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This article explores the use of mathematical discourse, or misconceptions, to promote student discussions and learning. It goes on to examine the process and best practices of using mathematical discourse to teach students content and practice mathematical vocabulary skills.

WEEK 7 - Chris Baugher, Patricia Bankins and Alison Burns - First reading. "This paper investigates how pre-service teacher education can provide a strong literacy foundation for content area teachers. Pre-service teachers emphasized their growing awareness of how literacy strategies can enhance student learning in their specific subject areas." (Orr, Kukner and Timmons, 2014)

This article gives an interesting insight to content area literacy and infusing literacy into science and math classes. I was particularly interested in the different ways the sample teachers incorporate literacy strategies into their teaching. They talk of expanding notions of what learning and assessment can look like in science and math. Teachers must have a solid content knowledge themselves to be able to express "the most useful forms of representation of those [topics to be taught in the subject area and] ideas, the most powerful analogies, illustrations, examples, explanations, and demonstrations-in a word, the ways of representing and formulating the subject that make it comprehensible to others. (Schulman, 1986, p. 9)

The article supports this week's activity and Willigham's video on content knowledge improving reading skill. The first section in 'content area literacy" says it all: "Content area literacy is the ability to acquire understandings of, and think critically about, new content in a discipline using reading, writing and multiple other forms..." (Draper, 2002; Heller & Greenleaf, 2007; Kane, 2011; McKenna & Robinson, 1990) The article as a whole supports and builds upon the importance of not only literacy but also what assessments could look like and what they should reflect. Lastly, "[b]ecause literacy is important in all subject areas, content area teachers can plat a significant role in their students' literacy development" (Alger, 2007, 2009; Draper, 2002; Lind, 2008, Heller & Greenleaf, 2007). Before students can learn the material, we as teachers must become familiar and competent enough in the content to not only explain the ideas but to show them and relate them to the students' lives and prior knowledge.

A few concrete examples of how to effectively differentiate math instruction for elementary students.

The article references stats that involve demographics pertaining to elementary reading and math. High school graduation rates and dropout rates amongst minorities in a californian community. The author looks at closing the achievement gap by getting parents involved and placing more emphasis on pre-K programs. The article states that when it comes to intervention, the way to look at it is, the earlier the better. The author provides suggestions to closing the gap.

This is the position statement developed by the National Association for the Education of Young Children related to mathematics in early childhood education. This document outlines 10 strategies for high quality math instruction in the early childhood classroom, as well as, 4 strategies for educational institutions, program developers and policy makers. I found the 10 strategies for teachers to be particularly beneficial in my own reflective practice.

This website has sample activities to support Kindergarten students with measurement and data concepts. The sample activities are linked to a learning objective and provide a description of the standards. For each objective there are a few sample activities you can use in the classroom and then there are math centers available for purchase. Many of the sample activities have strategies which incorporate manipulatives to support students with the concepts. This website addresses my data teammate's SMART goal which is for students to be able to use manipulatives to effectively solve problems involving measurement. There are great resources which can be printed and used in the classroom.

Understanding vocabulary, is extremely important for students as they attempt to apply their newly learned concepts to other situations. Daily in the mathematics classroom, I try to be consistent with my co-teachers vocabulary usage to help students become more comfortable with the vocabulary. However, I have noticed that students continue to struggle to decipher problems because they lack the understanding of word choice and the vocabulary used. I believe that I could do more to emphasize vocabulary in each of the classes that I co-teach, by taking it upon myself to develop a way to showcase the vocabulary for the unit for each student. My co-teachers are responsible for developing the daily lessons, therefore I feel that I could assist them by finding some ideas to suggest or materials to put together to share with the students in our classes. The resource I added provides some basic ideas of how to showcase unit vocabulary and spark students memory while they are in or out of the classroom.

This article describes how teachers use different forms of technology in the classroom to foster students' learning in the area of mathematics. In order to be considered an effective teaching tool, the article explains that instructors need to think about cognitive and mathematical fidelity when determining what computer programs to use in the classroom.

This is a great source that provides the similar manipulatives that we use in math- digi blocks, fraction patterns, base tens blocks. Students can manipulate the resources online. In the homepage, you'll see that the manipulatives are organized by grade level and math topic.

This brief post by a teacher discusses clear steps for how to teach students about justifying their answers. It contains resources for fourth and fifth grade students; however, it can be geared towards other grades also. Justifying answers gives educators insight into their students' understanding and strategies related to multiple concepts. It is also an effective form of assessment.

Teachers incorporate writing in math class to help students reflect on their learning, deepen their understanding of important concepts by explaining and providing examples of those concepts, and make important connections to real-life applications of the math they are learning. This page includes links to other writing resources.

Additional information about milestones and K-12 math curriculum is available on The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Web site. NCTM's Principles and Standards for School Mathematics outlines grade-by-grade recommendations for classroom mathematics instruction for both content matter and process.

This article studies the "Detect, Practice and Repair" strategy used in a fourth grade classroom with mathematical facts of subtraction, multiplication and division. The DPR method allows teachers to identify students that are having problems with certain concepts. The teacher can then differentiation individual assignments for those students to practice, thereby repairing a deficit of learning that might exist. This form of differentiation shows a marked improvement in student performance.

This is a great website for students to find videos on many math concepts at the middle and high school levels. The videos give step by step examples to help students through specific problems. It is an easy website for students to search for what they need. I have even recommended this website to some of my parents who tell me that they have trouble helping their children at home because they do not know the material.

I know other teachers who have used these successfully in secondary education. I have personally viewed some videos when I was going for a dual certification in technology, as there were some physics concepts I needed to review. Great recommendation!

Front Row is a website and an iOS application designed for K-8 students. The application was originally designed to help close instructional gaps in mathematics. This adaptive learning software allows students to work at their own pace as they earn coins and move up levels in all 5 of the Common Core math domains. Later on Front Row added an ELA component that provides leveed texts and quizzes for students. All of the activities that students do through From Row generate data for parents and teachers. One of the features that Front Row also has is free and paid IBL's (Inquiry Based Lessons) for grades 1-8. I actually created a screencast on how I use IBL's in my own classroom.Check it out here -> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qot1wzQTd5o

Front Row is a great software that helps teachers fill learning gaps! It is an application that students have their own accounts where they can individualize their learning. They learn at their own pace and are not pressured to stay up to speed as their peers. There is motivation involved in collecting gold coins, and there are videos for students that need extra support on a certain content if they are answering the questions incorrectly.I have used Front Row in my classrooms through blended learning and it has worked great!