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Michael Eppolito

Outcasts! : the story of America's treatment of her Japanese-American minority - 18 views

content.cdlib.org/view

Japanese internment reasons

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Four explanations have been advanced for the evacuation: military necessity, the protection of those evacuated, political and economic pressures, and racial prejudice.
  • Briefly, the justification of the evacuation as military necessity is as follows:
  • suggesting immediate removal of those of Japanese lineage as a racial group
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Protection against sabotage and fifth-columnism were the announced military reasons for the exclusion of those of Japanese ancestry
  • On April 13, 1943, Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, the man who ordered the evacuation, told a House Committee: "It makes no difference whether the Japanese is theoretically a citizen. He is still a Japanese. Giving him a scrap of paper won't change him. I don't care what they do with the Japs so long as they don't send them back here. A Jap is a Jap."
  • "There are in the United States many persons of Japanese extraction whose loyalty to the country, even in the present emergency, is unquestioned. It would therefore be a serious mistake to take any action against these people"—San Francisco Chronicle, December 9, 1941.
  • Thus during the first weeks of the war the dominant tenor of news stories was for fairness and tolerance, restrictions applied equally to all enemy aliens, and there was no mention of total evacuation! If the military had sound reasons for it, they were not apparent nor put forward in the weeks immediately following Pearl Harbor.
  • On January 22, 1942, Congressman Leland Ford of California launched the campaign "to move all Japanese, native born and alien, to concentration camps."
  • Why treat the Japs well here? They take the parking positions. They get ahead of you in the stamp line at the post office. They have their share of seats on the bus and streetcar lines... I am for immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior. I don't mean a nice part of the interior, either... Let 'em be pinched, hurt, hungry, and dead up against it... Personally I hate the Japanese. And that goes for all of them."
  • The "Protection" Reason for Evacuation
  • Salinas Vegetable Grower's Association
  • "We're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons. We might as well be honest. We do. It's a question of whether the white man lives on the Pacific Coast or the brown man...and we don't want them back when the war ends, either."
  • he Japanese-American group in California alone controlled farm acreage valued at some $72,000,000; played a part in fishing; owned and operated many hotels, laundries, and restaurants; dominated Los Angeles fresh fruit and vegetable distribution, and captured some of the best bazaar trade in San Francisco's Chinatown. Their commercial interests along the Coast were valued at from $55,000,000 to $75,000,000.
  • "The reason for evacuation considered most valid by many persons is that of 'protective custody'--the Japanese must be taken into camps and guarded for their own protection. But what a breakdown of the Anglo-Saxon conception of justice in a democracy such thinking betokens... The very words 'protective custody' (Schutzhaft) were 'made in Germany,' not here. How could it accord with American justice that if a man were dangerous to his neighbors they should be put into custody rather than he?" --Fellowship, July, 1942.
Michael Eppolito

Digital History - 15 views

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/...newspaper_articles.cfm

reasons justifications primary sources

shared by Michael Eppolito on 22 Dec 09 - Cached
  • “Those Japanese and other aliens who move into the interior out of this area now will gain considerable advantage and in all probability will not again be disturbed,” he said.
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 22 Dec 09
       
      This might be a good quote to consider for "protection"
  • California faces the major problem with the Japanese on farm lands on the West Coast, the census figures reveal, as they are listed as owning 68 million dollars worth of farm lands here and only an additional two million dollars worth of farm lands in Oregon and Washington combined.
  • They left San Francisco by the hundreds all through last January and February, seeking new homes and new jobs in the East and Midwest. In March, the Army and the Wartime Civil Control Administration took over with a new humane policy of evacuation to assembly and relocation centers where both the country and the Japanese could be given protection.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • No. 1—All persons suspected of espionage, sabotage, fifth column or other subversive activities. The FBI and intelligence services are rounding them up daily. No. 2—Japanese aliens. No. 3—American-born Japanese. No. 4—German aliens. No. 5—Italian aliens. After the military areas are cleared of Japanese, the general indicated, German and Italian aliens would be next in line for evacuation. However, German and Italian aliens 70 years of age or over will not be required to move “except when individually suspected.” Also exempted will be “the families, including parents, wives, children, sisters and brothers of Germans and Italians in the armed forces,” unless such removal is required for specific reason.
  • attempt to create a Japanese-Negro anti-white-race fifth column.
  • Nine replied, in effect: “No Japanese wanted - except in concentration camps.”
  • Along the entire Pacific Coast, and from the southern half of Arizona, some 120,000 enemy aliens and American-born Japanese were moving, or preparing to move, to areas in which the threat of possible espionage, sabotage or fifth column activities would be minimized.
  • “We are going to give these people a fair chance to dispose of their properties at proper prices,” Mr. Clark said. “It has come to our attention that many Japanese farmers have been stampeded into selling their properties for little or nothing.”
  • Michael Eppolito on 31 Mar 11
     
    News papers from San Francisco
Michael Eppolito

Alien Land Laws - 2 views

encyclopedia.jrank.org/...Alien-Land-Laws.html

Alien Land Law Japanese

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - Cached
  • “race” was legally constructed along a white-nonwhite binary, with Chinese immigrants categorized as “nonwhites.”
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
       
      If you are not white you cannot own land. This was particularly aimed at Chinese and Japanese
  • This anti-Chinese racism was easily transferred to Japanese agricultural workers, who began entering the country in increasing numbers after 1890.
  • Japanese agricultural laborers were classified as “nonwhite,” and they were therefore barred from becoming U.S. citizens
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Their success in agriculture was held against them, however: White farmers viewed them as unfair competitors because entire Japanese families would work their farms and save labor costs.
  • “Alien Land Law”
  • passed by the California legislature in 1913. The law granted aliens eligible for U.S. citizenship plenary property ownership rights but limited “aliens ineligible to citizenship”
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
       
      This says that only immigrants who could become citizens could own land. Since Japanese could not become citizens they could not own land.
  • This legal sanction was a response to the economic success of Japanese truck farmers in California in the early twentieth century.
  • Despite the 1913 law, Japanese land holdings increased.
  • Private ownership of land occupies a central position in American law
  • 1859 Oregon Constitution, which declared that no “Chinaman” could ever own land in Oregon.
  • Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
     
    Read this article and think about why white farmers would want Japanese farmers removed from the west coast. What search terms might you use to explore this conflict more deeply?
  • Michael Eppolito on 18 Dec 09
     
    This is a good article to use in your poster work.
Michael Eppolito

Group Japanese Internment's best content - 6 views

groups.diigo.com/...japanese-internment

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - No Cached
  • Internet Archive: Free Download: Japanese Relocation - 0 views
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
       
      Look at this site for the poster
  • Outcasts! : the story of America's treatment of her Japanese-American minority - 1 views
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
       
      Use this site for your poster
Raye Cleary

Historical Overview: Japanese Americans - 8 views

archive.vancouver.wsu.edu/...ja.htm

shared by Raye Cleary on 06 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • legislation
    • Carson Hunter
      Carson Hunter on 25 Jan 12
       
      this word means law
    • Travis Foster
      Travis Foster on 25 Jan 12
       
      wow thats kinda cool that this word means law
    • Andrew Smith
      Andrew Smith on 25 Jan 12
       
      Means Law
    • Mikayla Lathrop
      Mikayla Lathrop on 25 Jan 12
       
      This word mean law.
    • Tom Leiter
      Tom Leiter on 25 Jan 12
       
      This word means law
  • legislation
    • Suni J
      Suni J on 25 Jan 12
       
      this word means law
  • excluded further Chinese
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • excluded further Chinese immigration
  • 1880s,
    • Travis Foster
      Travis Foster on 25 Jan 12
       
      this is after the civil war
  • Thousands of Japanese workers helped construct the Great Northern, Northern Pacific, Oregon Short Line and other railroads
    • Travis Foster
      Travis Foster on 26 Jan 12
       
      the american sayed we would pay you money to come and work on the rail roads
  • helped new immigrants get established
    • Travis Foster
      Travis Foster on 26 Jan 12
       
      center for Japanese employment
  • helped new immigrants get established
  • helped new immigrants get established
  • new immigrants get established in the region.
  • Portland
    • Andrew Smith
      Andrew Smith on 26 Jan 12
       
      Center for Japanese employment.
  • Portland
  • Portland
  • The city’s Japanese immigrants established Buddhist and Methodist churches and other associations that nurtured their cultural as well as economic life.
  • that helped new immigrants get established in the region.
    • Garrett Humphrey
      Garrett Humphrey on 26 Jan 12
       
      Center for Japanese Employment
    • Eric Fenton
      Eric Fenton on 26 Jan 12
       
      Center for Japanese employment.
  • autonomy
    • Travis Foster
      Travis Foster on 31 Jan 12
       
      self control
    • Carly Gayda
      Carly Gayda on 31 Jan 12
       
      I think it mean a little more tha self control
    • Raye Cleary
      Raye Cleary on 31 Jan 12
       
      means self managment, self government
    • Eric Fenton
      Eric Fenton on 31 Jan 12
       
      Self Goverment 
    • Tom Leiter
      Tom Leiter on 31 Jan 12
       
      Self control
  • autonomy
  • labor
  • over their labor
    • Raye Cleary
      Raye Cleary on 31 Jan 12
       
      labor, autonomy over
  • r. For example
  • picture
    • Carly Gayda
      Carly Gayda on 31 Jan 12
       
      Srry di not mean to highlite
  • envy and
    • Carly Gayda
      Carly Gayda on 31 Jan 12
       
      What does envy mean?
  • anti-Japanese attitudes on the West Coast
  • Gentleman’s Agreemen
    • Raye Cleary
      Raye Cleary on 31 Jan 12
       
      sure...........
Michael Eppolito

JAPANESE EVACUATION FROM THE WEST COAST 1942: APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III - 3 views

www.sfmuseum.org/dewitt4.html

reasons justifications

shared by Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13 - No Cached
Ben O, Nick b, and Eli e liked it
  • In the war in which we are now engaged racial affinities are not severed by migration. The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become "Americanized," the racial strains are undiluted. To conclude otherwise is to expect that children born of white parents on Japanese soil sever all racial affinity and become loyal Japanese subjects, ready to fight and, if necessary, to die for Japan in a war against the nation of their parents. That Japan is allied with Germany and Italy in this struggle is no ground for assuming that any Japanese, barred from assimilation by convention as he is, though born and raised in the United States, will not turn against this nation when the final test of loyalty comes. It, therefore, follows that along the vital Pacific Coast over 112,000 potential enemies, of Japanese extraction, are at large today. There are indications that these are organized and ready for concerted action at a favorable opportunity. The very fact that no sabotage has taken place to date is a disturbing and confirming indication that such action will be taken.
  • Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13
     
    Statement by General DeWitt
Michael Eppolito

impounded - 3 views

www.laborarts.org/...title.html

shared by Michael Eppolito on 23 Dec 09 - Cached
  • the American anger focused not on the Japanese Imperial government, its expansionist goals, and its role in the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis,  but on the Japanese as a "race". Racist anti-Japanese propaganda was already well developed on the west coast, but after the attack it was ratcheted up by politicians, the press and, quite likely, big agribusiness interests who thought (quite accurately, it turned out) that they could buy Japanese farms at discounted prices.
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 23 Dec 09
       
      This says that hatred for Japanese did not focus on them being a nation at war with the US, but instead it focused on the Japanese as a race. For example the Americans saw themselves fighting against the Germany Nazis (the government of Germany), however they saw themselves fighting against the Japanese race.
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 23 Dec 09
       
      Agribusiness means farming.
Michael Eppolito

San Francisco's mayor wants exclusion act to bar the Japs. Eugene E. Schmitz, labor cha... - 6 views

memory.loc.gov/...r

antijapanese primary sources

shared by Michael Eppolito on 18 Dec 09 - Cached
  • San Francisco's labor mayor, the Hon. Eugene E. Schmitz,
  • "The Japanese are far more dangerous to us than the Chinese,"
  • Japs are to be feared more than the Chinese, primarily because of the cheapness of their labor.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Where a Chinese will work upon a farm at starvation wages, a Japanese has the ability to acquire the property itself. The Chinese are dangerous enough, but the Japanese would drive all competition out of business. It is the stern duty of the American citizen, and particularly of those of us upon this western coast, to scrutinise this evil and then suppress it with appropriate legislation."
  • "I would sooner see the bars of civilization let down on this western borderland to the heathen Chinese, and meet all of the grave dangers incidental to their coming, than to witness an unrestricted Japanese immigration, fraught with the many great evils that would at once beset our industrial welfare if the brown toilers of the mikado's realm were permitted to swarm through our gates unhindered."
    • Michael Eppolito
      Michael Eppolito on 18 Dec 09
       
      See how the mayor of San Francisco compares Chinese to Japanese. Also "mikado's realm" refers to Japan.
  • Michael Eppolito on 18 Dec 09
     
    This newspaper article gives you a good idea about US attitudes about Japanese workers in San Francisco in 1900, 42 years before internment.
Michael Eppolito

Internet Archive: Free Download: Milton Eisenhower Explains U.S. Reasons For Japanese R... - 1 views

www.archive.org/CEP0371

eisenhower Japanese internment

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
     
    Milton Eisenhower was in charge of the War Relocation Authority in this video he explains why the Japanese on the west coast need to be relcated.
  • Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
     
    The head of the War Relocation Authority gives reasons for internment.
Michael Eppolito

Internet Archive: Free Download: Japanese Relocation - 2 views

www.archive.org/...Japanese1943

Milton Eisenhower video clips Japanese justifications reasons

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
     
    Here the head the War Relocation Authority justifies the internment of Japanese on the west coast.
Michael Eppolito

Korematsu v. United States - 4 views

www.law.cornell.edu/...USSC_CR_0323_0214_ZO.html

korematsu supreme court

shared by Michael Eppolito on 06 Mar 11 - Cached
  • In doing so, we are not unmindful of the hardships imposed by it upon a large group of American citizens. Cf. Ex parte Kawato, 317 U.S. 69, 73. But hardships are part of war, and war is an aggregation of hardships. All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities, as well as its privileges, and, in time of war, the burden is always heavier. Compulsory [p220] exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direst emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when, under conditions of modern warfare, our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.
  • Like curfew, exclusion of those of Japanese origin was deemed necessary because of the presence of an unascertained number of disloyal members of the group, most of [p219] whom we have no doubt were loyal to this country. It was because we could not reject the finding of the military authorities that it was impossible to bring about an immediate segregation of the disloyal from the loyal that we sustained the validity of the curfew order as applying to the whole group. In the instant case, temporary exclusion of the entire group was rested by the military on the same ground. The judgment that exclusion of the whole group was, for the same reason, a military imperative answers the contention that the exclusion was in the nature of group punishment based on antagonism to those of Japanese origin. That there were members of the group who retained loyalties to Japan has been confirmed by investigations made subsequent to the exclusion. Approximately five thousand American citizens of Japanese ancestry refused to swear unqualified allegiance to the United States and to renounce allegiance to the Japanese Emperor, and several thousand evacuees requested repatriation to Japan
Michael Eppolito

Google Image Result for http://home.comcast.net/~eo9066/Images/NEWS09.jpg - 2 views

www.google.com/imgres

map exclusion

shared by Michael Eppolito on 23 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Michael Eppolito on 23 Mar 11
     
    The Western Defense Command yesterday ordered the evacuation of 2,000 more Japanese from Seattle. The upper sketch shows two new areas to be cleared. They are indicated in black on the map of Seattle (lower). The area marked in diagonals already has been evacuated, leaving only the areas in gray where Japanese still may live.
Michael Eppolito

Digital History - 5 views

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/...munson_report.cfm

viewpoint

shared by Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13 - No Cached
Ben O liked it
  • The Issei, or first generation, is considerably weakened in their loyalty to Japan by the fact that they have chosen to make this their home and have brought up their children here. They expect to die here. They are quite fearful of being put in a concentration camp. Many would take out American citizenship if allowed to do so. The haste of this report does not allow us to go into this more fully. The Issei have to break with their religion, their god and Emperor, their family, their ancestors and their after-life in order to be loyal to the United States. They are also still legally Japanese. Yet they do break, and send their boys off to the Army with pride and tears. They are good neighbors. They are old men fifty-five to sixty-five, for the most part simple and dignified. Roughly they were Japanese lower middle class, about analogous to the pilgrim fathers.
  • Michael Eppolito on 30 Apr 13
     
    1941 report describes Japanese a loyal Americans.
Michael Eppolito

Holly Forrest Teaches: Class One - Dr. Seuss on WW II - Japanese Internment cartoons - 3 views

hollyforrestteaches.blogspot.com/...r-seuss-on-ww-ii-japanese.html

seuss internment blog

shared by Michael Eppolito on 23 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Michael Eppolito on 23 Dec 09
     
    This is a teacher's blog about Japanese Internment.
Michael Eppolito

Japanese-American / Japanese-American relocation / Women / Home economics / Seamstresse... - 0 views

gallery.unl.edu/...14980.html

Japanese internment frontier photograps

shared by Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Michael Eppolito on 17 Dec 09
     
    This site includes some photographs of camp life.
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