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Ivory in World History Early Modern Trade in Context.pdf - 1 views

Cacao Ngcobo History 2A

shared by cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Ivory, however, was a global commodity in the broadest and most literal sense of the word. Ivory trade affected the ecology, economy, and material culture of most of the inhabited world. Ivory is an integral part of human history because the networks of trade that were fueled by ivory connected the most distant corners of the globe. Ivory had a symbolic and practical role in shaping the material culture even in countries where there were no elephants.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was a worldwide trade. It connected different countries and had an impact on the economy of most regions as it was connected to culture and history, especially in countries that had no elephants.
  • vory has a variety of meanings. The word ‘ivory’ can refer to tusks or dentine (tooth) material of elephants, mammoths, walruses, wild boar, hippopotamus or sperm whale or narwhal horn. It can even refer to a plant material produced by the palm ivory (phytelephas) of South America. The endosperm of this tree, called the tagua or corozo nut, is also known as vegetable ivory because it can be carved like and looks similar to elephant ivory. In the late 19th and early 20th century, this nut was widely used for buttons and other inexpensive objects, which have now largely been replaced by plastic. Elephant ivory is therefore sometimes called ‘true ivory’. Each kind of ivory has its story, but here we will focus on true ivory because it had the greatest consumption and the widest impact on the natural and built environment. True ivory is an incisor on the elephant that continues to grow throughout the elephant’s lifetime. 1 Tusk size therefore loosely equates with the age of the elephant.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word ivory has different meanings, but from my understanding, it is tusks and tooth coming from mostly an elephant. There is soft and hard ivory. Soft ivory was the one more in demand as it played a big role in the trading world because it was more flexible.
  • Paleomastadon
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      is an extinct genus of Proboscidea.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Elephas
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephas is also an elephant that is said to be one of the two surviving genera in the family of elephants..
  • Loxodonta
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are African elephants and they are called Loxodonta because they have lozenge-shaped enamel on their molar teeth.
  • For all of human history, demand for ivory was wide across the entire globe, from the Inuit who carved mammoth tusk to the Indonesian and Japanese archipelagos and most of the area in between. This was an effect of not just the usefulness of ivory, but also the fact that elephants inhabited areas in which they are now extinct. The Syrian elephant, for example, once roamed modern-day Syria and Iran. Scholars do not agree whether this was a subspecies which some have called Elephas maximus asurus, or an imported group of Asian elephants, an assumption based on an extremely limited bone sample remains that show a resemblance to Elephas maximus. A conclusive answer will not be possible until more fossil evidence is found to correlate to the evidence found in documents, coins, seals, and other man-made objects that suggest elephants were present in this region.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The elephant's ivory was wanted worldwide, ivory trade also became the most known trade surpassing the slave trade, as it was important because it was connected to history and culture.
  • The second half of the 19th century brought many changes that affected ivory trade besides new distribution routes. The spread of large caliber elephant guns around mid-century made it much easier to kill elephants.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      As the ivory trade grew, it led to more elephants being killed which is why most elephants are extinct.
  • As with any object of value, ivory has always attracted a criminal element. In Song dynasty China, large tusks were cut down so they would weigh less than 30 catties (a bit over 40 lbs) to avoid having to sell them at lower prices on the official market. It is still common practice to hide lead weights in the hollow portion of the tusk (Fig. 7), since they are sold by weight.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The large tusk that was cut down had an impact on slavery as more people were needed to become slaves hence the increase in demand for ivory, and they were even named " black ivory."
  • Ivory has sometimes been called the plastic of the 19th century. In a sense, ‘plastic’ is an accurate description of ivory because it can be worked in so many ways and so demonstrates plasticity.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory was sometimes called plastic as it was soft and can be turned into any object.
cacaongcobo

The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century - 2 views

Cacao Ngcobo History 2A

shared by cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE East African ivory trade is an ancient one. It is mentioned in the first accounts of geographers and travellers, and they give it more prominence than the slave-trade. It may have been the search for ivory which brought the first ships around Cape Guardafui, and then southwards along the East African coas
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The East African trade is from a long time ago. It is said to be more famous or important than slave-trade because it had soft ivory that was ideal for carving and was always in greatest demands.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interio
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The East African ivory trade developed more in the 19th century where it merged with other countries such as America and Europe.
  • aloofness
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      another word meaning being distant or detached.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Muhammad Al
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Muhammad Ali was the greatest American professional boxer and activist, who is one of the most important figures in sports.
  • en mass
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      En masse is a French word that means all together or as a whole.
  • Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are differences between hard and soft ivory.
  • bakshees
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      the word means money that is given as a tip. In this instance it was given as a form of corruption and bribery in the Middle East and South Asia.
cacaongcobo

Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Centu... - 1 views

www.tandfonline.com/...02255189.1998.9669768

Cacao Ngcobo History 2A

shared by cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This participation grew out of differing beliefs about the power of trade to bring about economic, social and political change
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      The participation of various groups in the ivory trade brought about changes in politics, economy and society.
  • Eastern Congo
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a country located in central Africa which is officially known as the Democratic Republic of Congo which participated in the ivory trade in the nineteenth century.
  • It explores how various groups, from Africa and elsewhere, participated in this trade. Participation was motivated by divergent beliefs on trade as an instrument of social, political and economic change.
    • cacaongcobo
      cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Participation and interest of various groups is what developed the ivory trade and brought change.
cacaongcobo

gunsivory-461806.jpg (590×391) - 1 views

cdn.images.express.co.uk/...gunsivory-461806.jpg

Cacao Ngcobo History 2A

shared by cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • cacaongcobo on 26 Apr 23
     
    This picture shows elephant tusks and guns, which were used during the ivory trade to attack elephants to almost extinction.
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