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Colin Bennett

After the era of excess - 0 views

whatmatters.mckinseydigital.com/...after-the-era-of-excess

trends copper economy

shared by Colin Bennett on 04 Mar 09 - Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 04 Mar 09
     
    Instead, America's consumption binge drew support from two major asset bubbles-property and credit. Courtesy of cheap and freely available credit, in conjunction with record housing price appreciation, consumers tripled the rate of net equity extraction from their homes, from 3 percent of disposable personal income in 2001 to 9 percent in 2006. Only by levering increasingly overvalued homes could Americans go on the biggest consumption binge in modern history. And now those twin bubbles-property and credit-have burst, and so has the US consumption bubble: real consumer spending fell at an unprecedented 3.5 percent average annual rate in the two final quarters of 2008. While the original excesses were made in America, the rest of the world was delighted to go along for the ride. With the United States lacking in internal saving, it had to import surplus savings from abroad in order to grow-and ran massive current-account and trade deficits to attract that capital. This fit perfectly with the macro-imbalances of the export-led developing countries of Asia, whose exports exceeded a record 45 percent of regional GDP in 2007-fully ten percentage points higher than their share ten years earlier, in the depths of the Asian financial crisis. China led the charge, taking its exports from 20 percent, to 40 percent of its GDP over the past seven years alone. The export-led growth in developing Asia could well be described as a second-order bubble-in effect, a derivative of the one in US consumption.
Colin Bennett

Mozambique: Mining Set to Grow in Importance in GDP (Page 1 of 1) - 0 views

allafrica.com/...200810240966.html

copper trends mining Mozambique titanium

shared by Colin Bennett on 27 Oct 08 - Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 27 Oct 08
     
    Although mining is currently making only a modest contribution to Mozambique's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), this is likely to rise significantly in the near future, the Minister of mineral Resources, Esperanca Bias, said on Thursday
Colin Bennett

India GDP will grow 8% this year, says India PM - 0 views

timesofindia.indiatimes.com/...3627085.cms

India copper trends economy

shared by Colin Bennett on 22 Oct 08 - Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 22 Oct 08
     
    TOKYO: India will achieve a GDP growth rate of 7.5% to 8% this year despite the current global economic turmoil, which has only partially affected the country, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has said.
Colin Bennett

Productivity gains could make the difference in an aging world - 0 views

www.mckinsey.com/...here_to_look_for_global_growth

trends copper GDP economy ageing

shared by Colin Bennett on 02 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 02 Feb 15
     
    "The potential for diminished growth varies considerably among countries. In the developed world, Canada and Germany are poised for the biggest drops in GDP growth rates. Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Russia, and Brazil are most at risk in developing countries (Exhibit 1)."
Colin Bennett

EIU global GDP forecasts - 0 views

country.eiu.com/article.aspx

trends copper GDP forecasts

shared by Colin Bennett on 17 May 13 - No Cached
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit envisages at least some pick-up in momentum in major economies later in 2013, which will set the stage for a better 2014.
Colin Bennett

China unveils five-year plan for new strategic industries - 0 views

www.chinadaily.com.cn/...content_15605361.htm

trends Copper China government

shared by Colin Bennett on 23 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • BEIJING -- China has released a plan for the development of its new strategic industries from now to the end of 2015, according to a latest statement released by the State Council.  The seven new strategic industries include energy conservation and environment protection, new information technology, biology, high-end equipment manufacturing, new materials, new energy and new-energy cars, according to the plan.  The seven industries will maintain an average growth rate of more than 20 percent during the 2011-15 period, the plan said.  The total value-added output of the industries will account for around 8 percent in China's GDP by 2015, it said. 
Colin Bennett

Global Copper Demand Won't See A Recovery Until 2011 says Credit Suisse - 0 views

news.morningstar.com/...ViewNews.aspx

Trends copper china

shared by Colin Bennett on 15 Jan 09 - Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 15 Jan 09
     
    Global copper demand probably won't see much of a recovery until 2011 because of lower global GDP forecasts, a marked slowdown in China's consumption growth and modest supply in the near term, Credit Suisse said in a note Thursday.
Glycon Garcia

Folha Online - Dinheiro - Construção deve crescer 10% neste ano, estima Sindu... - 0 views

www1.folha.uol.com.br/...ult91u410843.shtml

shared by Glycon Garcia on 10 Jun 08 - Cached
  • O PIB do primeiro trimestre cresceu 5,8% sobre o mesmo período de 2007. Somente a construção civil teve crescimento de 8,8% de janeiro a março, na comparação com igual período em 2007, a maior taxa desde o segundo trimestre de 2004 (10,6%). "A construção civil foi o segmento que mais cresceu de toda a indústria, a qual apresentou expansão de 6,9% no primeiro trimestre de 2008, em comparação com o mesmo período de 2007.
  • Glycon Garcia on 10 Jun 08
     
    Brazilian GDP growth was 5.8% in the 1stQ of 2008. Building construction sector grew 8.8% in the same period.
Wade Ren

The end of Bretton Woods 2? - 0 views

blogs.cfr.org/...the-end-of-bretton-woods-2

2008-crisis economics

shared by Wade Ren on 29 Oct 08 - Cached
  • The Bretton Woods 2 system – where China and then the oil-exporters provided (subsidized) financing to the US to sustain their exports – will come close to ending, at least temporarily. If the US and Europe are not importing much, the rest of the world won’t be exporting much.
  • And rather than ending with a whimper, Bretton Woods 2 may end with a bang. In some sense Bretton Woods 2 has been on life support for a while now. China’s recent export growth has depended far more on Europe than on the US. US demand for non-oil imports peaked in 2006. One irony of the past year is that the US was borrowing far more from China that it was buying from China. Campaign rhetoric that the US was paying for Saudi oil with funds borrowed from China isn’t far off – though it leaves out the fact that the US also borrows from Saudi Arabia to pay for Venezuelan, Mexican and Nigerian oil.
  • If Bretton Woods 2 ends in 2009 – if US demand for imports falls sharply in the last part of 2008 and early 2009, bringing the US trade deficit down – it won’t have ended in the way Nouriel and I outlined back in late 2004 and early 2005. We postulated that foreign demand for US debt would dry up – pushing up US Treasury rates and delivering a nasty shock to a housing-centric economy. As Brad DeLong notes, it didn’t quite play out that way. The US and European banking system collapsed before the balance of financial terror collapsed. Dr. DeLong writes: All of us from Lawrence Summers to John Taylor were expecting a very different financial crisis. We were expecting the ‘Balance of Financial Terror’ between Asia and America to collapse and produce chaos. We are not having that financial crisis. Instead we are having a very different financial crisis. Catastrophic failures of risk management throughout the entire banking sector caused a relatively minor collapse in housing prices to freeze up global finance to a degree that has not been seen since the Great Depression. The end result of this crisis though could be rather similar: a sharp contraction in credit, a fall in US economic activity, a fall in US imports and a fall in the amount of foreign financing the US needs.* The US government is (possibly) trying to offset the fall in private demand by borrowing more and spending more — but as of now there is realistic risk that the fall in private activity will trump the fiscal stimulus.
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Or, to put it more succinctly, Bretton Woods 2, as it evolved, hinged both on the willingness of foreign central banks to take the currency risk associated with lending to the US at low rates in dollars despite the United States large current account deficit AND the willingness of private financial intermediaries to take the credit risk associated with lending at low rates to highly-indebted US households.
  • But now US financial institutions are neither willing nor able to take on the risk of lending even more to US households. For a while the US government was able to ramp up its lending to households (notably through the Agencies) and in the process effectively take over the function previously performed by the private financial system (over the last four quarters, the flow of funds data indicates that the Agencies provided around $800 billion of net credit to US households). But now the US government is struggling to keep the financial system from collapsing. It doesn’t seem like it will able to avoid a sharp fall in the overall availability of credit.
  • It is now clear how the financial sector kept profits up: it took on more risk, as it shifted from borrowing short to buy safe long-term assets (Treasuries and Agencies) to borrowing short to buy risky long-term assets. Leverage in the system also increased (and for some broker dealers that seems to be an understatement), as more and more financial institutions believed that the US had entered into an era of little macroeconomic or financial volatility. The net result seems to have been a truly explosive concentration of risk in the hands of a core set of financial intermediaries in the US and Europe. Securitization – it seems – actually didn’t disperse risk into the hands of institutions able to handle it.
  • I hope that the process of adjustment now underway isn’t as sharp as I fear. The US economy gradually can shift from producing MBS for sale to US investors flush with cash from the sale of safe securities to China and Saudi Arabia to producing goods and services for export – but it cannot shift from churning out complex debt securities to producing goods and services overnight. Indeed, in a slowing US and global economy, improvements in the US deficit will likely come from faster falls in US imports than in US exports – not from ongoing growth in US exports.
  • But right now it looks like there is a real risk that the adjustment won’t be gradual. And it certainly looks like the flow of Chinese (and Gulf) savings to US households over the past few years has produced one of the largest misallocations of global capital in recent history.
  • US taxpayers are going to be hit with a large tab for the credit risk taken on by undercapitalized financial intermediaries. Chinese taxpayers may get hit with a similar tab for the losses their central bank incurred by overpaying for US and European assets as part of its policy of holding its exchange rate down. The TARP is around 5% of US GDP. There are plausible estimates that China’s currency losses will prove to be of comparable magnitude. Charles Dumas puts the cost at above 5% of GDP: “Charles Dumas of Lombard Street Research estimates that China makes 1-2 per cent on its (largely) dollar reserves. It then loses up to 10 per cent on the exchange rate and suffers a Chinese inflation rate of 6 per cent for a total real return in renminbi of about minus 15 per cent. That is a loss of $270bn a year, or a stunning 7-8 per cent of gross domestic product.”
  • Jboss — if some of the Chinese inflow could be redirected into investment in alternative energy, that would indeed be a win/ win. Some infrastructure bank style ideas have promise in my view — basically, the flow that used to go to freddie/ fannie could go to wind farms and the like. I would rather see more adjustment in china (i.e. more investment in Chinese infrastructure) but during the transition, if there is one, to a lower Chinese surplus, redirecting chinese financing toward new energy tech would be offer real benefits.
  • China likes 3rd generation nuclear power. Safe, lower cost than NG or coal, very much lower cost than coal with carbon sequestering, and zero carbon footprint. Wind is about 4X more expensive than our electric costs now. That’s in an area with consistent wind. Solar is worse. I don’t know if we can sucker them into investing in our technical fairy tales. Here’s a easy primer on 3rd gen nukes. http://nuclearinfo.net/Nuclearpower/WebHomeCostOfNuclearPower
    • Wade Ren
      Wade Ren on 29 Oct 08
       
      is this true?
  • btw, solar thermal installations are so easy & affordable to retrofit onto existing structures, it’s amazing that there aren’t more of them here…until you realize that they work to decentralize energy. cedric — china is already doing it in china. they are way ahead of the curve over there. my partner brought back some photos of shanghai — rows of middle class homes each with a small solar panel on top. and that’s just the tip of the iceberg — an architect friend just came back from beijing and wants to move to china (he’s into designing self-powering structures and is incredibly frustrated by the bureaucracy and cost-prohibitive measures in the US).
  • I went to engineering school right after the Arab Oil Embargo, and alternative energy was a hot topic then. All the same stuff you hear of nowadays. They even offered entire courses on it , which I took. Then my first mini career was in the power plant biz, before Volker killed it with interest rates and the Saudies killed any interest in alt. energy with their big oil field discovery. For the last 5 years I’ve been researching what’s changed, and it is frighteningly little. Solar cells are still expensive and only have a 15% conversion efficiency. They developed the new cost reduced film technology, but that knocks down efficiency to 7%. Wind power works where there is wind constantly. Generators are mature technology and are already 90 some percent efficient. Geothermal, tidal, ect. work where they are available. Looks like coal gasification and synfuel is out because it makes too much CO2. Good news is 3rd gen nuclear is way better than 1st gen plants. Hybrid cars are good, and battery technology is finally getting barely good enough for all electric cars to be practical.
  • According to news report today, Japan’s trade surplus is less than 1 billion $ in September 08, a whopping 94% decrease compared to September 07. Does it imply that going forward Japan can not buy as much treasury as before?
Colin Bennett

Third quarter 2008 operations review - Rio Tinto - 0 views

www.riotinto.com/220_features_12585.asp

china copper rio trends

shared by Colin Bennett on 15 Oct 08 - Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 15 Oct 08
     
    "In the near term, the Chinese economy is pausing for breath. China is not completely insulated from an OECD recession and we will see an impact on Chinese exports. However, the near term slowdown of growth is substantially due to tightening of monetary policy introduced by the Chinese government last year in order to tackle inflation. Furthermore, we expect third quarter economic data to show an exaggerated slowdown, reflecting the postponement of projects during the Olympics. Looking further out, Chinese GDP will remain largely driven by the domestic economy and we expect industrialisation and urbanisation to continue apace with strengthening demand across a range of Rio Tinto products.
Wade Ren

Demographic projections and trade implications - 0 views

piaohaoreport.sampasite.com/...aphic-projections-and-trad.htm

trend

shared by Wade Ren on 22 May 08 - Cached
  •   To summarize the raw numbers, China’s population is expected to grow from 1.32 billion today to 1.46 billion in 2030, after which it will decline slowly, to around 1.42 billion in 2050.  Its working population is currently around 840 million.  This component of the population will rise in the next ten years to around 910 million and then will decline quite rapidly to around 790 million by 2050.
  • The graph below shows the composition of China’s population by age group.  Needless to say the most dramatic change is the explosive growth of the over-65 population, followed by the decline in the share of the young.  Another way of understanding this is to note that China’s median age basically climbs over this period from 24 to 45 (which, by the way, may have favorable consequence for long-term political stability).
  • I don’t have the figures yet from before 1990, but looking at other sources I would guess that China’s working population grew by about 2% or more annually during the 1970s and 1980s.  In the 1990s, as the table indicates, the growth rate of the working population slowed to 1.72%, declining further in the current decade to around 1.42% on average.  The number of working Chinese keeps growing until around the middle of the next decade, and then begins to decline by about half a percent a year.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • All this has important implications both for nominal growth rates and per capita growth rates in the next few decades.  For one thing, a country’s GDP growth rate can be expressed as a factor of the growth rate of its working population and the growth rate of average productivity per worker.  As the growth rate of the working population swings from positive to negative – by a little more than 2%, depending on what periods you compare – this will have a commensurate impact on Chinese GDP growth rates, i.e. all other things being equal (which of course they are not).  China’s equilibrium growth rate should be about 2% lower than the equilibrium growth rate of the past two or three decades.
  •  This implies that over the last three decades China has had a demographic bias towards trade surpluses (working population, a proxy for production, grew faster than total population, a proxy for consumption), but over the next three decades it is likely to have a demographic bias towards trade deficits.  
  • Three years ago I argued in a Wall Street Journal OpEd piece that because of the aging and declining populations of Europe and Japan (and to a lesser extent China and Russia), compared to the growing population and relatively stable age distribution in the US, it was not unreasonable for the former countries to run large current account surpluses with the US since they would need the accumulated claims against the US to pay for the current account deficits they would need to run to manage their demographic adjustments.  This is why I have never been terribly worried about the sustainability of the US trade deficit.  In the next decade it is likely that demographic changes will create pressures to reverse those US trade deficits.
Colin Bennett

Economic conditions snapshot - 0 views

www.mckinseyquarterly.com/...sey_Global_Survey_Results_2378

trends copper economics

shared by Colin Bennett on 16 Jun 09 - Cached
  • Colin Bennett on 16 Jun 09
     
    Over the past six weeks, executives have become markedly more optimistic about current economic conditions and prospects for their national economies, a new McKinsey survey shows. Expectations started out so gloomy, however, that even now, fewer than a third expect an economic upturn this year, and two-thirds expect their nations' GDPs to decrease in 2009.\n\nSimilarly, at the company level, more executives still expect to shed workers than to hire, but the share expecting to decrease the workforce has fallen below half for the first time since January. And a full third of respondents now expect profits to increase in 2009, up 8 percent in six weeks. Furthermore, even though respondents see fallout from the crisis in a variety of financial and nonfinancial measures such as employee morale and the pace of innovation, strong majorities expect those effects to be short-lived.
Panos Kotseras

Brazil - Considerable growth in copper consumption - 0 views

www.sindicelabc.org.br/noticias_index.asp

Brazil copper consumption

shared by Panos Kotseras on 03 Jun 09 - Cached
  • Panos Kotseras on 03 Jun 09
     
    According to a study carried out by Sindicel, the Sao Paulo based non-ferrous metals association, Brazil's per capita copper consumption rose by 50% in 2002-2008 to 2.1 kg. Copper usage has grown 30% higher than the GDP growth in the same period. Sindicel's president Sergio Aredes said that the significant rise in copper usage reflects the growth in construction and high-tech products in the Brazilian economy. The association also announced that copper semis production in 2008 generated US$4.0B in revenues. Robust demand in 2008 was supported by strong consumption in the construction, energy, automotive, mining and steel sectors. But Sindicel anticipates that sales in 2009 will decline (construction by 15%, infrastructure by 19% and telecommunication wire and cable by 10%).
Olivier Masson

Hebei Dawufeng Copper temporarily suspends wirerod production - 0 views

Asian Metal

copper China wirerod

shared by Olivier Masson on 14 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Matthew Wonnacott on 14 Jan 13
     
    Xinxing Zhunguan, a Zhejiang-based manufacturer of copper wirerod, plans to increase production at its facility to 165,000t in 2013, up by 10% from 150,000t in 2012. Despite low profitability at Chinese wirerod producers, an official at the company said Xinxing Zhunguan still plans to increase output in 2013 in order to enhance competitiveness. The company said it expects orders to be subdued in the run up to the Chinese Lunar New Year, but then expects a strong rebound after the holiday period. This is consistent with another report on 11th January from Reuters which cited several Chinese copper traders as expecting the period between now and the holiday to be quiet, followed by a strong rebound.
  • ...4 more comments...
  • Matthew Wonnacott on 23 Jan 13
     
    Jiangsu Jiangrun Copper Co. Ltd, a large Chinese copper wirerod producer, is planning to increase production of copper wirerod to 500,000t in 2013, up from 280,000t in 2012, according to an official from the company. The official said copper wirerod demand was weak in 2012, and that the company's output fell by 68,000t from 2011. The official said Jiangsu Jiangrun has invested in a new copper wirerod project which will come online from June 2013, giving the company another 350,000t/y of capacity, which will take total capacity to 750,000t/y.
  • Matthew Wonnacott on 31 Jan 13
     
    According to a survey from Asian Metal, Chinese wirerod capacity is expected to expand by 2.78Mt in 2013. Data published with the report showed that 570,000t of new wirerod production capacity will come online in Q1, followed by another 500,000t in Q2. By the end of the year this will be joined by another 1.71Mt of production capacity. The report cited Chinese local governments' desire to expand GDP growth, as well as the intention of individual companies to grow large enough to list on stock exchanges, as reasons for the rapid expansion in capacity.
  • Matthew Wonnacott on 18 Feb 13
     
    Anhui Xinke New Material Co. will start production at a new 150,000t/y copper wirerod plant in March, according to an official from the company. The source said that the company is currently in the process of testing the equipment and producing wirerod in small quantities at the site. The official said that since starting construction of the project in November 2011, wirerod demand had become "sluggish" and that processing fees for turning cathode into wirerod had declined. In 2013, the company plans to produce 100,000t of copper wirerod after shutting its old production line which could produce 35,000t/y in early February.
  • Matthew Wonnacott on 18 Mar 13
     
    Anhui Xinke, the Anhui-based manufacturer of copper wirerod, will put its new 150,000t/y wirerod plant into operation on 1st April, according to a source from the company. The company has invested RMB1.2B (US$191M) in the facility which will operate alongside its existing 35,000t/y facility. The company said that it produced 4,500t of copper wirerod in March, up from 2,500t in February. However, the source said that wirerod trading had slowed down and that it was harder to conclude deals at the moment.
  • Matthew Wonnacott on 02 Apr 13
     
    According to an official from Chinalco Kunming Copper Co., the Chinese wirerod manufacturer, the company produced 10,000t of copper wirerod in March, up from 7,000t in February. The official said that March's output of wirerod had risen because of a week-long shutdown in February for the Chinese New Year. However, output had still fallen short of the company's 13,000t target. Chinalco Kunming plans to produce 150,000t of wirerod in 2013, utilising around 68% of its 220,000t/y capacity. According to a report from Asian Metal, the company has recently settled its long-term charges for processing 8.0mm wirerod at RMB1,150/t (US$183/t).
  • Olivier Masson on 17 Apr 13
     
    Wirerod production at Hebei Dawufeng Copper has been temporarily suspended since early April in order to carry out maintenance. The company elected to halt production for a month in order to carry out equipment maintenance, owing to the currently sluggish wirerod market. Production at the plant, which has a wirerod production capacity of 100,000 t/y is scheduled to re-start in early May.
Colin Bennett

The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities - 0 views

www.pwc.com/...lenges-and-opportunities.jhtml

trends Copper economics

shared by Colin Bennett on 31 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • The report concludes that the emerging economies are set to grow much faster than the G7 over the next four decades. Figures for average growth in GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms (which adjusts for price level differences across countries) show Nigeria leading the way over the period from 2012 to 2050, followed by Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Saudi Arabia and South Africa. John Hawksworth, PwC Chief Economist and co-author of the report, explains: "The global financial crisis has hit the G7 much harder than the E7 in the short term. And it has also caused downward revisions in the estimates of longer term trend growth in the G7 – particularly those economies in Europe and the US that had previously relied on excessive public and private borrowing to drive growth.” This means that, in PPP terms: The E7 could overtake the G7 before 2020 By 2050 China, the US and India could be by far the largest economies – with a big gap to Brazil in fourth place, ahead of Japan And by the same time, Russia, Mexico and Indonesia could be bigger than Germany or the UK; Turkey could overtake Italy; and Nigeria could rise up the league table, as could Vietnam and South Africa in the longer term. Beyond the largest economies, Malaysia has considerable long-term growth potential, while Poland could continue to outpace its Western European neighbours for some decades to come.
Colin Bennett

IMF - Gradual Upturn in Global Growth During 2013 - 0 views

www.imf.org/...index.htm

trends Copper GDP

shared by Colin Bennett on 23 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Global growth is projected to increase during 2013, as the factors underlying soft global activity are expected to subside. However, this upturn is projected to be more gradual than in the October 2012 World Economic Outlook (WEO) projections. Policy actions have lowered acute crisis risks in the euro area and the United States. But in the euro area, the return to recovery after a protracted contraction is delayed. While Japan has slid into recession, stimulus is expected to boost growth in the near term.
Colin Bennett

IMF Regional Economic Outlook: Asia and Pacific - 0 views

www.imf.org/...areo1012.htm

trends Copper China growth economy

shared by Colin Bennett on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Growth in the Asia-Pacific region has slowed. External headwinds played a major role, as the recovery in advanced economies suffered setbacks. Weaker momentum in China and India also weighed on regional economies. For Asia as a whole, GDP growth fell to its lowest rate since the 2008 global financial crisis during the first half of 2012. With inflationary pressures easing, macroeconomic policy stances remained generally supportive of domestic demand and in some cases were eased further in response to the slowdown. More broadly, financial conditions remain accommodative, and capital inflows have resumed. Going forward, growth is projected to pick up very gradually, and Asia should remain the global growth leader, expanding over 2 percentage points faster than the world average next year. However, considerable downside risks remain, in particular with regard to the euro area crisis. The priorities for policymakers are to support noninflationary growth, maintain financial stability, and remain responsive to weaker-than-expected outcomes. Refocusing structural and fiscal reform efforts toward sustained and more inclusive growth remains a priority.
Colin Bennett

Urban world of 2025: Cities and the rise of the consuming class - 0 views

nextbigfuture.com/...f-2025-cities-and-rise-of.html

trends Copper urban demand

shared by Colin Bennett on 06 Jul 12 - No Cached
  • Global Institute, Urban world: Cities and the rise of the consuming class, finds that the 600 cities making the largest contribution to a higher global GDP—the City 600—will generate nearly 65 percent of world economic growth by 2025. However, the most dramatic story within the City 600 involves just over 440 cities in emerging economies (242 cities will be in China); by 2025, the Emerging 440 will account for close to half of overall growth. One billion people will enter the global consuming class by 2025. They will have incomes high enough to classify them as significant consumers of goods and services, and around 600 million of them will live in the Emerging 440.
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