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use of PET in clinical research, clinical trials, and drug discovery

use of PET/CT in assessing response to therapy

In some cases, such as Hodgkins lymphoma, quantitative PET/CT imaging may not actually be needed, as success can be defined by the complete absence of tracer uptake in the PET image following a course of standardized therapy

MAF precursor activity has also been lost or reduced after Gc-globulin treatment in some cancer cell lines

This appears to result from the deglycosylated ɑ-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (nagalase) secreted from cancerous cells

Nagalase has been detected in many cancer patients, but not in healthy individuals

To date nearly half of known human tumors show a dysregulation of the WNT signaling pathway

It should be also noted that the WNT pathway is not exclusively employed during development or overactivated in cancer. In adults many healthy tissues rely on it for renewal and homeostasis maintenance, most notably the intestine, haematopoietic system, hair, bones and skin. Therefore one might expect adverse reactions in all these organ systems, which has indeed been observed for many WNT-targeting compounds upon attempts to push them into the clinics

The intestine seems to be the most vulnerable in this regard

Hydroxyl radicals cause oxidative damage to cells because they unspecifically attack biomolecules [22] located less than a few nanometres from its site of generation and are involved in cellular disorders such as neurodegeneration [23, 24], cardiovascular disease [25], and cancer [26, 27].

It is generally assumed that in biological systems is formed through redox cycling by Fenton reaction, where free iron (Fe2+) reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the Haber-Weiss reaction that results in the production of Fe2+ when superoxide reacts with ferric iron (Fe3+)

other transition-metal including Cu, Ni, Co, and V can be responsible for formation in living cells

steroid hormones typically interact with their cognate receptor in the cytoplasm for AR, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and PR, but may also bind receptor in the nucleus as appears to often be the case for ERα and ERβ

This ligand binding results in a conformational change in the cytoplasmic NRs that leads to the dissociation of HSPs, translocation of the ligand-bound receptor to the nucleus

In the nucleus, the ligand-bound receptor dimerizes and then binds to DNA at specific HREs to regulate gene transcription

tumor surgery must be carefully considered because the risk of metastasis could be increased by the surgical procedure.

NETosis, which is the process of forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

surgery-induced metastasis

The method of insulin potentiation therapy was empirically invented in 1930 from Mexican doctor D. Perez Garsia

increases the permeability of cell membrane

influences the metabolic processes in human body with the increase of the regenerating processes