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Molecular immunological approaches to biotherapy of human cancers--a review, hypothesis and implications.\nBecker Y.\nAnticancer Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2A):1113-34. Review.\nPMID: 16619514 \n\nPolarized Th1 cells produce interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, and polarized Th2 cells and the hematopoietic cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13. In healthy individuals there is a Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, but during microbial-induced inflammation the pathogens induce an overproduction of the Th2 cytokines that inhibit the adaptive immune response against the pathogen. A review of studies on the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in humans harboring different tumor types revealed that tumor cells induce increased Th2 cytokine levels in patients' sera that can serve as indicators for the existence of tumors. I\n

J Lipid Res (2006), University of Kuopio, Finland

The proportion of subjects who were clinically clear at the 2-year follow-up visit was estimated to be 82.0%. Imiquimod was tolerated when applied daily, with erythema reported for all subjects participating in the study. The recurrence rate observed suggests that once daily dosing and 5×/week dosing yield similar clearance rates, but daily dosing increases local skin reactions.

McAllen TX is one of the most expensive health-care markets in the country. Only Miami-which has much higher labor and living costs-spends more per person on health care. In 2006, Medicare spent fifteen thousand dollars per enrollee here, almost twice the national average. The income per capita is twelve thousand dollars. In other words, Medicare spends three thousand dollars more per person here than the average person earns.

We found that 5% imiquimod cream is an effective treatment option for superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas, giving a clearance rate of 89.5% at an average of 39 months of follow up.

The proportion of subjects who were clinically clear at the 2-year follow-up visit was estimated to be 82.0%. Imiquimod was tolerated when applied daily, with erythema reported for all subjects participating in the study. The recurrence rate observed suggests that once daily dosing and 5x/week dosing yield similar clearance rates, but daily dosing increases local skin reactions.

The precise mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of imiquimod in BCC is not known. It has been postulated that ultraviolet radiation induces mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes and alters the immuno-surveillance, so that tumor cells escape from cytotoxic T cells and apoptosis.[1] Th-2 cytokines, that downregulate tumor surveillance, are raised in BCC.[1],[5] Imiquimod acts on toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) present on dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes and induces expression of interferons, Th-1 cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-a and G-CSF, thereby counteracting Th2 cytokines and promoting tumor surveillance.[1],[5] It also enhances the activity of natural killer cells and epidermal Langerhans' cells. The tumor regression is achieved probably by induction of Fas receptors on the tumor cells resulting in their apoptosis.[10]