Group items tagged

online gallery - see 30,000 items from our collections

Explore Europe's cultural collections

If there is organic life deep under the ice on Europa, why would we need to disturb it at all? Potential source of unknown viruses etc. Risks of releasing something are low I guess, but the assumption that whatever may be there needs Earth-like conditions to survive and multiply is dangerous.

The Linked Data paradigm has therefore evolved from a practical research idea into a very promising candidate for addressing one of the biggest challenges in the area of intelligent information management: the exploitation of the Web as a platform for data and information integration in addition to document search. To translate this initial success into a world-scale disruptive reality, encompassing the Web 2.0 world and enterprise data alike, the following research challenges need to be addressed: improve coherence and quality of data published on the Web, ...

The Starry Messenger is Phase I of the Electronic History of Astronomy developed in the Whipple Museum of the History of Science and the Department of History and Philosophy of Science. This phase was directed by Dr Sachiko Kusukawa and Dr Liba Taub, and supported by funding from Trinity College, Cambridge. Dr David Chart was the Project Manager.

The gateway to European research and development

"Hundreds of species of bacteria call the human gut their home. This gut "microbiome" influences our physiology and health in ways that scientists are only beginning to understand. Now, a new study suggests that gut bacteria can even mess with the mind, altering brain chemistry and changing mood and behavior. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in how gut bacteria might influence the brain and behavior, says John Cryan, a neuroscientist at University College Cork in Ireland. So far, most of the work has focused on how pathogenic bugs influence the brain by releasing toxins or stimulating the immune system, Cryan says. One recent study suggested that even benign bacteria can alter the brain and behavior, but until now there has been very little work in this area, Cryan says."

"Was die Zellzahl angeht, besteht jeder Mensch zu 90 Prozent aus Mikroben", sagt Dennis Kasper von der Harvard Medical School in Boston. Die Hauptmasse dieser Mitbewohner des menschlichen Körpers lebt im Darm. Sie unterstützen nicht nur die Verdauung, sondern sind für unsere Gesundheit generell unverzichtbar. So wie sie sich speziell an ihren Wirt angepasst haben, hat sich auch unser Organismus an die Mikroben angepasst. Insbesondere hängt die normale Entwicklung des Immunsystems von der Mitwirkung der Darmkeime ab. Das schließen Kasper und seine Kollegen aus ihren Experimenten mit Mäusen, die in keimfreier Umgebung gehalten wurden. In den bakterienfreien Darm neugeborener Mäuse übertrugen die Forscher ein natürliches Gemisch von Darmmikroben, das entweder von gesunden Mäusen oder von gesunden Menschen stammte. In beiden Fällen kam es zum Wachstum von Bakterien in ähnlich hoher Zahl und mit einem ähnlich breiten Artenspektrum. Beide Bakterienpopulationen waren aber aus sehr unterschiedlichen Keimspezies zusammengesetzt, wie DNA-Analysen zeigten. Die Untersuchung von Darmlymphknoten ergab, dass sich bei den Mäusen mit den „menschlichen" Darmkeimen genauso wenige Immunzellen entwickelt hatten wie bei Mäusen, deren Darm völlig keimfrei blieb. „Es schien so, als ob diese Mäuse die Bakterien gar nicht erkennen würden", sagt Hachung Chung, ein Mitglied des Forscherteams"

In another study, in which volunteers saw the same pictures while having their brain scanned using MRI, she found that people had a stronger response in the hippocampus and amygdala - areas of the brain associated with fear - when they were shown fearful faces at systole than when they saw them at diastole. In other words, half a heartbeat was all it took for a person to experience a significantly different response to the same scary stimulus.

"Es ist möglich, dass eine frühzeitige Exposition gegenüber Antibiotika den Stoffwechsel von Kindern umprogrammiert, sodass Übergewicht im späteren Leben entstehen kann", sagt Co-Autor Martin Blaser von der New York University School of Medicine. Er betont, dass noch weitere Forschung nötig sei, um diese Theorie zu bestätigen. Klar sei aber bereits: Alles was die Darmflora beeinflussen kann, sollte vorsichtig behandelt werden. Ilseung Cho (New York University School of Medicine) et al.: Nature, doi:10.1038/nature11400"

"The project was kick-started by a huge public response to the team's research into the genetics of gut bacteria. In a previous study the researchers found that certain gut-specific genetic markers were related to obesity and other diseases. "I got between 50 and 100 e-mails from regular people having problems with the stomach or diarrhoea and wondering if we can help them," Peer Bork, a biochemist and co-creator of MyMicrobes, told Nature. This new website will build on that work, whilst also providing support for concerned members of the public."