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This Appendix to the Research Opportunities in Space Biology (ROSBio) - 2016 NASA Omnibus Research Announcement (hereafter referred to as ROSBio-2016 Omnibus NRA) solicits proposals that will increase NASA's understanding of how living systems acclimate to spaceflight to support human space exploration. The solicited research will fall into the following four research emphases: 1. Microbiomes of the Built Environment (MoBE) of Spacecraft 2. Plant Biology to support Human Space Exploration 3. Animal Biology in support of Human Space Exploration 4. Molecular and Cellular Biology

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) seeks innovative research proposals that use animal models to investigate the potential role of the microbiome in mediating the latent effects of early life exposure.

The goal of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to improve understanding of how durable protective immunity is achieved by supporting studies that define components and mechanisms of the immune system. Applications proposing human cells/tissue response studies will help determine the human responses elicited by immunization, however, animal studies may also be used to extend the findings from human tissues to more mechanistic studies not easily accomplished in humans.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is supported by Collaborative Research on Addiction (CRAN) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a trans-NIH partnership composed of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The intent of this FOA is two-fold: (1) characterize how the neurobiological alterations, associated behaviors, and public health consequences arising from polysubstance use differ from, or are similar to, those observed in single drug use; (2) promote integrative polysubstance research along a translational pipeline, consisting of basic science research in animals, human-based laboratory investigations, and epidemiological studies. These dual objectives will be accomplished with an Exploratory/Developmental Phased Award (R61/R33) mechanism, where polysubstance research can occur in any of these translational stages during the R61 phase and these findings will be rapidly back- or forward-integrated into another stage during the R33 phase, permitting accelerated bi-directional research exchange.

Applications must articulate how results will lead to a clinical impact for Veterans with GWI even if a clinical impact is not an immediate outcome. All applications must focus on features of GWI and Veterans of the 1990-1991 Gulf War affected by GWI. It is the responsibility of the Principal Investigator (PI) to clearly and explicitly articulate the project's potential impact on GWI. The types of activities supported include, but are not limited to, expansion of limited data on candidate markers, mechanistic targets; therapeutics and interventions; validation and advanced research on druggable mechanistic targets, identification and development of leading compounds, and collection of preclinical data for repurposing an existing approved drug or for new Investigational New Drug (IND) application submissions to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Applicants proposing to test FDA-approved drugs in animal models for efficacy must explain why preclinical testing is required prior to clinical pilot trials in humans

Applications will be accepted for a broad range of melanoma research projects involving basic science, clinical trials, etc. 1. An adequate discussion of biostatistics is required, including but not limited to specification of numbers of cell lines, laboratory animals, or patients to be treated in the studies. 2. Plans for adjustment for multiple looks should be presented, particularly in regards to clinical endpoints and evaluation of multiple biomarkers.

The Rheumatology Research Foundation is issuing a notice of special interest (NOSI) to highlight the availability of funds for projects exploring the relationships between rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The Foundation accepts submissions within the following scientific categories: * Basic Science * Translational Science * Clinical Science * Health Services Research * Patient- or Practice-Centered Research Examples of studies relevant to this NOSI include, but are not limited to: * Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and pathogenesis of COVID-19 in patients with RMDs * Influence of DMARDs, biologic agents, or other medications, on SARS-CoV-2 immune responses * Studies of DMARDs or biologic agents used in RMDs on outcomes of SARS-CoV2 infection in animal models or in vitro * Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of CoVID-19 course in patients with RMDs, including the influence of therapeutic agents or other interventions in pragmatic trials * The effects of COVID-19 on access to rheumatology care, including telehealth, digital tools, social determinants of health, etc. * Analyses of the economic impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with RMDs

Microbes inhabit and sustain all habitats on Earth. In the oceans, microbes capture solar energy, catalyze biogeochemical transformations of important elements, produce and consume greenhouse gases, and provide the base of the food web. The purpose of these awards is to help launch the careers of outstanding investigators in the field of marine microbial ecology and evolution who will advance our understanding through experiments, modeling or theory. Investigators must be currently active in research on microbial ecology and/or evolution, excluding research focusing on the microbiomes of animals or plants. Investigators with backgrounds in different fields are encouraged to apply.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) was established within the Department of Health and Human Services and charged with coordinating toxicological testing programs within the Public Health Service of the Department. The NTP, as part of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), is responsible for evaluating the toxic and carcinogenic potential of environmental agents that may pose a health hazard to citizens of the United States. The NTP requires support for the conduct of short- and long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies following exposure to a variety of test agents by various routes of exposure. This requirement is designed to study diverse agents that may include: environmental chemicals; chemicals used in manufacturing or industrial settings; naturally occurring chemicals; food additives, preservatives, colorants or flavorings; pharmaceuticals, botanically- and non botanically-based dietary supplements; herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides; ingredients found in a wide variety of consumer products including soaps, lotions, perfumes and cosmetics; chemicals used in detergents and cleaners, etc.; naturally occurring and synthetic fibers, nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes; metals; plasticizers; flame retardants; mold or mold components; or other agents not specified at this time.

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites applications for innovative basic and translational research projects examining HIV infection, persistence, and comorbidities as they relate to the mission of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and consistent with the scientific priorities outlined by the NIH Office of AIDS Research (OAR) in NOT-OD-15-137.

Microbes inhabit and sustain all habitats on Earth. In the oceans, microbes capture solar energy, catalyze biogeochemical transformations of important elements, produce and consume greenhouse gases, and provide the base of the food web. The purpose of the program is to help launch the careers of outstanding investigators who use quantitative approaches to advance our understanding of marine microbial ecology and evolution. Investigators with backgrounds in different fields or with an interest in modeling or theory are encouraged to apply.