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Michael Eppolito

Alien Land Laws - 2 views

encyclopedia.jrank.org/...Alien-Land-Laws.html

Alien Land Law Japanese

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - Cached
  • “race” was legally constructed along a white-nonwhite binary, with Chinese immigrants categorized as “nonwhites.”
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
       
      If you are not white you cannot own land. This was particularly aimed at Chinese and Japanese
  • This anti-Chinese racism was easily transferred to Japanese agricultural workers, who began entering the country in increasing numbers after 1890.
  • Japanese agricultural laborers were classified as “nonwhite,” and they were therefore barred from becoming U.S. citizens
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Their success in agriculture was held against them, however: White farmers viewed them as unfair competitors because entire Japanese families would work their farms and save labor costs.
  • “Alien Land Law”
  • passed by the California legislature in 1913. The law granted aliens eligible for U.S. citizenship plenary property ownership rights but limited “aliens ineligible to citizenship”
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
       
      This says that only immigrants who could become citizens could own land. Since Japanese could not become citizens they could not own land.
  • This legal sanction was a response to the economic success of Japanese truck farmers in California in the early twentieth century.
  • Despite the 1913 law, Japanese land holdings increased.
  • Private ownership of land occupies a central position in American law
  • 1859 Oregon Constitution, which declared that no “Chinaman” could ever own land in Oregon.
  • Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
     
    Read this article and think about why white farmers would want Japanese farmers removed from the west coast. What search terms might you use to explore this conflict more deeply?
  • Michael Eppolito on 18 Dec 09
     
    This is a good article to use in your poster work.
Michael Eppolito

JAPANESE EVACUATION FROM THE WEST COAST 1942: APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III - 3 views

www.sfmuseum.org/dewitt4.html

reasons justifications

shared by Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13 - No Cached
Ben O, Nick b, and Eli e liked it
  • In the war in which we are now engaged racial affinities are not severed by migration. The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become "Americanized," the racial strains are undiluted. To conclude otherwise is to expect that children born of white parents on Japanese soil sever all racial affinity and become loyal Japanese subjects, ready to fight and, if necessary, to die for Japan in a war against the nation of their parents. That Japan is allied with Germany and Italy in this struggle is no ground for assuming that any Japanese, barred from assimilation by convention as he is, though born and raised in the United States, will not turn against this nation when the final test of loyalty comes. It, therefore, follows that along the vital Pacific Coast over 112,000 potential enemies, of Japanese extraction, are at large today. There are indications that these are organized and ready for concerted action at a favorable opportunity. The very fact that no sabotage has taken place to date is a disturbing and confirming indication that such action will be taken.
  • Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13
     
    Statement by General DeWitt
Michael Eppolito

Korematsu v. United States - 4 views

www.law.cornell.edu/...USSC_CR_0323_0214_ZO.html

korematsu supreme court

shared by Michael Eppolito on 06 Mar 11 - Cached
  • In doing so, we are not unmindful of the hardships imposed by it upon a large group of American citizens. Cf. Ex parte Kawato, 317 U.S. 69, 73. But hardships are part of war, and war is an aggregation of hardships. All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities, as well as its privileges, and, in time of war, the burden is always heavier. Compulsory [p220] exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direst emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when, under conditions of modern warfare, our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.
  • Like curfew, exclusion of those of Japanese origin was deemed necessary because of the presence of an unascertained number of disloyal members of the group, most of [p219] whom we have no doubt were loyal to this country. It was because we could not reject the finding of the military authorities that it was impossible to bring about an immediate segregation of the disloyal from the loyal that we sustained the validity of the curfew order as applying to the whole group. In the instant case, temporary exclusion of the entire group was rested by the military on the same ground. The judgment that exclusion of the whole group was, for the same reason, a military imperative answers the contention that the exclusion was in the nature of group punishment based on antagonism to those of Japanese origin. That there were members of the group who retained loyalties to Japan has been confirmed by investigations made subsequent to the exclusion. Approximately five thousand American citizens of Japanese ancestry refused to swear unqualified allegiance to the United States and to renounce allegiance to the Japanese Emperor, and several thousand evacuees requested repatriation to Japan
Michael Eppolito

Digital History - 5 views

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/...munson_report.cfm

viewpoint

shared by Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13 - No Cached
Ben O liked it
  • The Issei, or first generation, is considerably weakened in their loyalty to Japan by the fact that they have chosen to make this their home and have brought up their children here. They expect to die here. They are quite fearful of being put in a concentration camp. Many would take out American citizenship if allowed to do so. The haste of this report does not allow us to go into this more fully. The Issei have to break with their religion, their god and Emperor, their family, their ancestors and their after-life in order to be loyal to the United States. They are also still legally Japanese. Yet they do break, and send their boys off to the Army with pride and tears. They are good neighbors. They are old men fifty-five to sixty-five, for the most part simple and dignified. Roughly they were Japanese lower middle class, about analogous to the pilgrim fathers.
  • Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13
     
    1941 report describes Japanese a loyal Americans.
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