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andiswamntungwa

The administration of the abolition laws, African responses, and post‐proclam... - 1 views

Andiswa Mntungwa History 2A

shared by andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ated. I agree with Dumett and Johnson that abolition laws were erratically administered, 7
  • I reject the suggestion that the initial surge in the use of the courts occurred in the Protectorate." In the Protectorate it was limited to centres of missionary activity. I take issue with the existing literature which argues that slaves usually used the courts in the Colony in their quest for freedom. Even in the Colony, the courts failed to assist freed slaves in adjusting to freedom. This explains their return to forms of bondage and dependency, and not, as others have maintained, the benignity of slavery or the generosity of holders.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Kwabena Opare-Akurang does not agree with the suggestion that the purpose of the courts was a special form of government, which one country recognizes the supremacy of the other. It They were only limited to gospel propagating centers. He is against what the literature says, that slaves could use the courts in the colony to seek freedom. He further argues that the courts failed to offer assistance to slaves that were already free, assistance that was going to help them acclimatize to the idea of freedom. This resulted in them returning back to the state of being slaves and being dependent on the holders. But this did not apply to all the slaves as some were able to regain the ability of being kind and tolerant towards the holders.
  • In the Gold Coast, there was a shortage of colonial officials with professional legal training and experience throughout the colonial period. 43 As the political structures of the colonial state developed, the onus of implementing the abolition ordinance devolved on the DCs. The DCs court was solely responsible for adjudicating cases of slavery from the late 1870s. 44 It
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      Throughout the colonial era, the Gold Coast suffered from a shortage of colonial officials with professional legal training and expertise. The responsibility for carrying out the abolition decree passed to the DCs as the colonial state's political structures grew. Slavery cases were only heard by the DCs court beginning in the late 1870s.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • The operation of the abolition ordinance was stagnant and erratic until the late 1920s, when pressure from foreign anti-slavery societies led to revisions, making it more viable as an instrument of legal status abolition. First, there was the Slave-dealing Abolition Ordinance of 1928 that strengthened the previous Ordinance. 27 Second, the 'Reafflrmation of the Abolition of Slavery Ordinance, 1930' clearly stated that 'slavery in any form whatsoever was unlawful and that the legal status of slavery did not exist
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The abolition ordinance operated in a stagnant and unpredictable manner until the late 1920s, when pressure from overseas anti-slavery organisations resulted in amendments that made it more effective as a tool for legal status abolition.First, the preceding Ordinance was tightened by the Slave-dealing Abolition Ordinance of 1928.Second, the Reaffirmation of the Abolition of Slavery Ordinance of 1930 made it abundantly plain that "slavery in any form was unlawful and that the legal status of slavery did not exist."
  • The Ordinance was to apply to the Gold Coast Colony and the 'Protected Territories'. It also stated that henceforth slaves who entered the Protectorate and the Colony would be automatically free. 20 Thus Strahan's policy sought modification of servile institutions rather than their elimination. 21
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The Gold Coast Colony and the "Protected Territories" were to be covered by the Ordinance. Furthermore, it stipulated that going forward, slaves who entered the Protectorate and the Colony would be granted automatic freedom. Therefore, Strahan's program favored altering servile institutions rather than eliminating them.
  • During the first decade of the twentieth century, the number of European and African administrators increased, and the work of the DCs became purely administrative, devoid of the legal work that had encumbered it in the past. By 1905, there were Detective Branches at Accra, Cape Coast, and Sekondi, all coastal towns. Accra had the highest number of detectives with the most superior ranks. This is perhaps reflected on the statistics for crime for 1905, which recorded four slave-dealing cases in Accra and one at Cape Coast." Reinforced by additional personnel, provincial courts began to assume responsibility for administering the abolition ordinance. However, this did not bring any marked change in their administration
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The number of European and African administrators expanded throughout the first decade of the 20th century, and the work of the DCs changed from being mostly legal in nature to being entirely administrative. Detective Branches existed in the coastal cities of Accra, Cape Coast, and Sekondi by 1905. The most detectives with the highest ranks were located in Accra. The criminal statistics for 1905, which listed four slave-dealing instances in Accra and one in Cape Coast, may reflect this."With the help of more staff, provincial courts started taking up administration of the abolition ordinance. However, this had no discernible impact on how they conducted business.
  • hus British resources were stretched to the limit in the Gold Coast. Shortage of colonial officials limited the geographical extent of British administration and led to a policy of conciliation towards the Protectorate states, thereby facilitating slavery there. 56 It was also the chief reason that enforcement of abolition laws was confined to the Colony until the early decades of the twentieth century. 57 Until the 1880s, the colonial government tacitly supported the Basel Mission in its struggle to emancipate slaves and pawns in Akyem Abuakwa. 58 Colonial policy was to 'maintain political peace in the country at any price'. 59 There was a similar British policy in the Praso and Voltaic regions. 60 This made it possible for slave-dealers to continue to bring slaves into the Gold Coast from the interior ports of trade well into the early twentieth century." Allowing slavery to thrive in the Protectorate permitted it to survive in the Colony.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      In the Gold Coast, all available British resources were used to the fullest extent. Lack of colonial administrators constrained the British administration's geographic reach and resulted in a policy of accommodation with the Protectorate States, which encouraged slavery there. This was also the main reason that up until the early decades of the 20th century, the Colony was the only place where abolition laws were actually enforced. Up until the 1880s, the Basel Mission's fight to free slaves and pawns in Akyem Abuakwa had implicit assistance from the colonial authorities. The goal of colonial policy in 1958 was to "maintain political peace in the nation at all costs."59In the Praso and Voltaic regions, the British government followed a similar program. This allowed slave traders to continue transporting captives from inland ports of commerce into the Gold Coast long into the early 20th century.
  • One major gap in the historiography is how Africans responded to the ordinance and its impact on the effectiveness of the abolition. Indeed, Africans responded ingeniously to the operation of the abolition ordinance. Slave-holders and dealers adopted innovative measures to counter the abolition ordinance, hence making it difficult for colonial officials to detect enslaved persons. 98 Most cases of enslavement were brought to the attention of colonial officials through African informers or by the slaves themselv
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      How Africans reacted to the Ordinance and its effect on the success of the abolition is one significant area where the historiography is lacking. Africans did, in fact, cleverly adapt to the abolition ordinance's operation. Innovative tactics were used by slaveholders and dealers to thwart the abolition legislation, making it challenging for colonial officials to find slaves. The majority of enslavement incidents were reported to colonial authorities by either the slaves themselves or by African informants.
  • Communal religious practices and sanctions also served the interests of slave dealers and holders. 107 Slaves were made to swear oaths and 'drink fetish', ritually binding them to stay and refrain from reporting their servile status to colonial officials. For example, in 1875 a holder took a freed slave to 'King Tackie for the purpose of administering fetish oath so as to declare that she will no longer go back to the government'. 108 This bound the slave to the holder, as slaves feared that a breach of the oath or the 'fetish' would be catastrophic. Again, how prevalent this was is difficult to gauge. However, the 'fetish' and oathing sanctions have been powerful agencies of social and political control throughout Ghanaian history.
    • andiswamntungwa
      andiswamntungwa on 27 Apr 23
       
      The interests of slave traders and owners were furthered by communal religious punishments and practices. Slaves were ritually forced to stay and keep from disclosing their servile position to colonial authority by making them take oaths and engage in a "drink fetish." For instance, in 1875, a holding took a liberated slave to "King Tackie to administer fetish oath so as to declare that she will not go back to the government. "A breach of the oath or the "fetish" would be disastrous, therefore this bonded the slave to the possessor. Again, it's hard to say how common this was. However, throughout Ghana's history, "fetish" and "oathing" sanctions have been effective social and political control mechanisms.
khosifaith

'Siendi' (I won't go): concubines' activism in the abolition of slavery in the Zanzibar... - 2 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0144039X.2019.1624340

Nobukhosi Ncube 222084403

shared by khosifaith on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
     
    In particular, the freedom of enslaved women claimed as concubines was a topic of discussion among British officials as they pondered whether, when, and how to completely abolish slavery in the Zanzibar Islands. These discussions shed light on the gendered components of abolition as well as the action of women who had been sold into slavery who teamed up with Friends missionaries to press the British to abolitionize slavery entirely in the islands. Young women who sought their liberation by refuting the idea that their enslavement rendered them immoral, rather than a generous colonial power, claimed and demanded abolition.
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Not shared correctly. You only shared the preview page.
mbalenhle2003

Slavery and the slave trade as international issues 1890 1939.pdf - 1 views

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • chapter
  • discusses the international anti-slavery campaign between 1890 and 1939. The slavery issue was used by the colonial powers during the partition of Africa to further their own ends, but, once their rule was established, they took only minimal action to end the institution and sometimes even supported it. The three slavery committees of the League of Nations were established not because of any increased anti-slavery zeal on the part of the colonial rulers, but in order to deflect persistent humanitarian calls for action. They nevertheless set standards for the treatment of labour and projected a number of social questions into the international
  • arena
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • 1919 Slavery became a major international concern from the day in 1807 when the British outlawed their own slave trade. Once this step was taken it was clearly in Britain's interest to get rival colonial and maritime powers to follow suit in order to prevent this lucrative trade from passing into foreign hands and providing foreign colonies with needed manpower. In 1815 the British tried to get other powers to outlaw it and even to establish a permanent committee to monitor progress. However, their rivals saw this as an attack on their commerce and on their colonies. They would only agree to append a declaration to the Treaty of Vienna proclaiming that the slave trade was 'repugnant to the principles of humanity and universal morality'. This was an important step in the direction of the present human rights movement, but it had no practical value. There followed a long and bitter campaign, during which, by bribery and cajolery, the British secured a network of treaties giving the Royal Navy unique powers to search and seize suspected slavers flying the flags of other nations. 1 As the result of this campaign, the British came to view themselves as the leaders of an international 'crusade' against slavery, the burden of which they had borne almost alone. British statesmen recognized that the cause was popular with the electorate and that Parliament would sanction expenditure and high handed action against foreign countries if these were presented as anti
  • became
  • lavery became a major international concern from the day in 1807 when the British outlawed their own slave trade. Once this step was taken it was clearly in Britain's interest to get rival colonial and maritime powers to follow suit in order to prevent this lucrative trade from passing into foreign hands and providing foreign colonies with needed manpower. In 1815 the British tried to get other powers to outlaw it and even to establish a permanent committee to monitor progress. However, their rivals saw this as an attack on their commerce and on their colonies. They would only agree to append a declaration to the Treaty of Vienna proclaiming that the slave trade was 'repugnant to the principles of humanity and universal morality'. This was an important step in the direction of the present human rights movement, but it had no practical value. There followed a long and bitter campaign, during which, by bribery and cajolery, the British secured a network of treaties giving the Royal Navy unique powers to search and seize suspected slavers flying the flags of other nations.As the result of this campaign, the British came to view themselves as the leaders of an international 'crusade' against slavery, the burden of which they had borne almost alone. British statesmen recognized that the cause was popular with the electorate and that Parliament would sanction expenditure and high handed action against foreign countries if these were presented as antiSLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE AS INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
  • a major international concern from the day in 1807 when the British outlawed their own slave trade. Once this step was taken it was clearly in Britain's interest to get rival colonial and maritime powers to follow suit in order to prevent this lucrative trade from passing into foreign hands and providing foreign colonies with needed manpower. In 1815 the British tried to get other powers to outlaw it and even to establish a permanent committee to monitor progress. However, their rivals saw this as an attack on their commerce and on their colonies. They would only agree to append a declaration to the Treaty of Vienna proclaiming that the slave trade was 'repugnant to the principles of humanity and universal morality'. This was an important step in the direction of the present human rights movement, but it had no practical value. There followed a long and bitter campaign, during which, by bribery and cajolery, the British secured a network of treaties giving the Royal Navy unique powers to search and seize suspected slavers flying the flags of other nations.As the result of this campaign, the British came to view themselves as the leaders of an international 'crusade' against slavery, the burden of which they had borne almost alone. British statesmen recognized that the cause was popular with the electorate and that Parliament would sanction expenditure and high handed action against foreign countries if these were presented as antiSLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE AS INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
  • slavery measures. Thus, the 'crusade' could often be used to further other interests - a fact not lost on rival powers. The spearhead of the anti-slavery movement was the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.A middle-class and largely Quaker organization, it wielded an influence out of proportion to its tiny membership and minuscule budget because of its close links with members of both Houses of Parliament, with government officials and missionary societies, and its ability to mount impressive propaganda campaigns. By the 1870s the Atlantic slave traffic was a thing of the past. The trade, however, still flourished in Africa and there was an active export traffic to the Muslim world. Attention was forcefully drawn to this by European traders and missionaries penetrating ever further into the interior as the European colonial powers began to partition the coast in the 1880s. Africans took up arms against the intruders and by 1888 the French Cardinal Lavigerie found his missions on the Great Lakes under attack. In response, he launched an anti-slavery 'crusade' of his own, with papal blessing, calling for volunteers to combat this scourge in the heart of Africa.
  • 19 The British, anxious to retain their leadership of the anti-slavery movement and worried at the prospect of unofficial crusaders rampaging around Africa, persuaded Leopold II of Belgium, ruler of the Congo Independent State, to invite the leading maritime and colonial powers, together with the Ottoman Empire, Persia and Zanzibar, to Brussels to discuss concerted action against the export of slaves from Africa. The colonial powers, led by the wily king, proceeded to negotiate a treaty against the African slave trade on land, as well as at sea, and carefully designed it to serve their territorial and commercial ambitions. The Brussels Act of 1890 was a humanitarian instrument in so far as it reaffirmed that 'native welfare' was an international responsibility; and bound signatories to prevent slave raiding and trading, to repatriate or resettle freed and fugitive slaves, and to cut off the free flow of arms to the slaving areas. 4 But it had important practical advantages for the colonial rulers. By binding them to end the trade in slaves and arms, it not only dealt a blow to African resistance, but was an attempt to prevent unscrupulous colonial administrations from attracting trade to their territories by allowing commerce in these lucrative products. By stating that the best means of attacking the traffic was to establish colonial administrations in the interior of Africa, to protect missionaries and trading companies, and even to initiate Africans into agricultural and industrial labour, it put an anti-slavery guise on the colonial occupation and exploitation of Africa
  • Realities Most notably, the Brussels Act did not bind signatories to suppress slavery. None of the colonial powers was prepared to commit itself to this, although they all believed that it should be ended, and they all knew that as long as there was a market for slaves the traffic would continue. British experience with abolition had not been happy. In plantation colonies, freed slaves, instead of becoming more productive wage labourers, had where possible, opted to work for themselves as artisans or in other occupations, or to become subsistence farmers. Production had declined. In the tiny British footholds on the West Coast of Africa fear of losing their slaves threatened to drive away the native merchants upon whom the colonies depended, while in South Africa abolition had been a factor in promoting the Boer exodus known as the Great Trek. In their Indian empire, however, the British devised a form of emancipation which minimized these dangers and provided a model to be used in Africa as new territories were acquired. 5 They merely declared that slavery no longer had any legal status. This meant that no claims could be countenanced in court on the basis of slavery, hence slaves who wished to leave might do so. But slave holding was still legal, and slaves were not actually freed. This model of abolition was ideal for the government. It was cheap - no compensation needed to be paid to owners. The impact could be delayed by not informing the slaves of their rights. There was thus no large scale sudden departure and very little disruption of the economy or alienation of masters. The humanitarians, also disappointed with the results of outright abolition in the colonies, were willing to accept this solution because slavery in India was considered 'benign' - that is less cruel than its counterpart in the Americas — and slaves would not be suddenly freed without means of support. This, therefore, became the model of abolition used in most of British Africa. 6 As the empire expanded colonies, in which slavery had to be outlawed, were kept to a minimum and new annexations became 'protectorates' in which full colonial administrations did not have to be introduced, and 'native' customs including slavery could continue even if it had lost its legal status. Other powers found similar legal subterfuges to avoid freeing slaves, or 'they outlawed slavery but then did not enforce their laws. 7 As the scramble for Africa gained momentum none of the colonial rulers had the resources to risk alienating slave-owning elites, upon whose cooperation they often depended, or disrupting the economies of their nascent dependencies. They justified their failure to attack slavery by claiming that African slavery was also benign, and that once robbed of its cruellest features - slave raiding, kidnapping, and trading
andilemazibuko

Resolutions of the Meeting on the Abolition of the Slave Trade.pdf - 2 views

Andile Sinenhlanhla Mazibuko 222153584

shared by andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • diate abolition of the African Slave Trade, a trade avowedly repupant
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Using religious aspects to support their cause
  • moral antd religious princiile,
  • the last seveti years, the impor- tati0n
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      "Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves" was established in 1808
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • At a General Meeting of the Friends of the Abolition of the Slave Trade
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      The name of the organization and what they stand for.
  • a district in which the Slave- Trade having been neatly suppressed, the consequent jntroduction of cultiva- tion, and of a legitimate commerce
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Positive results of the abolition of Slave Trade in this area.
  • commencing a new Slave Trade for their supply
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      the commerce system, or meeting the supply is more important than slaves
  • His Royad Highness the Duke of Gloucester in the Cha
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Implicates the Duke of Gloucester (1814) as a contributor to the cause.
  • treaty of peace with France, no stipulation has eeen made for the immne-
  • radical injustice of the African Slave Trade
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      shows compassion and empathy. This organization views Africans(slaves) as people and not possessions.
  • to dtii-se authentiic infor- nation, and eaxcit. just sentiments and. -Selings on this great subject.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      They plan to "diffuse" news that might deter their cause and are willing to be charged with treason for their cause.
  • no colony yet re- niMtinitg in the possession of" Great B3i- tain, wherein: slavery exists, should be ceded to any other pover, without re- quiring ani express s:ipilatioiv for relsri,- quishing the Slave Trade immediately and' for ever
  • andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
     
    Documents relating to public affairs
mtshiza221192212

The Decline and Fall of Slavery in Nineteenth Century Brazil.pdf - 2 views

Phozisa Mtshiza

shared by mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ly Latin American the
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Latin american theme are cultural styles
  • he Pre
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an introduction to a book typically stating its subject, scope or aims
  • ith the c
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the hundredth anniversary of a significant event in this case the anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • y been published.6 It begins at the end of the eighteenth century with the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the French revolutionary wars, the Industrial Revolution and Britain's official conversion to anti-slavery-and ends with the European revol
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the abolition of slavery started at the end of the 18th century due to protest, firstly the Americas Revolution which was a political and ideological revolution where the american colonists objected being taxed by the Great Britain Parliament, secondly the French Revolution which was a period of radical change politically and socially, industrial Revolution was the transtion to new manufacturing process processes in Great Britain this are the revolution which had an effect on the abolition of slavery in some areas which were doing slave trade
  • Although some interesting new work has appeared on miscegenation, manumission and the role of free people of colour in Brazilian slave society from the sixteenth to the nineteent
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historian paid attention on the sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnics groups, especially when one of them is white. they also paid attention on manumission which means that slaves could purchase their freedom by negotiating with their master for a purchase price which was a common way for slaves to be freed manumission also occured during baptism,or as part of an owners last will and testament
  • During the past twenty years historians have given a great deal of increasingly sophisticated attention to the rich and complex history of African slavery in Brazil-in all periods (from its beginnings early in the sixteenth century to its termination at the end of the nineteenth centur
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Historian had much interest in writing about African slavery in Brazil which means that most of the slaves in Brazil were taken from or transported from Africa to Brazil
  • a 'proletarian necess
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      relating to the proletariat
  • 865. Moreover, slavery still persisted, indeed flourished, in Brazil and Cuba and in the United States (although confined, of course, by this time to the South). Indeed, as a result of the expansion of the frontier in all these remaining slave states during the first half of the nineteenth century, slavery existed over a larger area geographically than at any time in its history. And more Africans and Afro-Americans, some six million, were held in captivity; that is to say, more than twice as many as at the time of the 'first emancipation' in Haiti in 179
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this means that the abolition of slavery in britain did not mean it was an end to slavery world wide because there were people who benefitted fanancially in the slave trade those who were selling them and those who did not have to pay people to do labour therefore for some people it was a habit which could not be easy to let go without putting a fight
  • r mula
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.
  • nomic imp
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an essential or urgent thing
  • intractabl
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      hard to control or deal with
  • glut
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      an excessively abundant supply of something
  • unrelentin
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      not yielding in strenghth, severity, or determination.
  • t. The al
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the reluctant acceptance of something without protest
  • liberal Regenc
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the office of or period of government by a regent
  • sed slave
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      from driving mules
  • s like
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      hit and piece the hull of a ship with a missile
  • e Paraguayan Wa
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the paraguayan war, also known as the War of the Triple alliance, was a South African war that lasted from 1864 to 1870, it was fought between Paraguay and the triple alliance of Argentina, the empire of Brazil and Uruguay. it was the deadliest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history
  • y variou
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the support given by a patron patron: a person who gives financialor other support to a person
  • o thr
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the action of withdrawing formally from a membership of a federation body, especially a political state
  • he inexorable pr
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      impossible to stop or prevent a certain process
  • e-hard sl
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a ruling class political order or government composed of slave owners and plantation owners
  • buoyant world market,
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      able or tending to keep afloat or rise to the top of a liquid or gas
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Your focus is on Africa.
lucianqodi

the-transformation-of-the-slave-sector.pdf - 2 views

Nqodi Ongeziwe HISTORY 2A

shared by lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • the total number of Africans exported from East Africa during the two millennia 'must have been prodigious'
    • lucianqodi
      lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23
       
      this part in these text implies that the number of slaves imported from East Africa was more than thousands.
  • The period from the last third of the eighteenth century onwards was one during which the slave trade did play an important, though not necessarily a dominant role in the economic history of East Africa.
    • lucianqodi
      lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23
       
      this text demonstrates that even though there were atrocities done by slave traders or owners to the slaves, there are positive gained by continent.
  • Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar
    • lucianqodi
      lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23
       
      the map below displays routes used to transport slaves, spices and ivory.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Slaves were also used in the army. Although warfare in Oman appears to have been based primarily on tribal levies, the secularisation of the Omani state and the weakening of religious and tribal loyalties did suggest the need for a loyal standing army under the Busaidi. Thus Ahmed b. Said purchased 1,000 East African slaves at one time in the 1740s. However, the standing army appears to have been small, and the more prominent component, especially during the nineteenth century, appears to have been Baluchi mercenaries. In 1802 it consisted of 300 slaves and 1,700 Baluchis, Sindhis and Arabs, and in 1809 there were 2,000 mercenaries, but there is no mention of slaves at this time. 1
    • lucianqodi
      lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23
       
      the writer shows of slaves from East Africa and what they did, as some were used in army.
  • In consequence of the abolition of the slave trade the collections [revenue] of Zanzibar have been diminished; it has therefore been deemed necessary to make plantations of sugar cane in the islands. 4
    • lucianqodi
      lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23
       
      there were attempts in the abolition of slavery as there were slaves that were being ill-treated.
  • Clove picking inPemba. Note the tripod scaffolding used before the abolition of slavery
    • lucianqodi
      lucianqodi on 28 Mar 23
       
      actual people were used to pick cloves before the abolition of laves.
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Good attempt Nqodi. However, this article is not from the required source.
andilemazibuko

The abolition of the slave trade in Britain - The transatlantic slave trade - KS3 Histo... - 1 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...zn7rbqt

Andile Sinenhlanhla Mazibuko 222153584

shared by andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Olaudah Equiano
  • Robert King.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sold into slavery at the age of 11. His master later renamed him Gustavus Vassa.
  • By 1766, Equiano had raised enough money and was released
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a prominent merchant born in Philadelphia.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • became vocal in the abolition campaign, befriending other formerly enslaved Black Britons and forming a group called the Sons of Africa
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Olaudah Equiano wanted to be free so badly that he worked hard and was resilient enough to save whatever money he got in order to buy his freedom from his last master, Robert King.
  • played a key role in the abolitionist movement.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      When he was free, he strived to free other enslaved people. Because of his experience as a slave, he was a perfect advocate for the abolition campaign and other slaves and Africans could relate to him. He did not think of himself only, but wanted everybody to be fre.
  • In 1789, Equiano published his autobiography, sharing his experiences of enslavement.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Movements can be defined as groups of individuals who share the common ideas about what they understand is of great significance.
andilemazibuko

December 11, 1883 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 3 views

go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=NCCO&u=rau_itw&id=GALE|AOMGKT984501567&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-NCCO&sPage=5

Andile Sinenhlanhla Mazibuko 222153584

shared by andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The High Contracting Parties agree to furnish each other in the same way as provided by the foregoing Article, with all the information which they may become possessed of in reference to the interior Slave Trade, and each engages to take into serious consideration any measure which the other may propose for the purpose of joint action in the repression of such interior Slave Trade
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      They have each other's backs in this endeavor and are looking out for their best interests. Their aim is to ''repress'' Interior Slave Trade and not Slave Trade altogether.
  • between Great Britain and Portugal for the develop¬ ment of commerce and the putting down of the Slave Trade in the respective dominions of the two Crowns in Southern and South- Eastern Africa
  • The High Contracting Parties engage to use their utmost endeavours to put down and finally suppress the traffic in slaves on the East Coast of Africa.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Using their resources to assist in the abolition of slavery on the East Coast of Africa but not any other parts of Africa.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Projet of Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal respecting Commerce and Slave Trade in Southern and Eastern Africa
  • Signed at Lisbon, May 30, 1879.
  • HER Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, and His Most Faithful Majesty the King of Portugal and the Algarves, being desirous to encourage and extend the commercial intercourse be¬ tween their adjacent dominions in Southern and Eastern Africa
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Note the passion with which the Queen and King's titles are written, more especially the Queen of Britains. The titles include the countries which they "rule" or have colonized and taken "dominion" over. The wording "commercial", further proves that they view Africans as commodities.
  • to promote the entire abolition of the traffic in slaves on the east coast of that continent
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Abolition in certain parts of the continent and not the whole continent. This plan was to suit their commercial needs.
  • and generally to co-operate in the work of African civilization,
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      "African civilization" is what they use to justify their actions and their colonization of Africa.
mbalenhle2003

Slavery | Encyclopedia.com - 2 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...slavery

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel or a tangible form of movable property. For much of human history, slavery has constituted an important dimension of social and occupational organization. The word slavery originated with the sale of Slavs to the Black Sea region during the ninth century. Slavery existed in European society until the nineteenth century, and it was the principal source of labor during the process of European colonization.
  • Some forms of slavery existed among the indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. However, the reconstruction of the Americas after 1492 led to a system of slavery quite unprecedented in human experience. Slavery in the Americas was a patently artificial social and political construct, not a natural condition. It was a specific organizational response to a specific labor scarcity. African slavery in the Americas, then, was a relatively recent development in the course of human history—and quite exceptional in the universal history of slave societies.
  • Nevertheless, the first Africans who accompanied the early Spanish explorers were not all slaves. Some were free (such as Pedro Alonso Niño, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his third voyage); and others were servants.Nuflo de Olano, who accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa across the Isthmus of Panama was, however, a slave. So were Juan Valiente and several others who traveled and fought with Hernán Cortés in Mexico, or the Pizarro brothers in Peru, or Pánfilo de Narváez in Florida. Those blacks who sailed with Columbus on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492 were free men, and their descendants presumably were as free as any other Spanish colonist in the Americas. Other blacks who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadores might have been servile, but they were not true slaves as the term was later understood. Estebanico—described as "Andrés Dorantes' black Moorish slave"—accompanied Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in his amazing journey around the Gulf of Mexico and overland across the Southwest to Mexico City in the late 1520s and 1530s. Estebanico learned several local Indian languages with consummate ease, and he posed, along with his companions, as holy men gifted with healing powers (Weber, p. 44). The chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes several "blacks" who accompanied Hernán Cortés to Mexico—one of whom brought wheat to the New World, and another (a follower of Pánfilo de Narváez) who introduced smallpox among the Indians, with lethal results (Castillo, 1979). Of the 168 men who followed Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532 and captured the Inca at Cajamarca, at least two were black: Juan García, born in Old Castile, served the expedition as a piper and crier, and Miguel Ruiz, born in Seville, was a part of the cavalry and probably received a double portion of the spoils, as did all those who had horses.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Slavery was also a form of power relations, so slaves by and large did not have an equal voice in articulating a view of their condition. Their actions, however, spoke loudly of their innermost thoughts and represented their reflections on, and reactions to, the world in which they found themselves. Columbus thought the people he encountered in the Caribbean in 1492 might make good slaves, as he seemed to infer in his log of October 10, 1492, when he wrote: "They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think that they can easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases Our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highness when I depart, in order that they may learn our language" (Columbus, p. 77).
  • The transatlantic slave trade formally began in 1518, when King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct importation of Africans to his colonies in the Americas, finally acknowledging that the potential supply of indigenous slaves was inadequate to maintain the economic viability of his fledgling overseas colonies. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese started to import Africans to Brazil to create a plantation society and establish an Atlantic bulwark against other Europeans intruding along the coast. As the demand for labor grew, the number of Africans imported as slaves increased, and manual labor throughout the Americas eventually became virtually synonymous with the enslavement of Africans. The transatlantic slave trade became a lucrative international enterprise, and by the time it ended, around 1870, more than ten million Africans had been forcibly transported and made slaves in the Americas. Many millions more died in Africa or at sea in transit to the Americas.
  • The slave trade responded to an interrelated series of factors operating across Africa, at the supply side, and also in the Americas, at the market level. The trade can be divided into four phases, strongly influenced by the development of colonialism throughout the hemisphere. In the first phase, lasting to about 1620, the Americas were the domain of the Spanish and the Portuguese. These Iberian powers introduced about 125,000 slaves to the Americas, with some 75,000 (or 27 percent of African slave exports of the period) to the Spanish colonies, and about 50,000 (18 percent of the trade) to Brazil. This was a relatively small flow of about 1,000 slaves per year, most of whom were supplied from Portuguese forts along the West African coast. But slavery in the towns, farms, and mines of the Americas then employed less African slaves (about 45 percent of the total Atlantic trade) than in the tropical African islands of Fernando Po and Sâo Tomé, Europe proper, or the islands of the Madeiras, Cape Verdes, and the Azores (about 55 percent of trade). Indeed, the small island of Sâo Tomé alone received more than 76,000 African slaves during the period, exceeding the entire American market.
  • The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade lasted from 1620 to about 1700 and saw the distribution of approximately 1,350,000 slaves throughout the Americas, with an additional 25,000 or so going to Europe. During this phase, the Americas became the main destination of enslaved Africans. The trade was marked by greater geographical distribution and the development of a more varied supply pattern. The European component of the trade eventually dwindled to less than 2 percent. Instead, Brazil assumed the premier position as a slave destination, receiving nearly 42 percent of all Africans sold on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish America received about 22 percent, distributed principally in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean regions of South America. The English Caribbean colonies bought more than 263,000 slaves, or 20 percent of the volume sold in the Americas. The French Caribbean imported about 156,000 slaves, or 12 percent; and the small islands of the Dutch Caribbean bought another 40,000 slaves, or 3 percent of slaves sold throughout the Americas.
  • Even more important, slavery evolved into a complex system of labor, commerce, and society that was legally, socially, and ethnically distinct from other forms of servitude, and that was almost always applied to the condition of nonfree Africans. Two patterns of colonies developed throughout the western hemisphere: colonies designed as microcosms of European societies and colonies designed primarily for the efficient production of export commodities. The first group of colonies constituted the settler colonies. In these colonies, slaves constituted a minority of the population and did not necessarily represent the dominant labor sector. In the second group were exploitation plantation colonies, marked by their overwhelming proportion of nonfree members, and in which slavery formed the dominant labor system.
  • The period between 1701 and 1810 represented the maturation of the slave system in the Americas. This third phase witnessed the apogee of both the transatlantic slave trade and the system of American slavery. Altogether, nearly six million Africans—amounting to nearly 60 percent of the entire transatlantic slave trade—arrived in American ports. Brazil continued to be the dominant recipient country, accounting for nearly two million Africans, or 31 percent, of the trade during this period. The British Caribbean plantations (mainly on Barbados and Jamaica) received almost a million and a half slaves, accounting for 23 percent of the trade. The French Antilles (mainly Saint-Domingue on western Hispaniola, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) imported almost as many, accounting for 22 percent of the trade. The Spanish Caribbean (mainly Cuba) imported more than 500,000 slaves, or 9.6 percent of the trade. The Dutch Caribbean accounted for nearly 8 percent of the trade, but most of those slaves were re-exported to other areas of the New World. The British North American colonies imported slightly more than 300,000, or slightly less than 6 percent of the trade, while the small Danish colonies of the Caribbean bought about 25,000 slaves, a rather minuscule proportion of the slaves sold in the Americas during this period.
  • The system of slavery in the Americas was generally restrictive and harsh, but significant variations characterized the daily lives of slaves. The exhaustive demands of the plantation societies in parts of the Caribbean and Brazil, combined with skewed sexual balances among the slaves, resulted in excessively high mortality rates, unusually low fertility rates, and, consequently, a steady demand for imported Africans to maintain the required labor forces. The recovery of the indigenous populations in places such as Mexico and the Andean highlands led to the use of other systems of coerced labor, somewhat reducing the reliance on African slaves in these areas. Frontiers of grazing economies such as the llanos of Venezuela, the southern parts of Brazil, and the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay required only modest supplies of labor, so that African slaves constituted a small proportion of the local population. Only in the United States did the slave population reproduce itself dramatically over the years, supplying most of the internal demand for slave labor during the nineteenth century.In general, death rates were highest for slaves engaged in sugar production, especially on newly opened areas of the tropics, and lowest among domestic urban workers, except during periodical outbreaks of epidemic diseases.
  • The attack on the slave trade paralleled growing attacks on the system of slavery throughout the Americas. The selfdirected abolition from below that occurred in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was not repeated elsewhere, however. Instead, a combination of internal and external events eventually determined the course of abolition throughout the region. The issue of slavery became a part of the struggle for political independence for the mainland Spanish American colonies. Chile (1823), Mexico, and the new Central America States (1824), abolished slavery immediately after their wars of independence from Spain. The British government abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1834, effectively ending the institution in 1838. Uruguay legally emancipated its few remaining slaves in 1842. The French government ended slavery in the French Antilles in 1848. Colombia effectively abolished slavery in 1851, with Ecuador following in 1852, Argentina in 1853, and Peru and Venezuela in 1854. The United States of America abolished slavery after the U.S. Civil War in 1865. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. Finally, Brazil abolished slavery in 1888.
  • Opposition to SlaveryThe eighteenth century formed the watershed in the system of American slavery. Although individuals, and even groups such as the Quakers, had always opposed slavery and the slave trade, general disapproval to the system gained strength during the later eighteenth century, primarily due to the growth of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rationality, and British Evangelical Protestantism. Opposition to slavery became increasingly more coordinated in England, and it eventually had a profound impact, with the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807. Before that, prodded by Granville Sharp and other abolitionists, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared slavery illegal in Great Britain in 1772, giving enormous impetus to the British antislavery movement. The British legal ruling, in time, freed about 15,000 slaves who were then in Britain with their colonial masters, who estimated their "property loss" at approximately £700,000.
  • In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic study The Wealth of Nations that the system of slavery represented an uneconomical use of land and resources, since slaves cost more to maintain than free workers. By the 1780s the British Parliament was considering a series of bills dealing with the legality of the slave trade, and several of the recently independent former North American colonies—then part of the United States of America—began to abolish slavery within their local jurisdictions. After 1808—when Great Britain and the United States legally abolished their component of the transatlantic slave trade—the English initiated a campaign to end all slave trading across the Atlantic, and to replace slave trading within Africa with other forms of legal trade. Through a series of outright bribes, diplomatic pressure, and naval blockades, the trade gradually came to an end around 1870.
  • Slavery Scholarship and the Place of the Slave in the WorldThe topic of slavery has attracted the attention of a very large number of writers. Before the 1950s, writers tended to view slavery as a monolithic institution. Then, as now, there was much discussion of slavery, and less of the slaves themselves. Standard influential American studies, such as U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery (1918) and Life and Labor in the Old South (1929), Kenneth M. Stampp's The Peculiar Institution (1956), and Stanley Elkins' Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), misleadingly described slaves as passive participants to their own cruel denigration and outrageous exploitation. In Phillips's world, everyone was sublimely happy. In the world of Stampp and Elkins, they were not happy—but neither could they help themselves. Apparently neither Stampp nor Elkins read much outside their narrow field—or if they did, they discounted it. Certainly the then available scholarship of Eric Williams, C. L. R. James, or Elsa V. Goveia is not evident in their works. Herbert Aptheker in American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma (1944), and Frank Tannenbaum in Slave and Citizen (1946) had tried, in those three intellectually stimulating works, to modify the overall picture, but without much success.
  • Conditions of Slavery
  • Then, in 1956, Goveia published an outstanding book, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century. As Francisco Scarano notes of Goveia's work: "Goveia's sensitive and profound study of slave society in the British Leewards … is doubtless one of the great works of Caribbean history in any language. The Guyanese historian revealed the ways in which, in a racialized slave society, the imperative of slave subordination permeated all contexts of social interaction, from legal system to education and from religion to leisure. Everything was predicated on the violence necessary to maintain slavocratic order" (Scarano, p. 260). Goveia's approach inculcated the slaves with agency, a fundamental quality of which earlier writers seemed incredibly unaware. Slaves continuously acted in, as well as reacted to, the world in which they existed.
  • But slavery was not only attacked from above. At the same time that European governments contemplated administrative measures against slavery and the slave trade, the implacable opposition of the enslaved in the overseas colonies increased the overall costs of maintaining the system of slavery. Slave revolts, conspiracies, and rumors of revolts engendered widespread fear among owners and administrators. Small bands of runaway slaves formed stable black communities, legally recognized by their imperial powers in difficult geographical locations such as Esmeraldas in Ecuador, the Colombian coastal areas, Palmares in Brazil, and in the impenetrable mountains of Jamaica. Then, in 1791, the slaves of Saint-Domingue/Haiti, taking their cue somewhat from the French Revolution, staged a successful revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and a number of other local leaders. The radical French commissioner in the colony, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) saw the futility of trying to defeat the local revolt and declared the emancipation of all slaves and their immediate admission to full citizenship (1793), a move ratified the following year by
  • French colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte revoked the decree of emancipation in 1802, but he failed to make it stick in Saint-Domingue, where the former slaves and their free colored allies declared the independence of Haiti—the second free state in the Americas—in 1804.The fourth and final phase of the transatlantic trade lasted from about 1810 to 1870. During that phase approximately two million Africans were sold as slaves in a greatly reduced area of the Americas. With its trade legal until 1850, Brazil imported some 1,145,400 Africans, or about 60 percent of all slaves sold in the Americas after 1810. The Spanish Antilles—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—imported more than 600,000 Africans (32 percent), the great majority of them illegally introduced to Cuba after an Anglo-Spanish treaty to abolish the Spanish
  • he revolutionary government in Paris, which extended the emancipation to all
m222214127

Slavery and the slave trade as international issues 1890-1939 - 1 views

www.tandfonline.com/...01440399808575237

shared by m222214127 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • m222214127 on 26 Apr 23
     
    Published in Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies (Vol. 19, No. 2, 1998)
m222214127

Madagascar and mozambique in the slave trade of the Western Indian Ocean 1800-1861 - 3 views

www.tandfonline.com/...01440398808574968

shared by m222214127 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • m222214127 on 26 Apr 23
     
    Published in Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies (Vol. 9, No. 3, 1988)
ntandoyenkosi

Remembering Slavery in Birmingham: Sculpture, Paintings and Installations: Slavery & Ab... - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...01440390802027798

ntandoyenkosi

shared by ntandoyenkosi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • considers the impact of local and national debates about slavery and abolition in Birmingham in the United Kingdom, highlighting the significance of memorialised representations of Joseph Sturge, a leader of nineteenth-century emancipation campaigns
    • ntandoyenkosi
      ntandoyenkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The source talks about how Americans were willing to do everything for slavery to be abolished. They even formed a march to Birmingham the capital city of America where by they wanted to be seen by the officials.
keohuma

gale source.pdf - 1 views

KEORATILE HUMA HISTORY 2A

shared by keohuma on 29 May 23 - No Cached
  • the Abolition of the Slave Trade and Slavery in East Africa since the Date of Sir Bartle Frere's Visit, 1872-73.
    • keohuma
      keohuma on 29 May 23
       
      The abolition of the Slave Trade and Slavery in East Africa since Sir Bartle Frere's visit in 1872-73 was a crucial period in the fight against the exploitation of human beings. Sir Bartle Frere was a British colonial administrator who visited East Africa and became a vocal advocate for freeing slaves. The Arab slave trade was still prevalent in the region, particularly in Zanzibar, and Frere's visit helped to initiate anti-slavery measures. The British continued to purchase and free slaves, and treaties were established with local leaders to restrict the slave trade. Naval forces were used to intercept slavers, causing a decline in the number of ships involved in the slave trade. The establishment of Christian missions in the region also played a part in the spread of abolitionist ideas. By the early 20th century, the slave trade in East Africa was considerably reduced, largely due to the work of anti-slavery campaigners and the actions taken following Sir Bartle Frere's visit.
lpmalapile

Christian Slavery, Colonialism, and Violence The Life and Writings of an African Ex-Sla... - 6 views

www.jstor.org/...jafrireli.1.4.0431

Lebogang Malapile History 2A

shared by lpmalapile on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Christian Slavery, Colonialism, and Violence The Life and Writings of an African Ex-Slave
    • lpmalapile
      lpmalapile on 23 Apr 23
       
      HIGHLIGHTS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND SLAVERY.
  • It becomes evident that the ban on slavery was not an indictment of the institution; rather, it was meant to protect the putative racial, moral, religious, and cultural superiority of the Dutch from heathen infestation.
    • lpmalapile
      lpmalapile on 23 Apr 23
       
      ABOLITION OF SLAVERY WAS ALSO INFLUENCED BY CHRISTIANITY (RELIGION).
  • That is to say that “Dutchness” or Dutch identity was based on a liberalist view that positioned Dutch society as tolerant compared to other Western European countries. However, the “neutral” position of the Dutch Reformed Church on the slave trade was a fallacious attempt to evade the issue even as some of its members benefited financially from slavery. For the neutrality of the Dutch Reformed Church on slavery
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Johnson offers one of the clearest explications of Christianity's uncontestable role in the formulation of a dehumanizing racist discourse, particularly as it pertains to the American context—and globally for that matter.
    • lpmalapile
      lpmalapile on 23 Apr 23
       
      HOWEVER IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT CHRISTIANITY WAS ALSO A WAY TO CONTINUE DEHUMINIZING BLACK AFRICANS AND AMERICANS
  • Emmer explains that the Dutch generally demonstrated a lackadaisical approach or apathy to the abolition of slavery because the ban had been an order from the monarch rather than a result of mass protests. In addition, most of the Dutch abolitionists were either professors or clergy who conducted their debates in “peace and quiet.”
seeranefm

American Anti-Slavery Almanac Vol. II, No. I/ - 1 views

www.jstor.org/...community.31886568

seeranefm 220111934 History 2A secondary source

shared by seeranefm on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • seeranefm on 22 Apr 23
     
    The American Anti-Slavery Almanac was published annually by the American Anti-Slavery Society from 1836 to 1843 as part of the Society's attempts to increase awareness of the reality of slavery in nineteenth-century America. The yearly almanac combined astronomical data and calendars with anti-slavery literature, art, and marketing in the form of a compact, elegant pamphlet. The 1843 edition, for example, includes works by authors such as William Lloyd Garrison and Thomas Moore, as well as stories of recent slave rebellions and extracts from political speeches in support of slavery abolition. The almanac did not call for an uprising or violence, but rather served to increase awareness of the anti-slavery movement.
  • cinderellaochu on 21 May 23
     
    This source is not shared properly.
mercymmadibe071

Correspondence Respecting the Conference Relating to Slave Trade Held at Brussels - Doc... - 9 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Kgotsoka Mercy 221031275

shared by mercymmadibe071 on 30 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • mercymmadibe071 on 24 Apr 23
     
    The article consists of letters exchanged between various European governments and representatives that were diplomatic regarding the Brussels conference on the abolition of the slavery trade held in 1889-1890. The letters discussed several issues that related to the conference, including the starting of the conference, the number of people that participated and the number of slaves that we held. It showed that the British government initiated the conference and made a progress towards the abolition of slavery and trade. It also highlights the political and diplomatic situations that occurred during this period in the effort to end the slave trade.
andilemazibuko

Introduction: imagining transatlantic slavery and abolition.pdf - 2 views

Andile Sinenhlanhla Mazibuko 222153584

shared by andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • hopes of at last building some sort of international coalition against the slave trade were undoubtedly one of the factors that pushed the British parliament across the abolitionist threshold
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      British parliament finally ended their participation in the transatlantic slave trade, not because of their humanity, but because of their financial and political interests. It may have been an attempt to get other countries to trust them after the major colonization they did.
  • Britain and the United States would play a leading role in suppressing the slave trade, although both nations would remain deeply involved, economically and politically, in the institution of slavery
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Hypocritical behavior. They wanted to stop other countries from benefitting from slavery. Shows signs of capitalism.
  • ending of slavery in the British Caribbean (1833 /4) and the United States (1865). Even then, slavery still flourished in Cuba and Brazil; indeed, it was not until 1888 that Brazil finally emancipated all of its slaves.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Suffice it to say that explanations encompass a wide range of issues, among them economic ‘decline’, black resistance, compassionate humanitarianism and debates over the morality and purpose of empire
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Reasons for Britain's huge role in the abolition of slavery.
  • enslaved Africans were vital to the economic success of plantation
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      One of the reasons that it took so long for slavery to be abolished. Free labour to meet their demand for sugar, rice, indigo and tobacco to export.
  • x-slaves were invited to share in this cult of gratitude and
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      False image to appease the "black resistance"
wandile_masoka

The Wages of Slavery - 1 views

doi.org/9781315037288

Wandile Masoka 222029192

shared by wandile_masoka on 07 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • wandile_masoka on 07 Apr 23
     
    The wages of Slavery. This is a journal article from tailor and francis
  • wandile_masoka on 25 Apr 23
     
    Journal article from TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. This article shows the wages that slaves used to earn and how they earned it. It is proposed that The Americas and Africa at the institute of common wealth studies of London University on 9-10 May 1991 on the other hand was more concerned with work practises before and after the abolition of chattel slavery, the nature of the working week, subsistence and surplus for slaves and free persons, labour negotiations and confrontations and the differing patterns of transition to new labour regimes.
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