other political parties and making himself Life President of the Republic of Malawi. The Church of Scotland supported the break-up of the federation and the granting of Malawian independence, and several members of the first cabinet had been educated at Scottish mission schools. However, during the postcolonial era, the Church of Scotland was reluctant to criticize a head of state who claimed to be one of its own, and there was a reluctance to appear to be interfering in a newly independent state. The crisis that emerged shortly after Malawi's independence became a struggle between two different understandings of how the country should be run, and Banda used his position to force through his will, resulting in the resignation or dismissal of several members of his cabinet who had been educated by the Scots. Banda's increasing authoritarianism and the changing power base of the Malawi Congress Party meant that open criticism of his government became increasingly difficult in the 1970s and 1980s. Although there were a few brave voices raised from time to time, the institutional silence of the Presbyterian Church, to which several of these voices belonged, was almost complete. The CCAP as an institution (and all the other major churches in Malawi) failed to challenge the Banda government in the 1970s and 1980s.
Safiyya Shakeel

The London Missionary Society in South Africa: a retrospective sketch.pdf - 1 views

Safiyya Shakeel History2A 222112023

shared by Safiyya Shakeel on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • commenced their labours, the Cape slaves were a mixed people, but chiefly captured from Madagascar and the south-east coast of Africa. There was also a Malay (Mohammedan) element, introduced into the country by those who were at once masters in the Indian Archipelago and at the Cape. As to South African races, the reader will please to note carefully that, philologically, there are only two families of natives in all South Africa—the Gariepine, or yellow and oblique-eyed people, and the Bantu people, who are of a more dusky hue. The Gariepine* family include the Hottentots, Namaquas, Korannas, and E * Gariep is a native name for the
    • Safiyya Shakeel
      Safiyya Shakeel on 25 Apr 23
       
      This introduction chapter of this document makes us aware of how unpopular the concept of Christianity was during the nineteenth century and that the majority being the white population was rather ignorant then open minded when it came to religion/worship.
  • read considerably, and had been enriched by the arrival, in 1688, of a number of French Huguenots—refugees from the oppression of Louis XIV.—the peculiar arrangements of the Dutch Company repressed the growth of the Colony, and imposed galling restraints upon the people. Indeed, the
    • Safiyya Shakeel
      Safiyya Shakeel on 25 Apr 23
       
      The people of South Africa were split into two native families at the time as mentioned on page 4, these families were known as the Gariepine and the Bantu people. The spread of Christianity was not easy, the majority (whites) rejected the idea of missionaries spreading the word of God and at this time banned any religious events or occurrences. Although later on the missions were reinstated and Christianity grew once more.
  • were never saleable. As to the condition of the slaves at the Cape in connection with Christianity, I shall quote the following sentences from Mr. Theal’s “ History of South Africa’ :— “According to the Dutch law no baptized person could be a slave, and this law, which was intended to raise Christian bondsmen to the position of free men effectually prevented the propagation of Christianity among them. The act of baptism being made equivalent to an act of manumission, it was to the owner’s interest to keep his slave in ignorance; and thus a law made to encourage Christianity actually prohibited it.” It is not easy for us now, either in Britain or in the Cape Colony,
    • Safiyya Shakeel
      Safiyya Shakeel on 25 Apr 23
       
      As much as slavery was on the radar so was serfdom during the nineteenth century. Christianity was used a form of liberation during this oppressive period therefore it was known that a baptized person could not be a slave and naturally the slave masters did not like this idea at all and sought to keep their slaves in ignorance, however Christianity grew daily, and the acceptance of Christian missionaries soon become inevitable.
adonisi19

1581287.pdf - 1 views

Zanele Adonisi

shared by adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The work of the Church Missionary Society (
  • on the East African coast by Krapf and Rebma
  • that time, the missionaries operated by permissio
  • ...87 more annotations...
  • Zanzibar, the Sultan himself being influenced by t
  • the
  • e. Although the work of the CMS was not d
  • slaves, in time the mission came to realise that the success of its
  • work depended on freed slav
  • Freed slave centres were established on the coast by the CMS with direct assistance from the British navy and consul, who delivered captured slaves to the missions' se
  • tlement
  • Prior to the establishment of freed-slave-Christianity, Missionary work on the coast had made little progre
  • Prior to the establishment of freed-slave-Christianity, M
  • s.
  • It was the diplomatic mission of Sir Bartle Frere in 1873, aimed at persuading the Sultan to put an end to the slave trade which altered the situ
  • tion
  • Before coming to East Africa, Frere had made a tentative agreement with the CMS in London regarding the establishment of a CMS centre for freed slaves on the coast.
  • Prior to the arrival of Frere, the British consul, John Kirk, had directed his attention to the establishment of such centres, but only the Holy Ghost Fathers seem to have benefited much in these early
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Instead of the freed-slaves benefiting from this venture, the Holy Ghost Fathers benefited much.
  • the Holy Ghost Father
  • ging. Kirk did not receive the CMS missionaries-Sparshott and Chancellor-with any special warmth, and he offered no hope of any slaves being handed over to them, unless their mission proved its ability to take care of the
  • It appears, then, that Frere's promises to the mission were not immediately fulfille
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      What were the reasons for Frere not to immediately fulfill his promises to the mission?
  • ch failures in understanding between the CMS and the British agents over the question of ex-slave centres at the coast continued until the arrival of W. S. Price as superintendent of the mission in late 18
  • Price was lucky in that Kirk, on a visit home in late 1873, had also met with the leaders of the CMS in London, who had persuaded him to agree to co-operate with their mission in East Af
  • return to the coast, Kirk agreed to assist Price to purchase a mission centre and he also agreed to hand over to him as many ex-slaves as Price required
  • in
  • islamic factor was to become a significant is
  • tween the missions and the secular authorities at the coast. The CMS at one point, in an attempt to create harmony with the administrators and better their own position, tried to have one of their men appointed as vice-consul in Mombasa, but the Foreign Office refused.6
  • It was mainly over the issue of the missions' harbouring of runaway slaves that major clashes developed between the missions on the one hand and the British administrators and the Arabs on the oth
  • oncern. On its
  • CMS in London continued to promise the Foreigh Office
  • missionaries would obey and co-operate, but this was n
  • his strained relationship between the mission and the consul over the issue of slavery had not been resolved when the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA) started work in 1888. The situation at the coast was, however, complicated by other factors.
  • the case in the mis
  • One of these factors was the problem of
  • diction. Th
  • of Zanzibar was technically sovereign in the coastal area, although in practice, even before 1888, some of his subjects did not necessarily accept his auth
  • The British consuls represented a government which wished to facilitate the introduction of Christianity and commerce but not at any direct cost and trouble to the British taxpaye
  • . It was therefore difficult for Britain to find an easy answer to the issue of slavery, it being acceptable as an islamic ins
  • Secondly, the major centre of the CMS at Freretown, which accommodated freed slaves, was situated on the mainland just across from Mombasa.
  • exasperated
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      This word means being intensely irritated and frustrated.
  • On the other hand, the slaves who were still in bondage in Mombasa, could easily compare their lot with that of their neighbours in the mission centres like Freretown and become envious.
  • Many of them took the risk of crossing the creek which separated the two places and tried to settle in or near the mission. The risk involved in running away seems to have been ignored by the critics of the missions who regarded them as deliberately receiving and harbouring the slave
  • Also ignored by those critics was the fact that some Arabs raided the mission centres and took many ex-slaves back into slavery, as happened once in Freretown.7
  • n East Africa was not unique in its practice of receiving such fugitives. The Church of Scotland in Blantyre, Nyasaland, had seven villages occupied by such fugitives in the 18
  • On the East coast, moreover, not all fugitives took refuge in the mission ce
  • s. There were large ex-slave communities with no mission connection at Shimba Hills, Malindi, Lamu, Juba, Fulladoyo and an estimated 5000 fugitives at B
  • The above points should be kept in mind in considering the accusation against the CMS mission for harbouring fugitives.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      These accusations show how missions were not welcome in Arab.
  • In 1880, the slave population near Mombasa planned a revolt against their masters. The missionaries knew of this plot but refused to warn Kirk about
  • A timely raid on the Giriama by the Maasai may have ave
  • crisis, but did not resolve the dispute
  • Streeter declared he would not prevent any fugitive settling near the mission, and made it clear that he would not allow any to be repossessed
  • In reporting the matter to the CMS, Streeter indicated that what East Africa needed was first a 'law-breaker' and then a 'law-make
  • e coast. Kirk also wrote to the Society condemning the mission for harbouring fugitives, but he indicated that the blame lay with Binns not Streeter. In the end the mission was forced to release most of the fugitives, leaving only those who had belonged to the
  • m. In 1879, about 100 Giriama slaves deserted their masters and joined the Rabai mission settlement and when their masters came to demand their return, the resident missionary, H. K. Binns, refuse
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Missionaries liberated some slaves.
  • We are Englishmen as well as Christian missionaries and cannot consent to fold our hands and see poor miserable wretches ill-used and put to death for no other crime than running away from savage mast
  • There was less conflict with the missions in the years 1881-2 during which time Price had rejoined the missions as superintendent, replacing Streeter, whose management, especially his method of carrying out discipline, had led the Society to concur with Kirk that he needed to be replaced
  • On arrival at the coast, Price found the problem of fugitives still rampant.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word rampant means spreading or flourishing. This means that the issue of fugitives was widespread.
  • The CMS survey of its work in 1882 concluded that the initial aim of establishing a self-supporting mission at the coast had largely failed, and that Rabai should be made the new centre instead of Freretown
  • Some progress, however, seems to have been made in that in 1878, Bishop Royston of Mauritius, on a visit to Freretown, had confirmed 54 candidates from the mission. In 1879, there were 35 baptisms in Freretown, while in 1883, Royston confirmed another 256 candidates.'1 Among those baptised and confirmed were fugitives.
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      In this way Christianity was spreading.
  • When Price left the mission in June 1882, nothing much had changed
  • When he arrived home, he wrote to the missionaries in East Africa asking them to desist from harbouring fugitives, to cut connections with the native-initiated Fulladoyo ex-slave settlement which harboured fugitives, and to refuse them any asylum at Freretown.
  • st f
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      to desist from means to stop doing something.
  • In East Africa, Binns agreed with Price to sever links with the Fulladoyo settlement, but he allowed many of the residents there, including fugitives, to go and settle at Rabai and Freretown. Streeter agreed with Binns on this matter, and both men decided to ignore Price's advice.
  • his was mainly due to Binns's personal disagreements with Price. Binns deprecated the manner in which Price superintended the mission single-handedly, without consulting the Freretown Finance Committee.
  • t is clear that personal disagreements between missionaries themselves made their task of maintaining a common mission policy on many issues difficult.
  • The departure of Price led to Binns's appointment as Lay Secretary and head of the mission. He immediately found himself in trouble with his colleague, C. W. Lane, whom he accused of misappropriating funds. Lane accused Binns of running the mission single-handedly, like Price before him, and most other mis-
  • sionaries sided with Lane. The situation deteriorated to the extent that Binns wanted to resign rather than work with Lane, while Lane asked for a transfer to Uganda.14 The mission was therefore much unsettled in 1883, and during this time, the influx of fugitives into mission settlements continued.
  • The Society may have thought that the appointment of a bishop for Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1884 would put matters right at the coast, but this did not happen because the first bishop, Hannington, was murdered on his way to Uganda, and his successors had so many problems to tackle in Uganda that .they had little time for the coastal stations. The situation at the coast remained unsettled until Price rejoined the mission for the third and last time in
  • By then, the company was preparing to take over the administration of the area. By then also, the policy of subsidising some missions in their work among ex-slaves was being accepted by the British government in the wake of increasing measures against slave trade and slav
  • The crucial issue of slavery was in the minds of the CMS officials when they sent Price to East Africa in
  • his ambiguity by the Society was expressed by the CMS Committee of Correspondence, which resolved in April 1888 that while the East African missionaries could fight for the just treatment of slaves by their masters, and, if possible, fight for their manumission, they could not "arrogate to themselves any authority in the matter, and are not justified in receiving runaway slaves..."16
  • The complaint laid before Mackenzie by the Arabs was that the CMS, contrary to the laws prevalent on the coast, had knowingly harboured fugitive slaves. In emphasizing their standpoint, the Arabs insisted that should the company support the CMS on this issue, they in turn would follow the example of their fellow Arabs on the German East Africa coast and break into rebellion against the company. The Arabs knew too well that neither the consul nor the company would be ready to risk such developments.
  • istianised and reoriented ex-slaves by the mission was seen as tantamount to breaking up a Christian church.
  • Prior to the arrival of Mackenzie, Admiral Freemantle had reported the presence of 900 fugitives at Rabai, but this had been denied by the missionaries, Jones of Rabai and A. G. Smith of Freretown. When Mackenzie decided to search the stations, Jones agreed that there were fugitives but that: When Mr. Mackenzie and General Mathews bring the Arabs to find their slaves, I shall prove myself a useless servant. I will not and I cannot hand over those poor souls to their cruel and unmerciful masters, after I have been preaching to them the sweet liberty of my Lord and Saviour ... Somebody else will have to do that wicked work ...21
  • The whole transaction was described later by Tucker as the most "memorable act of the Company during its seven years tenure of supreme authority in East Africa"; and by Eugene Stock, the CMS historian, as "this great act of wise policy." Stock added that Buxton, a member of both the CMS and the company, paid ? 1200 towards the compensation, because it was felt that the CMS ought 219 This
  • commercial, and it required peaceful conditions at the coast. The company had to win the friendship of the Arabs who were the backbone of the economy. Both the company and the missionaries relied heavily on them for their caravans and their porters
    • adonisi19
      adonisi19 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Arabs were in charge of the economy.
  • When he arrived, Mackenzie was of the opinion that the missionaries, "by some misguided action (had) raised such a universally bitter feeling that they had not only jeopardized their own existence but that of Europeans throughout the country."23 The only option he found open to him was to convince the Arabs to consider their slaves as lost property, and to accept compensation for them at a rate of ?25 per slave. The Arabs agreed to grant freedom certificates to the slave
  • to bear part of the co
  • Only five days after the emancipation, Mackenzie accused the missionaries of deliberately disobeying orders and continuing to harbour fugitives.
  • It is clear that the missionaries, unlike the company officials, were not ready to co-operate in a programme that accepted slavery.
  • Price left the mission for the last time in March 1889, only three months after the Rabai incid
  • It was the company officials who helped the CMS missionaries to start stations in areas that had previously proved too precarious for the missionaries, such as J
  • The company and the mission cooperated in tackling transport problems and other essential services. On the whole, however, the presence of the company proved more of a disadvantage to the miss
  • The missionaries felt, for example, that the proximity of company centres to mission stations often led to the backsliding of many adherents after their employment by the co
  • o, the ability of the company to pay higher wages than the mission for clerical work led to the departure of many mission agents. In Freretown, all but one of the mission agents took jobs with the comp
  • . Finally, the missionaries detested the character of many of the company officials, whose behaviour was far from Christian.
  • time in
  • The same instructions had been given to Price before, and were repeated to all the other missionaries
  • The Society desired that harmony be maintained with the company officials, but not to the extent of fostering an identity between the two in the eyes of the natives, who were mainly fugitives, freed slaves or slaves. Further, the Society accepted that slavery was evil and should be abolished, but on the other hand the Society did not wish its missionaries to be entangled in the coastal politics of slavery
  • The missionaries' position was also complicated by the fact that they themselves differed to some extent with regard to slavery, not forgetting their individual conflicts with each oth
  • The concern of the missionaries was with the freed and bondaged slaves upon whom the future of their work depended; the concern of the company was peace and order upon which a viable economic growth depended, based upon slavery. The concerns of the mission and of the company, therefore, conflicted radically with regard to the issue of slavery, and it is this issue which more than anything else dominated their relationship.
seeranefm

Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade - 3 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

seeranefm African slave trade

shared by seeranefm on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • seeranefm on 21 Apr 23
     
    This monograph by John, Newton. (1788). details his thoughts and feelings on the African slave trade. It is a result of the outmost disgust he felt from this act, he speaks about how he was freed from engaging in it by the grace of God. The relevancy of John's testimony is backed up by nine years of slavery and observation of slave trade.
khenso221117289

Guns in South Africa.pdf - 1 views

Khenso Khosa History 2A

shared by khenso221117289 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In 1812, after commenting on the extraordinary animals of the South African interior, the famous English traveler William J. Burchell wished that guns would spread more extensively to help people kill off the unwanted beasts.
  • In 1859, Natal required all Africans to register their firearms with the lieutenant governor. This did not totally disarm Africans, but it was a crucial first step.
    • khenso221117289
      khenso221117289 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Africans used firearms it wasn't only the Europeans
  • Many Africans had to surrender their guns under the terms of a new Peace Preservation Act passed in 1878
    • khenso221117289
      khenso221117289 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this act wasn't fair because it only disarmed the Africans hence at the period Africans thought they were equal to the Europeans
  • ...1 more annotation...
    • khenso221117289
      khenso221117289 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Firearms in the southern hemisphere of africa were not brought up to fight a war according to William J in 1812
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