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Tamir DI, Mitchell JP. Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. dtamir@fas.harvard.edu Abstract Humans devote 30-40% of speech output solely to informing others of their own subjective experiences. What drives this propensity for disclosure? Here, we test recent theories that individuals place high subjective value on opportunities to communicate their thoughts and feelings to others and that doing so engages neural and cognitive mechanisms associated with reward. Five studies provided support for this hypothesis. Self-disclosure was strongly associated with increased activation in brain regions that form the mesolimbic dopamine system, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Moreover, individuals were willing to forgo money to disclose about the self.

"Ich eröffnete meinen Vortrag mit der Ankündigung, dass ich ihnen zur „Evolution der Religion" die Überlegungen eines Theologen vorstellen würde. Skepsis und Entsetzen machte sich auf den Gesichtern breit; die meisten Biologinnen und Biologen haben von Religionsgelehrten selten Gutes gehört. Doch dann ließ ich hinter mir das Bild des Gelehrten aufscheinen - und die Zurückhaltung, die im Raum quasi physisch zu spüren war, ging in Überraschung und schließlich Gelächter über. Denn hinter und über mir schaute niemand Geringeres in den Saal als der Begründer der Evolutionsbiologie selbst: Charles Darwin! Ja, es ist wahr. In den meisten Kurzbiografien wird Charles Darwin als „Naturforscher" vorgestellt. Und bis heute treffe ich auf großes Erstaunen, wenn ich darauf aufmerksam mache, dass der bedeutendste Wissenschaftler des 19. Jahrhunderts einen einzigen Studienabschluss erworben hatte - den eines Bachelors in christlich-anglikanischer Theologie! Darwin schnitt als zehntbester seines Jahrgangs in Cambridge ab und wäre beinahe Landpfarrer geworden"

Open Economics Working Group is run by the Open Knowledge Foundation in association with the Centre for Intellectual and Property Law (CIPIL) at the University of Cambridge. Its membership consists of leading academics and researchers, public and private sector economists, representatives from national and international public bodies and other experts from around the world.

The Starry Messenger is Phase I of the Electronic History of Astronomy developed in the Whipple Museum of the History of Science and the Department of History and Philosophy of Science. This phase was directed by Dr Sachiko Kusukawa and Dr Liba Taub, and supported by funding from Trinity College, Cambridge. Dr David Chart was the Project Manager.

Department of History and Philosophy of Science

"Um schnell wieder auf Touren zu kommen, gilt für viele Menschen ein zuckerhaltiger Snack als hilfreich, denn er setzt schnell Energie im Körper frei. Das könnte aber genau die falsche Strategie sein, sagt nun ein internationales Forscherteam: Dessen Untersuchungsergebnisse an Mäusen legen nahe, dass die Zufuhr von Kohlenhydraten eher müde macht, wohingegen eiweißhaltige Nahrung anregt und die Verbrennung von Kalorien ankurbelt. Der Studie zufolge liegt das an der Wirkung der Eiweißbausteine auf die sogenannten Orexin-Zellen, die an der Regulation des Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus und des Appetits beteiligt sind. Die neuen Erkenntnisse könnten demzufolge auch wichtige Informationen für das Verständnis von Schlafstörungen und Übergewicht liefern, sagen Denis Burdakov von der University of Cambridge und seine Kollegen. "

"Alternatively, the technique could potentially be used to insert cells directly into damaged retinas during ocular surgery, says Keith Martin, a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Cambridge, who led the research."

"The Millennium Mathematics Project (MMP) is a maths education and outreach initiative for ages 3 to 19 and the general public. The MMP is a collaboration between the Faculties of Mathematics and Education at the University of Cambridge, and is active nationally and internationally. Our focus is on increasing mathematical understanding, confidence and enjoyment, enriching everyone's experience of mathematics, and promoting creative and imaginative approaches to maths."

A new strain of MRSA has been identified in cows' milk and in people, but don't stop drinking milk - the bug is killed off in pasteurisation. However, the strain evades detection by standard tests used by some hospitals to screen for MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), potentially putting people at risk. Laura Garcia Alvarez, then at the University of Cambridge, and colleagues were studying infections in British cows when they discovered antibiotic-resistant bacteria that they thought were MRSA. However, tests failed to identify the samples as any known strains of the superbug. Sequencing the mystery bacteria's genomes revealed a previously unknown strain of MRSA with a different version of a gene called MecA. The new strain was also identified in samples of human MRSA, and is now known to account for about 1 per cent of human MRSA cases.

Traditional methods of transmitting data, such as fibre optics or laser-based radar, require roughly 100 photons to transmit a single bit of data. Now a team led by Saikat Guha at Raytheon BBN Technologies in Cambridge, Massachusetts, say they can transmit 10 bits on a single photon - a 1000-fold improvement.

Brain, bodily awareness, and the emergence of a conscious self: these entities and their relations are explored by Germanphilosopher and cognitive scientist Metzinger. Extensively working with neuroscientists he has come to the conclusion that, in fact, there is no such thing as a "self" -- that a "self" is simply the content of a model created by our brain - part of a virtual reality we create for ourselves. But if the self is not "real," he asks, why and how did it evolve? How does the brain construct the self? In a series of fascinating virtual reality experiments, Metzinger and his colleagues have attempted to create so-called "out-of-body experiences" in the lab, in order to explore these questions. As a philosopher, he offers a discussion of many of the latest results in robotics, neuroscience, dream and meditation research, and argues that the brain is much more powerful than we have ever imagined. He shows us, for example, that we now have the first machines that have developed an inner image of their own body -- and actually use this model to create intelligent behavior. In addition, studies exploring the connections between phantom limbs and the brain have shown us that even people born without arms or legs sometimes experience a sensation that they do in fact have limbs that are not there. Experiments like the "rubber-hand illusion" demonstrate how we can experience a fake hand as part of our self and even feel a sensation of touch on the phantom hand form the basis and testing ground for the idea that what we have called the "self" in the past is just the content of a transparent self-model in our brains. Now, as new ways of manipulating the conscious mind-brain appear on the scene, it will soon become possible to alter our subjective reality in an unprecedented manner. The cultural consequences of this, Metzinger claims, may be immense: we will need a new approach to ethics, and we will be forced to think about ourselves in a fundamentally new way. At

cp. Olaf Blanke, http://ed.iiQii.de/gallery/Science-TheOnlyNews/OlafBlanke_inco_epfl_ch "I am interested in the neurobiology of visual perception, visual cognition, and motor control. Neurocognitive processes underlying social perception and social cognition form the second focus of my research."