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A major goal of research on suicide is to improve our understanding of who is at most risk, why people transition from suicidal thoughts to action, and when to intervene (Prioritized Research Agenda for Suicide Prevention, Short-term Objective 1.C). risk is a dynamic process and suicide attempts are often preceded by acute stressors. While many studies of suicide risk focus on emotion dysregulation, fewer studies have examined arousal and regulation and how these domains dynamically shape emotional and cognitive functions such as response to reward, frustrative non-reward, cognitive flexibility and control, or decision-making. Very few studies in the NIMH portfolio on suicide risk have focused on proximal risk. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) will fund research that will address these gaps by providing an understanding of the mechanisms of how dysregulation interacts with Cognition and Negative and Positive Valence in order to determine time-varying risk, and then to identify modifiable targets for timely interventions during highrisk periods.

Polio is a crippling and potentially fatal infectious disease and is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) with a target of eradication by 2015 and polio free certification date of 2018. There is no cure, but there are safe and effective vaccines. CDC Director Thomas Frieden, MD, MPH, has designated polio eradication an agency-wide priority through activation of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) for the last 32 months for global polio response activities. The US congress has included a significant increase in polio funding for fiscal year 2014 with a mandate to work with all government and non-government partners to eradicate polio (Congressional committee records, 2013). CDC is one of five spearheading partners in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) providing technical and financial support to implement polio eradication activities globally. GPEI has four strategies to meet this target for polio eradication: routine immunization, supplementary immunization, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, and targeted “mop-up” campaigns. Although the entire African region is at risk, polio remains endemic in Nigeria and ongoing outbreaks have occurred in central and east African countries. Until polio transmission is interrupted in these countries, polio will remain a risk throughout the region and the world. This program will support the US Government endorsed GPEI and the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006-2015. As evidenced by recent outbreaks and WHO/CDC risk assessments (‘Assessing the risks for Poliovirus Outbreaks’, MMWR, September 2013), public health workers at the local and national level in polio endemic Nigeria, polio outbreak countries in east and central African countries and other at-risk countries in the African region do not have the adequate expertise to conduct polio activities effectively for urgent and sustained polio eradic

This notice announces the opportunity to apply for funding under the Innovations in Care Coordination for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Other Developmental Disabilities (DD) Program. The purpose of this program is to build on past HRSA programs (HRSA-16-048 and HRSA-13-207) to improve access to coordinated and integrated care for children with, or at risk for, ASD/DD and their families in medically underserved areas and populations.[1],[2] The purpose and objectives of this program will be accomplished by implementing the following two strategies: Family Navigation - Increasing family navigation services to improve communication between families and primary and specialty providers; link children with/at risk for ASD/DD to diagnostic evaluations, ASD/DD services, and community resources; and provide education to families of children with/at risk for ASD/DD to improve self-efficacy in navigating the system of care for children with/at risk for ASD/DD; and Provider Education - Providing education, training, and technical assistance to providers, and community based-organizations providing services to ASD/DD on improving care for children with/at risk for ASD/DD through a learning community. [1] At risk for ASD/DD can be defined as children who have been identified through primary care developmental surveillance as needing further screening or evaluation for ASD/DD. [2] HRSA definition for Medically Underserved Areas: https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/topics/shortageareas.aspx.

The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to replicate and scale up programs that include the protective factors shown to be effective in the prevention of risk behaviors, including teen pregnancy. The overall goal is to promote healthy adolescence and to address youth sexual risk holistically or across the interrelated factors that promote optimal health and result in healthy decision-making and teen pregnancy prevention. Target populations Applicant should target participants and communities most at risk. Applicants should select a population(s) within a community that has a teen birth rate, STD rate, sexual activity rate, or other measure of sexual risk that is either at or above the national average as published in a current federal report or one that has not experienced a decline commensurate with national declines. Each selected community must be defined by clear geographic boundaries in order to assure that the number of youth served can be identified and sexual risk rates can be monitored.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is intended to stimulate model-driven research to understand the ways that people make decisions about engaging in behaviors that impact the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV, or to adhere to treatments for HIV. Decision making processes may contribute to both substance use/abuse and other HIV acquisition or transmission risks. A better understanding of decision making processes in the context of brain neural networks and their associated functions would lead to the development of better strategies to reduce the frequency of HIV-risk behaviors. Therefore, this FOA encourages applications to study 1) cognitive, motivational or emotional mechanisms and/or 2) brain neuroendocrine and reinforcement systems that related to HIV-risk behaviors or treatment non-compliance. Interdisciplinary studies that incorporate approaches from psychology, economics, anthropology, sociology, decision sciences, neuroscience and computational modeling are encouraged. This FOA for R21 applications is intended to encourage exploratory and developmental research projects by providing support for the early and conceptual stages of these projects. These studies may involve considerable risk but may lead to a breakthrough in a particular area, or to the development of novel techniques, agents, methodologies, models, or applications that could have a major impact.

The Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families' Family and Youth Services Bureau announces the availability of funds under the Sexual Risk Avoidance Education (SRAE) Program. The purpose of the SRAE Program is to fund projects to implement sexual Risk avoidance education that teaches participants how to voluntarily refrain from non-marital sexual activity. The services are targeted to participants that reside in areas with high rates of teen births and/or are at greatest Risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The goals of SRAE are to empower participants to make healthy decisions, and provide tools and resources to prevent pregnancy, STIs, and youth engagement in other Risky behaviors. Successful applicants are expected to submit program plans that agree to use medically accurate information referenced to peer-reviewed publications by educational, scientific, governmental, or health organizations; implement an evidence-based approach integrating research findings with practical implementation that aligns with the needs and desired outcomes for the intended audience; and teach the benefits associated with self-regulation, success sequencing for poverty prevention, healthy relationships, goal setting, and resisting sexual coercion, dating violence, and other youth Risk behaviors such as underage drinking or illicit drug use without normalizing teen sexual activity.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in collaboration with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has maintained a long-standing relationship in the development and advancement of the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) Program, through ongoing cooperative agreements initiated by ATSDR. The PEHSU serves health professionals, community organizations, governmental officials, federal staff, child-care providers, parents, and others having interest in environmental conditions that influence reproductive and pediatric health. Primary focuses of the PEHSU are to: (1) Build the capacity of primary care clinicians to recognize environmental exposure risks, provide risk reduction counseling, and deliver patient care to those at risk of or harm from acute or chronic exposures to hazardous substances in the environment. (2) Integrate environmental health content, placing emphasis on hazardous substances in the environment and related health effects, into pre-service clinical (i.e., medical, nursing, and allied health) course work; and primary care residency programs (i.e., clinicians in pediatrics, family medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology). (3) Increase patient and population awareness of environmental exposure risks and ways to reduce those risks. (4) Provide education and consultative services to community members, clinicians, state and local health departments, appropriate federal programs, and others involved in protecting children and couples of reproductive age from environmental threats. (5) Provide educational and consultative assistance in communities where ATSDR and/or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are addressing environmental contamination.

The justice system is an important target for HIV prevention and treatment, as an estimated 25% of all people living with HIV will pass through the justice system each year. As well, a high proportion of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) and people who inject drugs (PWID) pass through the justice system each year. OUD and injection drug use elevate HIV risk. Community re-entry from incarceration is a time of heightened risk for substance use relapse, opioid-related mortality, HIV risk behaviors, and discontinuation of HIV treatment. Justice involved people who have HIV, or who are at elevated risk for HIV, should have the opportunity to receive evidence-based HIV services appropriate to their level of risk. These include screening, initiation on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and engagement in related substance use disorder treatment services. HIV treatment-as-prevention can help reach the goal of ending the HIV epidemic in the United States. This initiative aligns with the NIH-OAR priority of reducing the incidence of HIV, and with the President's objective to End the HIV Epidemic by 2030.

The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement is to solicit research to develop, optimize and test mental health telehealth methods (i.e., without involving in-person interaction between a mental health clinician and the patient) to help evaluate and treat emergency department (ED) patients with suicide risk, compared to usual care of such patients in emergency departments without adequate on-site mental health specialty consultation. Primary research questions include if the use of telehealth methods affects the proportion of ED patients who are (1) considered at imminent risk for suicide, (2) boarded in the ED due to suicide risk, and (3) require hospitalization for suicide risk; (4) whether use of telehealth methods affects the rate of within-encounter provision of evidence-based suicide prevention interventions; and whether use of telehealth methods affects (5) the rates of suicide ideation, attempts and deaths, and (6) health care use and costs, in the year after an index ED visit in which a patient was identified with suicide risk. To inform future implementation of telehealth enabled suicide prevention practices in the ED, qualitative data on patient and provider views of telehealth provision of suicide prevention practices (feasibility and acceptability of clinical decision making; clinical workflows; ease of use of technology) are sought.

The purpose of this FOA is to encourage applications that seek to conduct studies of the visual system. This FOA will support applications that either Those that involve human subjects, but are not NIH-defined clinical trials (see NOT-OD-15-015); or Those that are NIH-defined clinical trials and are designed to address either: 1) mechanisms underlying human vision in health and disease; or 2) interventions that entail procedures with minimal risk to subjects. A mechanistic trial is defined as "A study designed to understand a biological or behavioral process, the pathophysiology of a disease, or the mechanism of action of an intervention. "Minimal risk" means that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests. NIH-defined clinical trial applications that are neither mechanistic nor minimal risk are not eligible for this FOA. Large-scale clinical trials, human gene-transfer and stem cell therapy trials, and other complex or high resource- or safety-risk clinical trials are not appropriate for this FOA. Applicants are strongly advised to consult with NEI program staff prior to submitting an application with human subjects to determine the appropriate funding opportunity.

The Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families' Family and Youth Services Bureau announces the availability of funds under the Sexual Risk Avoidance Education (SRAE) Program. The purpose of the SRAE Program is to fund projects to implement sexual Risk avoidance education that teaches participants how to voluntarily refrain from non-marital sexual activity. The services are targeted to participants that reside in areas with high rates of teen births and/or are at greatest Risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The goals of SRAE are to empower participants to make healthy decisions, and provide tools and resources to prevent pregnancy, STIs, and youth engagement in other Risky behaviors. Successful applicants are expected to submit program plans that agree to use medically accurate information referenced to peer-reviewed publications by educational, scientific, governmental, or health organizations; implement an evidence-based approach integrating research findings with practical implementation that aligns with the needs and desired outcomes for the intended audience; and teach the benefits associated with self-regulation, success sequencing for poverty prevention, healthy relationships, goal setting, and resisting sexual coercion, dating violence, and other youth Risk behaviors such as underage drinking or illicit drug use without normalizing teen sexual activity.

The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to accelerate research evaluating electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, ENDS) as a potential means of reducing the risks associated with combustible tobacco use. This goal will be achieved by funding clinical studies that use the newly-developed NIDA Standard Research E-cigarette (SREC) to examine potential risks and benefits associated with e-cigarette use in current tobacco smokers. Ultimately, this FOA aims to evaluate whether e-cigarettes can reduce the risks associated with combustible tobacco use and to establish the NIDA SREC as a standard to which other e-cigarettes can be compared. Studies submitted to this FOA should examine the effects of the SREC on multiple behavioral and health biomarkers in current tobacco smokers and may include examination of whether e-cigarettes can reduce the negative health impacts of conventional tobacco use, and / or examine their effects on craving and dependence. Funding will be contingent upon the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) determination that the studies fall under their regulatory jurisdiction. Furthermore, funding will require that CTP accepts the use of the NIDA SREC as an Investigational Tobacco Product (ITP) in the proposed study, or determines that an ITP is not required. Studies funded by this FOA are expected to rapidly increase understanding of whether e-cigarettes reduce the risks associated with tobacco use. Additionally, these studies may provide significant data to inform e-cigarette public health policy decision-making.

People with severe mental illness (SMI) die from the same causes as those in the general population, e.g., heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and pulmonary disease. However, these diseases are more common in people with SMI and lead to earlier death. The modifiable health risk factors that contribute to these diseasessmoking, obesity, hypertension, metabolic disorder, substance use, low physical activity, poor fitness and dietare also more common and have an earlier onset in people with SMI. Side effects of psychiatric medications, which may include weight gain and metabolic disorder, add to these health risks. Effective interventions to reduce these common modifiable health risk factors exist for the general population, however, they are generally unavailable to people with SMI and evidence is sparse on how to bring them to this population. This FOA will support R01 grants of up to five years for rigorous effectiveness testing of innovative services interventions designed to reduce the prevalence and magnitude of common modifiable health risk factors related to shortened lifespan in adults with severe mental illness (SMI), as well as in children and youth with serious emotional disturbances (SED).

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) encourages cooperative research project grant (U01) applications aimed at developing and determining, prospectively, the sensitivity and specificity of approaches to screening and stratifying youth (under age 18) who are at risk for suicide in order to improve the overall care of these individuals in the Emergency Department (ED) setting. To optimize the generalizability of improved ED care to reduce suicidality, applications should develop screening and risk stratification approaches that can be tested across multiple general medical emergency department settings. Improved screening would inform subgroup-by-intervention pairing to increase impact and future intervention development to target modifiable risk factors within specific high risk groups.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is intended to stimulate model-driven research to understand the ways that people make decisions about engaging in behaviors that impact the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV, or to adhere to treatments for HIV. Decision making processes may contribute to both substance use/abuse and other HIV acquisition or transmission risks. A better understanding of decision making processes in the context of brain neural networks and their associated functions would lead to the development of better strategies to reduce the frequency of HIV-risk behaviors. Therefore, this FOA encourages applications to study 1) cognitive, motivational or emotional mechanisms and/or 2) brain neuroendocrine and reinforcement systems that related to HIV-risk behaviors or treatment non-compliance. Interdisciplinary studies that incorporate approaches from psychology, economics, anthropology, sociology, decision sciences, neuroscience and computational modeling are encouraged. This FOA for R01 applications solicits empirical, hypothesis-driven, confirmatory research and modeling approaches. Exploratory, descriptive or hypothesis-generating research are more appropriate for the complementary FOAs using the R21 or R03 mechanisms. In no cases, should research involving animals be proposed.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is intended to stimulate model-driven research to understand the ways that people make decisions about engaging in behaviors that impact the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV, or to adhere to treatments for HIV. Decision making processes may contribute to both substance use/abuse and other HIV acquisition or transmission risks. A better understanding of decision making processes in the context of brain neural networks and their associated functions would lead to the development of better strategies to reduce the frequency of HIV-risk behaviors. Therefore, this FOA encourages applications to study 1) cognitive, motivational or emotional mechanisms and/or 2) brain neuroendocrine and reinforcement systems that related to HIV-risk behaviors or treatment non-compliance. Interdisciplinary studies that incorporate approaches from psychology, economics, anthropology, sociology, decision sciences, neuroscience and computational modeling are encouraged. This FOA for R03 applications encourages small research projects that can be carried out in a short period of time with limited resources. The R03 activity code supports different types of projects including pilot and feasibility studies; secondary analysis of existing data; small, self-contained research projects; development of research methodology; and development of new research technology. In no cases, should research involving animals be proposed.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is associated with the Beau Biden Cancer MoonshotSM Initiative (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative) that is intended to accelerate cancer research. The purpose of this FOA is to develop, test, and evaluate interventions and implementation approaches, or adapt existing approaches, to improve patient/provider/family risk communication and decision making for individuals and families with an inherited susceptibility to cancer. Specifically, this FOA targets the following area designated as a scientific priority by the Blue Ribbon Panel (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/blue-ribbon-panel/prevention-screening-working-group-report.pdf) Recommendation G (https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/blue-ribbon-panel#ui-id-3 ): "Sponsor initiatives to improve the current state of early detection, genetic testing, genetic counseling, and knowledge landscape of the mechanisms and biomarkers associated with cancer development and conduct implementation science research to accelerate development, testing, and broader adoption of proven strategies to significantly reduce cancer risk and address cancer health disparities in these areas." This Funding Opportunity Announcement invites U01 applications for projects that develop, test, and evaluate interventions and implementation approaches, or adapt existing approaches, to improve patient/provider/family risk communication and decision making for individuals and families with an inherited susceptibility to cancer so that they can make informed clinical risk management decisions.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites applications that focus on clarifying the relationship between delirium and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Specifically sought is research focusing on understanding why persons with ADRD are at increased risk to develop delirium, often with a worse prognosis compared to those without antecedent ADRD, and why patients who experience delirium are at higher risk to develop subsequent short- and/or long-term mild cognitive impairment or ADRD, often with an accelerated rate of cognitive decline compared to those without preceding delirium. Relevant research projects may focus on, but are not limited to, those that A) provide insight into possible common, sequential, causative, contributory and/or synergistic pathways underlying both ADRD and delirium, B) elucidate mechanisms that lead to the development of delirium against the background of aging and/or neurodegeneration, with particular emphasis on use of appropriate animal models, C) identify risk factors for the onset and/or progression of delirium in those with ADRD and vice versa, D) diagnose and assess one condition in the setting of the other, E) identify putative phenotypes of patients with co-existing ADRD and delirium, or F) test pharmacologic and/or non-pharmacologic strategies to prevent, treat, or reduce the impact of delirium in patients with ADRD and vice versa. Research supported by this FOA is intended to provide mechanistic insight to improve risk assessment, diagnosis, phenotyping, prevention, and management approaches for both delirium and ADRD.

The purpose of the program is to reduce the morbidity and premature mortality associated with chronic diseases and to eliminate associated health disparities by supporting capacity building, program planning, development, implementation, evaluation, and surveillance for chronic disease conditions and chronic disease-related risk factors. This program addresses the Healthy People 2010 focus areas of Diabetes (focus area 5), Educational and Community-Based Programs (focus area 7), Public Health Infrastructure - Data and Information Systems (focus area 23), and Tobacco Use (focus area 27). This program also addresses the CDC goal of "Healthy People in Every Stage of Life" ("All people, and especially those at greater risk of health disparities, will achieve their optimal lifespan with the best possible quality of health in every stage of life.") and "Healthy People in Healthy Places" ("The places where people live, work, learn, and play will protect and promote their health and safety, especially those at greater risk of health disparities.").Activities and interventions funded under this program announcement should be evidence based and implemented in consultation with CDC. When preparing the application, applicants should avail themselves of technical assistance resources available from the program to ensure that evidence-based capacity building, surveillance and evaluation activities, intervention strategies, and the infrastructure to implement them are proposed for funding.

The Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families' Family and Youth Services Bureau announces the availability of funds under the Title V Competitive Sexual Risk Avoidance Education (CSRAE) Program. The purpose of the CSRAE is to fund projects to implement sexual Risk avoidance education that teaches participants how to voluntarily refrain from non-marital sexual activity. The goals of CSRAE are to empower participants to make healthy decisions, and provide tools and resources to prevent pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and youth engagement in other Risky behaviors. Successful applicants must agree to use medically accurate information referenced to peer-reviewed publications by educational, scientific, governmental, or health organizations; implement an evidence-based approach integrating research findings with practical implementation that aligns with the needs and desired outcomes for the intended audience; and teach the benefits associated with self-regulation, success sequencing for poverty prevention, healthy relationships, goal setting, and resisting sexual coercion, dating violence, and other youth Risk behaviors such as underage drinking or illicit drug use without normalizing teen sexual activity. The SRAE legislation requires unambiguous and primary emphasis and context for each of the topics to be addressed in program implementation. Additionally, there is a requirement that messages to youth normalize the optimal health behavior of avoiding non-marital sexual activity.