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msmith365

CDC Telebriefing: Status of Serogroup B Meningitis Cases in the United States | CDC New... - 1 views

www.cdc.gov/...25-serogroup-b-meningitis.html

cdc status cases united states meningitis HSA Challenge1

shared by msmith365 on 17 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • So, I’m going to give a basic overview of meningococcal disease, and provide you with some facts which can help families and providers understand and be aware of potential of meningococcal disease of students traveling home for the holidays.  Meningococcal disease can be devastating and can strike otherwise healthy individuals.  Every case of meningococcal disease really causes increased concern.  But outbreaks cause an especially high amount of anxiety.
  • Princeton and UC Santa Barbara
  • serogroup B meningococcal disease
  • ...33 more annotations...
  • Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacteria neisseria meningitidis
  • ent.  Our universities—many universities have very high coverage with the licensed and recommended vaccine that protects against serogroup C and Y. So we started to see fewer cases of serogroup C and Y meningococcal disease and more cases of serogroup B disease.
  • Reports of this disease is more common in the winter months.  Typically almost all cases of meningococcal disease are sporadic.  Very few cases occur as part of our -- as part of an outbreak in terms of the total number of cases we see in the United States.  But we do see a couple of meningococcal disease outbreaks typically every year.
  • Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which is known as the meninges. 
  • Septicemia is an infection of the blood stream, and septicemia causes bleeding in the skin and organs and is often when we see complications from meningococcal disease that are not neurologic, it's frequently caused by septicemia.
  • bout 15 percent of survivors have long term disabilities such as loss of limbs, deafness, nervous system problems, or brain damage.  Early recognition and early treatment of meningococcal disease is key to reduce the long-term sequelae. 
  • ten difficult to diagnose meningococcal disease because often the first signs and symptoms are similar to the flu
  • even with antibiotic treatment, people die in about 10 to 15 percent of cases of meningococcal disea
  • Vaccination is the best way to prevent meningococcal disease when it's a vaccine preventable strain.  Hand washing and covering your coughs or sneezes is also a good practice to follow.  It's critical everybody be aware of the signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease and to seek treatment immediately. 
  • igns and symptoms of meningococcal disease include rapid onset of high fever, headache, and stiff neck.  And when we say headache, we mean it's among the worst headaches that somebody's had in their life.  And with the stiff neck, they really can't move their neck, or they can't, for example, touch their chin to their neck.  Towards their chest, excuse me.  Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light, confusion, exhaustion, and sometimes a rash.
  • eningococcal bacteria are harder to spread than viruses
  • don't live long outside the body. 
  • pread through the exchange of respiratory secretions. 
  • oommates who spend a lot of time together, are potential close contacts of a case of meningococcal disease.
  • about 10 percent of people, not just in outbreaks, but all over in the United States, carry these bacteria in the back of their nose or throat and don't ever develop symptoms.  This is known as carriage or being a carrier.
  • nce a person becomes a carrier, most people develop immunity and the bacteria disappear from their nose and throat and then they're no longer a carrier.  But rarely, the bacteria invades the blood stream and this is what happens when a person develops the disease.
  • most cases of meningococcal disease appear to be random and aren't directly linked to each other.  Even in the case of an outbreak—the cases are not occurring among close contact with each other, it's happening in an organization or community. 
  • he most common one circulating in the United States are serogroups B, C and Y. 
  • e don't have a vaccine in the U.S. licensed to protect against serogroup B, which is the cause of the cases at Princeton University and UC Santa Barbara. 
  • Cases are reported quickly, meningococcal disease is highly recognized, and reported to health departments. 
  • CDC defines an outbreak of meningococcal disease of three or more cases in three months that can't be connected to each other.
  • these outbreaks occur in a certain population, like school or organizations.  Most outbreaks of this disease are self-limited and no more than three or four cases occur.  However, when cases continue to occur over several-month period, like what is happening at Princeton University, intervention is required to reduce the length of the outbreak. 
  • equesting use of vaccine for additional outbreaks when needed.
  • Partners are working hard to organize potential serogroup B vaccine campaigns at Princeton University as quickly as possible. 
  • o there's all sorts of quality things that are happening to make sure that the vaccine arrives and can be used safely and effectively.
  • Therefore, we are sending out a health alert to providers and state and local health departments, which will hopefully increase awareness for providers to consider meningococcal disease in their differential diagnosis, if a student presents with symptoms from one of these two universities. 
  • Serogroup is definitely a scientific word to describe the type of capsule around the meningococcal.  You can use the word strain when we describe different serogroups.  The word strain would be the b strain or c strain.  When we're talking about whether or not strains are linked to each other, there we do additional molecular testing which looks at more than the capsule to see if the strains are the same.  For example, we know that the strains that have caused all of the cases in -- at Princeton are identical.  That's what helps us understand if an outbreak is being caused by one strain.  And that doesn't necessarily mean you could have the same serogroup, but the strains could look a little different. 
  • f anything, it's just sorting reminding people to use good normal hygiene practices, such as washing your hands and coughing and sneezing into your arm.  And sort of having increased awareness for good hygiene practices. 
  • ases really do occur in this university setting where there's probably a very specific pattern of transmission among college students.  So we really don't have evidence to suggest that kids going home for Thanksgiving will be spreading the strain into those communities. 
  • here have been seven confirmed serogroup B cases at Princeton University, and one additional case in which additional testing is being conducted right now.  And there are three cases at UC Santa Barbara. 
  • But more people are carriers than there are actually cases.  I see what your question is, why are we not then worried about it spreading into the community.  We don't have a good -- we don't have a great understanding of the organism and how it spreads.  But what we do understand is that outbreaks really haven’t spread from universities into communities in the past.  There have been community outbreaks of meningococcal disease.  But we haven't seen cases occurring in universities expanding into those communities. 
  • So in most of our outbreaks, we see about three or four cases occur in a couple of month period of time and then we don't see additional cases.  Depending on the size of the college or organization in which the outbreak is occurring, those attack rates usually range anywhere from 10 to 20 per 100,000.  So one to two cases per 1,000 people at the university. 
  • Health officials follow up with a patient to see if they've come into close contact and then they recommend preventive antibiotics to close contacts.
  • msmith365 on 17 Sep 15
     
    A recorded debriefing on recent trends of Meningitis by CDC officials
tjohnson472

Meningitis Symptoms - Mayo Clinic - 0 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20019713

meningitis symptoms

shared by tjohnson472 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • easy to mistake the early signs and symptoms of meningitis for the flu (influenza).
  • symptoms may develop over several hours or over one or two days.
  • High fever Constant crying Excessive sleepiness or irritability Inactivity or sluggishness Poor feeding A bulge in the soft spot on top of a baby's head (fontanel) Stiffness in a baby's body and neck
    • kanderson956
      kanderson956 on 07 Sep 14
       
      newborn symptoms
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Sudden high fever Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache Stiff neck Vomiting or nausea with headache Confusion or difficulty concentrating Seizures Sleepiness or difficulty waking up Sensitivity to light Lack of interest in drinking and eating Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis
  • Newborns and infants may not have the classic signs and symptoms of headache and stiff neck.
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 08 Sep 14
       
      Infants won't have the same signs as everybody else.
  • Viral meningitis may improve without treatment, but bacterial meningitis is serious, can come on very quickly and requires prompt antibiotic treatment to improve the chances of a recovery. Delaying treatment for bacterial meningitis increases the risk of permanent brain damage or death.
  • There's no way to know what kind of meningitis you or your child has without seeing your doctor and undergoing spinal fluid testing.
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 08 Sep 14
       
      There's no way of knowing what kind of meningitis you have w/o seeing a doctor.
  • Sudden high fever Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache Stiff neck Vomiting or nausea with headache Confusion or difficulty concentrating Seizures Sleepiness or difficulty waking up Sensitivity to light Lack of interest in drinking and eating Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis
  • Fever Severe, unrelenting headache Confusion Vomiting Stiff neck
  • cry harder when picked up.
  • may occur in anyone older than age of 2 include:
  • Infants
  • ifficult to comfor
  • You may need to take medications to prevent an infection.
  • Seek medical care right away
  • The signs and symptoms that may occur in anyone older than age of 2 include: Sudden high fever Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache Stiff neck Vomiting or nausea with headache Confusion or difficulty concentrating Seizures Sleepiness or difficulty waking up Sensitivity to light Lack of interest in drinking and eating Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis
  • The signs and symptoms that may occur in anyone older than age of 2 include: Sudden high fever Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache Stiff neck Vomiting or nausea with headache Confusion or difficulty concentrating Seizures Sleepiness or difficulty waking up Sensitivity to light Lack of interest in drinking and eating Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis
  • Newborns and infants may not have the classic signs and symptoms of headache and stiff neck. Instead, signs of meningitis in this age group may include: High fever Constant crying Excessive sleepiness or irritability Inactivity or sluggishness Poor feeding A bulge in the soft spot on top of a baby's head (fontanel) Stiffness in a baby's body and neck
  • kanderson956 on 07 Sep 14
     
    meningitis
  • ...1 more comment...
  • junpark126 on 12 Sep 14
     
    S/S
  • Mikeria Busby on 03 Sep 15
     
    The symptoms of meningitis
  • tjohnson472 on 06 Sep 15
     
    "Sudden high fever Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache Stiff neck Vomiting or nausea with headache Confusion or difficulty concentrating Seizures Sleepiness or difficulty waking up Sensitivity to light Lack of interest in drinking and eating Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis"
obeck388

Meningitis - Mayo Clinic - 0 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20019713

shared by obeck388 on 02 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord.
    • melissabergmann
      melissabergmann on 06 Sep 14
       
      mayoclinic.org
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord.
  • Early treatment of bacterial meningitis can prevent serious complications.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Most cases of meningitis in the U.S. are caused by a viral infection,
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord.
  • headache, fever and a stiff neck
  • bacterial and fungal infections also can lead to meningitis.
  • can get better on its own in a couple of weeks
  • it can be a life-threatening emergency requiring urgent antibiotic treatment
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 08 Sep 14
       
      Seek immediate help whenever you notice something peculiar about your body.
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. The swelling associated with meningitis often triggers the "hallmark" signs and symptoms of this condition, including headache, fever and a stiff neck. Most cases of meningitis in the U.S. are caused by a viral infection, but bacterial and fungal infections also can lead to meningitis. Depending on the cause of the infection, meningitis can get better on its own in a couple of weeks — or it can be a life-threatening emergency requiring urgent antibiotic treatment. If you suspect that you or someone in your family has meningitis, seek medical care right away. Early treatment of bacterial meningitis can prevent serious complications.
    • szapata805
      szapata805 on 10 Sep 14
       
      Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. The swelling associated with meningitis often triggers the "hallmark" signs and symptoms of this condition, including headache, fever and a stiff neck. Most cases of meningitis in the U.S. are caused by a viral infection, but bacterial and fungal infections also can lead to meningitis. Depending on the cause of the infection, meningitis can get better on its own in a couple of weeks - or it can be a life-threatening emergency requiring urgent antibiotic treatment. If you suspect that you or someone in your family has meningitis, seek medical care right away. Early treatment of bacterial meningitis can prevent serious complications.
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord.
  • Most cases of meningitis in the U.S. are caused by a viral infection, but bacterial and fungal infections also can lead to meningitis.
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. The swelling associated with meningitis often triggers the "hallmark" signs and symptoms of this condition, including headache, fever and a stiff neck.
  • szapata805 on 10 Sep 14
     
    "Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. The swelling associated with meningitis often triggers the "hallmark" signs and symptoms of this condition, including headache, fever and a stiff neck. Most cases of meningitis in the U.S. are caused by a viral infection, but bacterial and fungal infections also can lead to meningitis. Depending on the cause of the infection, meningitis can get better on its own in a couple of weeks - or it can be a life-threatening emergency requiring urgent antibiotic treatment. If you suspect that you or someone in your family has meningitis, seek medical care right away. Early treatment of bacterial meningitis can prevent serious complications."
shaneep110

Meningococcal meningitis - Prevention - 0 views

www.medmerits.com/...P6

EnglishII HSA MeningitisGoogleGroup Challenge1

shared by shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14 - No Cached
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      The first paragraph and maybe the second/third are the only ones of value.
  • Meningococcal disease risk can be decreased by approximately 90% in household contacts of a patient by administration of antibiotics known to eradicate meningococcal carriage
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Meningococcal - Inflammation of the meninges due to infection with the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis.
  • hemoprophylaxis significantly decreased the risk of meningococcal disease for household contacts with a risk ratio of 0.11 for those receiving chemoprophylaxis
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      chemoprophylaxis - the use of drugs to prevent disease.
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • This is based on a meta-analysis of 4 retrospective studies and one small trial with 1249 cases of meningococcal disease and more than 4200 household contacts
  • In the United States, antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis is the primary means for prevention of meningococcal disease among close contacts of a patient with invasive meningococcal disease
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      antimicrobial - an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth. 
  • The number needed to treat to prevent a single secondary household case was 218
  • (Purcell et al 2004). T
  • herefore, chemoprophylaxis should be recommended for the index patient with meningococcal disease and all household contacts within 24 hours of diagnosis of the primary case.
  • There are no high quality experimental trials addressing control policies for meningococcal disease and no adequate studies of chemoprophylaxis in day care settings. Nevertheless, current management guidelines support chemoprophylaxis within 24 hours for all close contacts
  • Chemoprophylaxis administered more than 14 days after contact with an index case is probably of no value. Also, chemoprophylaxis does not protect against subsequent reacquisition of N meningitidis.
  • Close Contacts Warranting Chemoprophylaxis for Meningococcal Disease
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      New Title: ways of transmission 
  • Persons having contact with patient’s oral secretions during 7 days prior to disease onset
  • -- Kissing -- Sharing of toothbrushes -- Sharing of eating utensils -- Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation -- Unprotected contact during endotracheal intubation
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Unprotected Sex
  • Persons at Low Risk for Whom Chemoprophylaxis is Not Recommended
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      New Title: Low Risk People
  • Casual contact (eg, at school or work) without direct exposure to patient’s oral secretions Indirect contact only (ie, only contact is with a high-risk contact and not a case) Health care worker without direct exposure to patient’s oral secretions
  • Rifampin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Rifampin - a reddish-brown antibiotic used chiefly to treat tuberculosis and leprosy. ceftriaxone - Treats infections caused by certain types of bacteria. This medicine is a cephalosporin antibiotic.  cephalosporin - any of a group of semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics resembling penicillin. ciprofloxacin - This medicine is a quinolone antibiotic that treats infections and is given to people who have been exposed to anthrax. quinolone - any of a class of antibiotics used in treating a variety of mainly Gram-negative infections, and thought to be responsible for antibiotic resistance in some microbes. Gram-negative - a staining technique for the preliminary identification of bacteria, in which a violet dye is applied, followed by a decolorizing agent and then a red dye. The cell walls of certain bacteria
  • (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000; 2001; Committee on Infectious Disease 2000).
  • azithromycin
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      azithromycin - Treats bacterial infections. This medicine is a macrolide antibiotic. macrolide - any of a class of antibiotics containing a lactone ring, of which the first and best known is erythromycin. lactone - an organic compound containing an ester group -OCO- as part of a ring. erythromycin - an antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused byan antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It is similar in its effects to penicillin. Gram-positive - a staining technique for the preliminary identification of bacteria, in which a violet dye is applied, followed by a decolorizing agent and then a red dye. The cell walls of certain bacteria.
  • nasopharyngeal
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      nasopharyngeal - of or relating to or located near the nasopharynx nasopharynx - the upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.
  • the drug of choice is rifampin, which is both effective and inexpensive. For young children rifampin can be administered with greater patient acceptance in a flavored syrup. Rifampin is not recommended for use in pregnant women. Rifampin may interfere with the efficacy of oral contraceptives, and some antiepileptic and anticoagulant medications. Rifampin may also stain the urine orange for a couple days and may stain soft contact lenses. Ciprofloxacin is also not recommended for use in pregnant women.
rjurski481

Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis in neuros... [J Neurosurg. 1977] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...845632

Meningitis HSA EngII bacterial

shared by rjurski481 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • The authors review 23 cases of hospital-acquired meningitis occurring over a 15 year period in neurosurgical patients.
  • 23 cases of hospital-acquired meningitis occurring over a 15 year period in neurosurgical patients. Factors associated with the development of meningitis include recent craniotomy, cerebrospinal fluid leak, the presence of ventricular or lumbar drainage tubes, and skull fracture. Four cases were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis; one of these patients died.
  • 19 cases, Gram-negative enteric bacteria were the etiologic agents, most commonly members of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group. Eleven of these patients died. The particular antibiotic or group of antibiotics used and the route of administration made no difference in the outcome of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis.
  • haleyhurt268 on 07 Sep 14
     
    how many patients get meningitis (neurological)
aliyah216

Meningitis - 0 views

kidshealth.org/...meningitis.html

shared by aliyah216 on 05 Sep 14 - Cached
  • Routine immunization
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
  • The first symptoms of bacterial or viral meningitis can come on quickly or surface several days after someone has had a cold, diarrhea and vomiting, or other signs of an infection.
  • ...55 more annotations...
  • anticonvulsants might be given for seizures
  • The vaccines against Hib, measles, mumps, polio, meningococcus, and pneumococcus can protect against meningitis caused by these microorganisms
  • Bacterial meningitis is rare
  • caused by bacteria or viruses, but some can be due to certain medications or illnesses
  • kids may need supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation if they have difficulty breathing.
  • kids get vaccinated for meningococcal disease when they're 11 years old
  • If someone develops shock or low blood pressure, additional IV fluids and certain medications might be given to increase blood pressure
  • Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis
  • with a booster shot at age 16
  • Bacterial meningitis complications can be severe and include neurological problems such as hearing loss, visual impairment, seizures, and learning disabilities.
  • They might simply have extreme irritability, lethargy, or fever. They may be difficult to comfort, even when they are picked up and rocked
  • s relatively common and far less serious
  • fever lethargy (decreased consciousness) irritability headache photophobia (eye sensitivity to light) stiff neck skin rashes seizures
  • those who've had bacterial meningitis should have a hearing test following their recovery
  • People of any age can get meningitis
  • The vaccine also might be recommended for kids between 6 weeks and 10 years old who have certain high-risk medical problems, and for people traveling to countries where meningitis is more common
  • spread among those living in close quarters, teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at higher risk for infection.
  • The heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands also might be affected, depending on the cause of the infection
  • If dealt with promptly, meningitis can be treated successfully
  • get routine vaccinations
  • know the signs of meningitis
  • good hygiene is an important
  • Common symptoms include:
  • Infants with meningitis may not have common symptoms
  • if you suspect that your child has the illness, seek medical care right away
  • Encourage kids to wash their hands thoroughly and often, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom
  • Avoiding close contact with someone who is obviously ill and not sharing food, drinks, or eating utensils can help halt the spread of germs as well.
  • Most cases of meningitis — both viral and bacterial — are due to infections that are contagious, spread via tiny drops of fluid from the throat and nose of someone who is infected.
  • Other symptoms of meningitis in infants can include: jaundice (a yellowish tint to the skin) stiffness of the body and neck fever or lower-than-normal temperature poor feeding a weak suck a high-pitched cry bulging fontanelles (the soft spot at the top/front of the baby's skull)
  • airborne when the person coughs, laughs, talks, or sneezes.
  • They then can infect others when people breathe them in or touch the drops and then touch their own noses or mouths
  • Bacteria and viruses that infect the skin, urinary system, or gastrointestinal and respiratory tract can spread by the bloodstream to the meninges through cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that circulates in and around the spinal cord.
  • Many different types of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis
  • In some cases of bacterial meningitis, the bacteria spread to the meninges from a severe head trauma or a severe local infection, such as a serious ear infection (otitis media) or nasal sinus infection (sinusitis).
  • Seek medical attention immediately if you suspect your child has meningitis or has symptoms such as vomiting, headache, lethargy or confusion, neck stiffness, rash, and fever
  • Infants who have fever, irritability, poor feeding, and lethargy should also be assessed by a doctor right away.
  • Infections most often spread between people who are in close contact, such as those who live together or people who are exposed by kissing or sharing eating utensils. Casual contact at school or work with someone who has one of these infections usually will not transmit the infectious agent.
  • tends to cause flu-like symptoms
  • Most cases of viral meningitis resolve completely within 7 to 10 days, without any complications or need for treatment
  • If your child has had contact with someone who has meningitis (for example, in a childcare center or a college dorm), call your doctor to ask whether preventive medication is recommended
  • Sharing food, drinking glasses, eating utensils, tissues, or towels all can transmit infection as well. Some infectious organisms can spread through a person's stool (poop), and someone who comes in contact with the stool — such as kids in daycare — may develop the infection.
  • newborns, the most common causes are Group B streptococcus
  • In older kids, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) are more often the causes
  • if you think that your child has any form of meningitis, it's important to see the doctor right away.
  • Another bacteria, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), also can cause the illness but because of widespread childhood immunization, these cases are rarer
  • If meningitis is suspected, the doctor will order laboratory tests to help make the diagnosis, probably including a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect a sample of spinal fluid.
  • many different viruses can lead to viral meningitis
  • coxsackievirus and poliovirus
  • , although some kids are allowed to recover at home if they are not too ill. Treatment aimed at relieving symptoms includes rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medication.
  • Someone with viral meningitis may be hospitalized
  • If bacterial meningitis is diagnosed — or even suspected — doctors will start intravenous (IV
  • antibiotic
  • Fluids may be given to replace those lost to fever, sweating, vomiting, and poor appetite.
  • soon as possibl
  • People of any age can get meningitis, but because it can be easily spread among those living in close quarters, teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at higher risk for infection.
  • dianavillalpando on 05 Sep 14
     
    For kids health!
shaneep110

Meningitis - Prevention.com - 1 views

www.prevention.com/...meningitis

EnglishII HSA MeningitisGoogleGroup Challenge1

shared by shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Meningitis is an inflammation of coverings (meninges) of the brain and spinal cord.
  • Most often it is caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
  • systemic lupus erythematosus.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease that leads to long-term (chronic) inflammation.
  • ...37 more annotations...
  • Viral, or aseptic, meningitis is the most common type.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      aspestic - free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.
  • In general, viral meningitis is not directly contagious. Anyone can get viral meningitis, but it occurs most often in children. Many different viruses can cause meningitis
  • an enterovirus tends to be the usual culprit.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Meaning of enterovirus - any of a group of RNA viruses that typically occur in the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes spreading to the central nervous system or other parts of the body. gastrointestinal - of or relating to the stomach and the intestines.
  • In the past, the three most common types of bacterial meningitis were caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. H. influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, aerotolerant, aerobic member of the genus Streptococcus.
  • Viral meningitis due to enterovirus peaks in mid-summer through early autumn. But it can occur any time of the year.
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • is a very serious and potentially fatal infection.
  • It can strike very healthy people, but infants and older people are more susceptible.
  • Except for the rare case of herpes meningitis, viral meningitis will resolve on its own after 7 to 10 days.
  • Now that we have very effective vaccines to help prevent all three types, bacterial meningitis in otherwise healthy children and adults occurs less often.
  • Besides infants and the elderly, people with chronic diseases and/or impaired immune systems have the greatest risk of meningitis caused by bacteria and fungi.
  • Symptoms
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      These three are common side-effects, so it may not be noticed at first.
  • The symptoms of meningitis vary, but often include:
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      All are common except sensitivity to light, so meningitis is hard to figure out when its happening.
  • Other symptoms may include:
  • Symptoms may be milder in cases of viral meningitis, while in cases of bacterial meningitis, symptoms may come on quite suddenly. In very young children, symptoms may be particularly hard to detect.
  • The fluid is removed from the spinal cord with a needle in a procedure known as a spinal tap or lumbar puncture.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Lumbar- back
  • Diagnosis
  • Meningitis is diagnosed by testing some of the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord for disease-causing bacteria or infection-fighting cells.
  • Babies with meningitis may be less active, vomit, refuse to eat or be irritable. A person in later stages of bacterial meningitis may have seizures and lose consciousness (pass out).
  • Expected Duration
  • Some people carry the germs in their nose and throat and can pass them on to other people, even though these "carriers" are not sick.
  • Viral meningitis tends to get better on its own in seven to 10 days. In contrast, if bacterial meningitis is not diagnosed and treated early, it can cause permanent disability or death.
  • Prevention
  • he bacteria and viruses that cause meningitis are found in bodily fluids, such as saliva and mucus, and are spread by direct contact.
  • The length of time that medication is needed for bacterial meningitis depends on the person's age, response to the medication and other factors.
  • If you are in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, you may be given antibiotics to prevent you from getting the disease.
  • Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia shot), Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis is the best way to prevent bacterial meningitis.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Definitions above
  • There is no vaccine to prevent the common types of viral meningitis.
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Look up research on what's being done about this, perhaps.
  • Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. It requires high dose intravenous antibiotics in a hospital setting. Depending upon the patient and suspected type of bacterial meningitis, intravenous dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, may be given at the time of diagnosis
    • shaneep110
      shaneep110 on 05 Sep 14
       
      Intravenous - IV Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs that has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Corticosteroid - any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically. There are two kinds: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They have various metabolic functions and some are used to treat inflammation.
  • Viral meningitis is treated much like the flu, with rest and plenty of fluids, and you should recover in a week to 10 days.
  • Treatment
  • If you or your child is exhibiting symptoms of meningitis, contact your doctor immediately.
  • For people with viral meningitis, the outlook is excellent.
  • The prognosis for bacterial meningitis depends on the person's age, which bacterium is causing the disease, and how early the disease was diagnosed.
  • Up to 10% of people with this disease will die, and a larger percentage of survivors have long-term consequences, such as hearing loss or neurological problems.
denaehooks391

Meningococcal Meningitis - TN.Gov - 0 views

www.tennessee.gov/...meningitis

meningitis prevention MeningitisGoogleGroup bacterial symptoms English EnglishII infection tennessee diseases adults gov

shared by denaehooks391 on 02 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Meningitis is a term that describes inflammation of the tissues and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
  • caused by bacteria or viruses.
  • s a type of bacterial meningitis caused by a type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis.
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • acteria can also cause other kinds of meningococcal disease such as septicemia (blood poisoning).
  • common type of bacterial meningitis is pneumococcal meningitis, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • eading cause of bacterial meningitis was Haemophilus influenzae type b, but new vaccines being given to children as part of their routine immunizations have reduced the occurrence of this disease.
  • not fully understood why a few people develop meningitis from bacteria which are harmless to most people, but it may be because of a weakened immune system.
  • Symptoms include fever, sudden severe headache, stiff neck, rash, nausea, and vomiting
  • wo or more symptoms of these symptoms, seek help from a health care provider right away.
  • will carry this bacteria in the back of their nose and throat at some point in their lives without ever getting sick or even realizing they are there.
  • the bacteria overcome the body’s immune system and pass through the lining of the nose and throat into the blood stream where they can cause meningitis.
  • Viral meningitis, which is caused by viruses, can cause similar symptoms to bacterial meningitis, however it is seldom life-threatening. Most people make a full recovery without any specific treatment.
  • people who have had close contact with an infected person are given antibiotics to make sure they are protected.
  • mall percentage of people who are exposed to the bacteria will develop meningitis because most people have a natural resistance to it.
  • pread through exchange of respiratory droplets or saliva with an infected person, including kissing, coughing , sneezing, and sharing drinking glasses, eating utensils, or cigarettes.
  • he bacteria that cause meningitis are not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where a person with meningitis has been.
  • very weak and can only survive for a short time outside the body
  • cannot live long in the air and are not carried on clothes, furniture, or other surfaces.
  • Meningococcal meningitis can be extremely serious.
  • esult in blindness, hearing loss, mental retardation, loss of limbs or death.
  • t is fatal in one in ten cases, and one in seven survivors is left with a severe hand
  • icap. The disease can progress quite rapidly, so it is important to seek medical attention quickly.
  • t would occur in two to seven days, usually less than four days.
  • an be contagious from the time they are infected until the bacteria has disappeared from their body.
  • meningococcal disease (which includes meningococcal meningitis) occurs annually in about 1 to 3 people per 100,000 population.
  • averaged about 70 cases per year for the past few years.
  • There is a vaccine that will decrease the risk of some types of meningococcal meningitis, but it does not totally eliminate risk of the disease.
  • ot effective against the B strain; although it is highly effective against the C and Y strains, it still does not confer 100% protection.  Protection lasts from three to five years.
rachelmaynard498

Meningitis - 0 views

kidshealth.org/...meningitis.html

shared by rachelmaynard498 on 06 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Most cases of meningitis are caused by viruses (viral meningitis) or bacteria (bacterial meningitis). Fungi and other organisms can also cause infectious meningitis. Some cases of meningitis happen after head injuries, certain cancers or other diseases, or reactions to medications.
  • jtolercamien290 on 06 Sep 14
     
    You may be wondering what the deal is with meningitis because you've heard frightening stuff about meningitis outbreaks in the news.
  • rachelmaynard498 on 03 Sep 15
     
    tells about the different types of meningitis that you can contract.
kayanking

Meningitis - Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis - Infection - C-Health - 0 views

chealth.canoe.com/nel_condition_info_details.asp

shared by kayanking on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Meningitis means "inflammation of the meninges."
  • meninges
  • are membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
  • ...53 more annotations...
  • They can become inflamed when an infection occurs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding these membranes. Other things such as medications, tumours, and chemical exposure can also cause meningitis.
  • majority of people with meningitis that is not caused by bacteria (e.g., meningitis caused by a virus) recover quickly and completely
  • bacterial meningitis is fatal for 1 in 10 people
  • even with treatment
  • 1 in 5 people will be left with problems such as deafness or brain injury
  • Quick diagnosis and treatment are vital
  • The most common causes of meningitis are bacteria or viruses, although there are many other causes.
  • fungi
  • over half the population carries one or another of these bacteria in the back of the nose and throat
  • exotic
  • such as parasites
  • tropical countries.
  • Meningitis commonly occurs when bacteria or viruses make their way into the fluid surrounding the brain.
  • Sometimes they enter directly as a result of an operation such as brain surgery. Sometimes they erode through the small bones in our skull, for instance in extreme cases of severe sinusitis. Sometimes they are carried there by our blood from an infection occurring elsewhere in our body such as pneumonia (a lung infection). But in most cases, we don't really understand how and why this happens.
  • Cryptococcus, a fungus, can also cause meningitis. It usually occurs in people with weakened immune systems, such as people with AIDS
  • Tuberculosis (TB) can cause meningitis
  • Certain medications and chemical irritants can cause in inflammation of the brain similar to meningitis. There have also been rare reports of vaccines causing meningitis. Viral or chemically-induced meningitis often goes away on its own.
  • Bacterial meningitis, on the other hand, is a very serious illness.
  • people with poor immune systems
  • enter the cerebrospinal fluid and begin multiplying, the bacteria cause inflammation and other symptoms of meningitis.
  • can't live outside the human body for very long.
  • not eating
  • There are many species of bacteria that can cause meningitis.
  • Children under the age of 2 are most susceptible to meningitis. Other things that increase the risk are:
  • brain or spinal cord surgery
  • commonly transmitted by coughing, sneezing, and kissing
  • impaired or abnormal immune system
  • kidney failure
  • the use of corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)
  • cancer, especially breast, lung, skin, leukemia, and lymphoma. When cancer is the cause of the meningitis it is called carcinomatous meningitis or leptomeningeal metastatis.
  • People with bacterial meningitis quickly become very sick, usually within hours, and shouldn't wait to get medical treatment.
  • Symptoms of meningitis can include:
  • high fever over 39°C (102°F)
  • stiff and sore neck, especially when it's moved, turned, or bent (the discomfort is caused by inflammation of the meninges) – this may not occur in people whose immune systems are not functioning properly, such as:
  • people taking corticosteroids
  • people with AIDS
  • people taking cancer or transplant medications
  • seniors
  • children less than 24 months of age and especially those less than 6 months of age.
  • severe headache due to extra pressure in the head – look for signs of fussiness and irritability in children too young to complain of a headache
  • If blood vessels in the brain become inflamed, the brain won't get enough oxygen. This can make a person drowsy and less responsive, and, in extreme situations, they can fall into a coma. Lack of oxygen to the brain can also cause seizures.
  • Symptoms for very young children can include:
  • fever, with cold hands and feet
  • vomiting
  • head injury
  • difficulty waking up
  • high-pitched moaning or crying
  • arching their backs and pulling at their necks
  • not settling down or taking comfort when held
  • having a vacant expression
  • showing a pale, mottled complexion
  • rash (red or purple pinpricks)
  • Long-term complications can occur and last long after the infection has been treated. These include deafness, mental impairment, paralysis, and sometimes seizures that require lifelong treatment.
evuvuu

Meningococcal Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Vaccines - 0 views

www.webmd.com/...causes-treatments-and-vaccines

causes symptoms bacterial HSA

shared by evuvuu on 10 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • a rare but serious infection.
  • the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed.
  • approximately 1,000 people in the U.S. get meningococcal
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • can be fatal or cause great
  • harm without prompt treatment;
  • about 15% of those who survive are left with disabilities that include deafness, brain damage, and neurological problems.
  • the symptoms of meningococcal meningitis
  • Bacteria and viruses are the two main causes of meningitis.
  • In children and teens, meningococcus is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. In adults, it is the second most common cause.
  • may cause infection in a part of the body -- the skin, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory tract, for instance.
  • then spread through the bloodstream to the nervous system
  • can also enter the nervous system directly after severe head trauma, surgery, or infection.
  • Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis may vary from case to case. The more common signs and symptoms include: General poor feeling Sudden high fever Severe, persistent headache Neck stiffness Nausea or vomiting Discomfort in bright lights Drowsiness or difficulty awakening Joint pain Confusion or other mental changes A reddish or purple skin rashis a very important sign to watch for.
  • may be a sign of blood poisoning.
  • does not turn white when you press a glass against it,
  • a medical emergency.
  • Other symptoms of meningitis or blood poisoning may include: Tense or bulging soft spot (in babies) High-pitched or moaning cry (in babies) Stiff, jerky movements or floppiness (in babies or toddlers) Irritability Fast breathing Lethargy or excessive sleepiness Blotchy skin, turning pale or blue Shivering, or cold hands and feet Seizure
rivera627

Meningitis Causes - Mayo Clinic - 2 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20019713

Meningitis causes

shared by rivera627 on 10 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Meningitis usually results from a viral infection, but the cause may also be a bacterial infection. Less commonly, a fungal infection may cause meningitis. Because bacterial infections are the most serious and can be life-threatening, identifying the source of the infection is an important part of developing a treatment plan.
  • Acute bacterial meningitis usually occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and migrate to the brain and spinal cord.
  • also occur when bacteria directly invade the meninges, as a result of an ear or sinus infection, or a skull fracture, or rarely, after some surgeries.
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).
  • Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus).
  • Haemophilus influenzae (haemophilus).
  • Listeria monocytogenes (listeria).
  • Other meningitis causes
  • Chronic meningitis
  • Fungal meningitis
  • viruses cause a greater number of cases of meningitis than do bacteria. Viral meningitis is usually mild and often clears on its own. A group of viruses known as enteroviruses is responsible for most viral meningitis cases in the United States. These viruses tend to circulate in late summer and early fall. Viruses such as herpes simplex virus, HIV, mumps, West Nile virus and others also can cause viral meningitis.
  • A number of strains of bacteria can cause acute bacterial meningitis.
  • meningitis in infants, young children and adults in the United States
  • Chronic forms of meningitis occur when slow-growing organisms invade the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain
arytman716

Meningitis : Statistics | Florida Hospital - 0 views

www.floridahospital.com/...statistics

HSA meningitis facts

shared by arytman716 on 15 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Meningitis
  • Statistics of Meningitis
  • Facts About Meningitis include
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Bacterial meningitis affects over 4,000 people and causes 500 deaths in the U.S. each year. 6,000 cases of pneumococcal meningitis are reported each year in the U.S. Meningococcal meningitis infects about 2,600 people in the U.S. each year. 10-15 percent of meningococcal meningitis are fatal, and another 10-15 percent lead to brain damage Antibiotic treatment improves the rate of survivability to more than 85%
arytman716

KNOW THE FACTS ABOUT MENINGITIS | Student Health Services - 1 views

studenthealth.georgetown.edu/...1242743210038.html

HSA meningitis facts

shared by arytman716 on 15 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • KNOW THE FACTS ABOUT MENINGITIS
  • Recently several reports have appeared in the new media regarding a meningitis outbreak on a college campus.  Although no recent cases or outbreaks have been reported at Georgetown University, it is a good idea to know the signs and symptoms of possible meningitis, and when to seek medical care.
  • Signs and symptoms include:
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Sudden onset of fever, headache and stiff neck Nausea and/or vomiting Increased sensitivity to light, and/or mental confusion
  • Later symptoms of meningitis can be very severe.  Anyone who thinks they may have meningitis should seek medical care as soon as possible.
  • Vaccination against bacterial meningitis is a requirement of Georgetown University.  If it has been more than five years since you’ve been vaccinated, talk to your doctor about whether you should get a booster shot.  For more information about the “types” of meningitis and how they are diagnosed and treated, see the CDC website.
kanderson956

Kirkwood Community College - Campus Health - 0 views

www.kirkwood.edu/...index.php

meningitis prevention deathrates

shared by kanderson956 on 17 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • It is estimated that 100 to 125 cases of meningococcal disease occur annually on college campuses and 5 to 15 students die as a result.
  • kanderson956 on 17 Sep 14
     
    Death Rates
arytman716

Meningitis Information | Meningitis Now - 0 views

www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-info

HSA facts meningitis Challenge1

shared by arytman716 on 15 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Meningitis information
  • Meningitis facts
  • 10% of bacterial cases result in death.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • 15% of those who survive bacterial meningitis are left with severe after-effects such as brain damage, hearing and sight loss, and where septicaemia (blood poisoning) has occurred, loss of limbs and scarring.
  • Bacterial meningitis kills more UK children under the age of five than any other infectious disease.
  • Viral meningitis is usually less serious than bacterial meningitis but can still leave people with long-lasting after-effects, such as headaches, fatigue and memory problems.
yarelisfl

The Facts About Bacterial Meningitis for Gay Men in San Francisco - San Francisco AIDS ... - 0 views

www.sfaf.org/...he-facts-about-meningitis.html

Meningitis

shared by yarelisfl on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • What is bacterial meningitis? Meningitis is an inflammation of the delicate membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. One form of bacterial meningitis, caused by Neisseria meningitidis (or meningococcus), is uncommon but potentially fatal and should always be viewed as a medical emergency. As many as 10-15% of cases lead to death, sometimes within 24 hours, and a significant number of those with who contract the infection have serious complications.
  • How is it transmitted?It is transmitted from person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions. Close contact—such as kissing, sneezing or coughing on someone, or living in close quarters with an infected person—facilitates the spread of the disease. Droplet spread (versus airborne spread) generally takes place at a range of three feet or less, and prolonged contact generally is required for infection to occur
  • What are the symptoms?The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, severe headache, and vomiting. Rash may also occur. The symptoms usually develop within three to seven days of infection. Antibiotic treatment is effective, but it must be given without delay once meningococcal disease is suspected
kayanking

Vaccines: VPD-VAC/Mening/main page - 0 views

www.cdc.gov/...default.htm

shared by kayanking on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Meningococcal vaccines are now available
  • help protect against all three serogroups of meningococcal disease
  • most commonly seen in the United States (serogroups B, C and Y), but they will not prevent all cases
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Meningococcal conjugate vaccines (Menactra®, MenHibrix® and Menveo®)
  • Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Menomune®)
  • Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines (Bexsero® and Trumenba®)
  • Trade name Type of Vaccine Meningococcal Serogroups Covered Bexsero® Recombinant B Menactra® Conjugate A, C, W, Y MenHibrix® Conjugate C, Y (and Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib]) Menomune® Polysaccharide A, C, W, Y Menveo® Conjugate A, C, W, Y Trumenba® Recombinant B
  • The following vaccines help prevent meningococcal disease: meningococcal conjugate, meningococcal polysaccharide, and serogroup B meningococcal vaccines.
  • As with all vaccines, there can be minor reactions, including pain and redness at the injection site, headache, fatigue or discomfort after meningococcal vaccines.
  • Who Should Not Be Vaccinated?
  • Vaccine Recommendations
blake_hood5572

Google - 0 views

www.google.com/webhp

meningitis HSA challenge1 google

shared by blake_hood5572 on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
    • blake_hood5572
      blake_hood5572 on 03 Sep 15
       
      All the basic information. 
  • nflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.Rare20,000 to 200,000 US cases per yearSome types preventable by vaccineTreatable by a medical professionalSpreads by airborne dropletsRequires a medical diagnosisLab tests or imaging always requiredShort-term: resolves within days to weeks
taylordirks443

meningitis - Google Search - 0 views

www.google.com/webhp

shared by taylordirks443 on 02 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Bacterial meningitis. Acute bacterial meningitis usually occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and migrate to the brain and spinal cord. But it can also occur when bacteria directly invade the meninges, as a result of an ear or sinus infection, or a skull fracture, or rarely, after some surgeries.
  • Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics. A general intravenous antibiotic with a corticosteroid to bring down the inflammation may be prescribed even before all the test results are in. When the specific bacteria are identified, your doctor may decide to change antibiotics.
  • Inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.Rare20,000 to 200,000 US cases per yearSome types preventable by vaccineTreatable by a medical professionalSpreads by airborne dropletsRequires a medical diagnosisLab tests or imaging always requiredShort-term: resolves within days to weeks
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