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Jialin C

Google Reports on Government Requests and Censorship - NYTimes.com - 2 views

bits.blogs.nytimes.com/...rnment-requests-and-censorship

1.7_surveillance 1.2_security 2.6_gov_control_use_info 3.4_internet

shared by Jialin C on 22 Sep 10 - No Cached
  • Jialin C on 22 Sep 10
     
    Google has came up with a tool in which people can view the government's censorships. It keeps track of how many times the government has requested for Google to take down certain information due to privacy.
  • Jialin C on 22 Sep 10
     
    Strand 1: 1.2: Security: Google isn't secure if they put statistics and a counter on how many times they were asked to take information down. 1.7 surveillance: Governments don't want to be monitored and therefore, many of them refuse to share whether or not their censorship demands. 1.3 Privacy and anonymity: Google created this tool which keeps track of how many different countries would want their government "secrets" and policies to be taken down; there fore, google does respect that to a certain extent. Although, many countries do make a huge number of requests for their data to be taken down. Strand 2: 2.6:This Google transparency tool can be used to view the demands and requests of data been removed by specific countries and their governments. Stakeholders: Google is the organization that created such a tool. And it's main purpose was to show the world that censorship and privacy is asked for by many. The governments around the world are asking for either data requests to be taken off, or data requests based on their country from the transparency tool. Strand 3: 3.4 Internet: it plays the main role of how Google puts up too much information and due to privacy and surveillance issues, the IT system is shown as a map that organizes the lack of information that can be seen by viewers and the amount of information that are taken off due to requests.
  • Madeline Brownstone on 22 Sep 10
     
    Please go back and "cache" this page. I see by the URL that this is a blog. Although the lines between bloggers and journalists are somewhat blurred these days, blogs are usually opinion pieces and not considered journalism in the same way as edited news items. For example, this summer, you blogged on the NY Times site. That wasn't "news" it was your opinion about what you read about what was happening.
Madeline Brownstone

Telecom: Tools connecting the world and communicating about HIV - 0 views

www.unaids.org/...20091005_telecom.asp

ITGS mobile phone ITGS-health cell phone 4blogging

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09 - Cached
  • The explosion of mobile technology presents a great opportunity to scale up the AIDS response in poor countries.
  • hrough mobile technology, the millions of people in developing countries who had been left behind by the digital divide are now able to access health information and healthcare services at their fingertips. Mobile phones are being used as low-cost tools for HIV testing, data collection, epidemic tracking, and training of health workers, HIV prevention and treatment support.
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    Through mobile technology, the millions of people in developing countries who had been left behind by the digital divide are now able to access health information and healthcare services at their fingertips. Mobile phones are being used as low-cost tools for HIV testing, data collection, epidemic tracking, and training of health workers, HIV prevention and treatment support.
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    Through mobile technology, the millions of people in developing countries who had been left behind by the digital divide are now able to access health information and healthcare services at their fingertips. Mobile phones are being used as low-cost tools for HIV testing, data collection, epidemic tracking, and training of health workers, HIV prevention and treatment support.
Madeline Brownstone

Google Apps Marketplace - Project Management - 0 views

www.google.com/...search

project management tools

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 25 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 25 Feb 11
     
    Check out these tools for project management
Madeline Brownstone

Multi-purpose TV aids India - 3 views

news.bbc.co.uk/...4025197.stm

developing country telemedicine itgs-arts_entertainment_leisure ITGS-health

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    "The underlying problem," he says, "is how you can increase their wealth and reduce their poverty and reduce their illiteracy, and improve their health care.' "And what I'm postulating is that this is the technology that will enable them. If I didn't have it, it would be an uphill battle. Even with the technology it's an uphill battle. But I have a tool. There is hope. I can reach them in ways that have not been possible before."
Madeline Brownstone

MS, universities team up on gaming research | eSchoolNews.com - 0 views

www.eschoolnews.com/...ies-team-up-on-gaming-research

education games gaming

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 20 Feb 10 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 20 Feb 10
     
    "Microsoft's research arm is leading a new effort to study the use of computer games as tools to help middle-school students learn science and math. The Games for Learning Institute (G4LI) aims to identify which qualities of computer games engage students and help develop relevant, personalized teaching strategies that can be applied to the learning process, its organizers said. The G4LI is a joint research endeavor by Microsoft Research, New York University (NYU), and a consortium of universities. Partners include Columbia University, the City University of New York (CUNY), Dartmouth College, Parsons, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, the Rochester Institute of Technology, and Columbia Teachers College."
Madeline Brownstone

Electronic health records raise doubt - The Boston Globe - 11 views

www.boston.com/...nic_health_records_raise_doubt

health database CS10 integrity

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 03 Mar 10 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 03 Mar 10
     
    "Google Health and others in the fast-growing personal health record business say they are offering a revolutionary tool to help patients navigate a fragmented healthcare system, but some doctors fear that inaccurate information from billing data could lead to improper treatment."
  • ...10 more comments...
  • helen g on 18 Mar 10
     
    This article provides a possible service that can be used in the east African country our case study is on. Google health is a free service that would give all patients the opportunity to store their health records digitially, making it easier for doctors to access it. Especially if telemedicine were to be used, having electronic health records would be a great benefit. However, the issue of reliability is especially troubling when it comes to using services like Google health in this context. There have been many reported errors with the diagnoses of patients using this service, and it is crucial that the records are checked by both patients and doctors to ensure that all information listed is correct. Literacy rates are much lower in rural African settings, creating a problem for patients who may be unaware of inaccurate information on their records. Especially for individuals in critical conditions, fatal mistakes can therefore be made.
  • Santiago P. on 18 Mar 10
     
    Electronic Health Records are also used in the case study. Patients and doctors rely on these records for accurate data, but it is rather difficult, due to the lack of reliability with which Google Health updates patient's health data. In order for Dr. Ogola's plan to work (face the challenges, create a modern health system), he must implement such health records that will store patients' information on an accessible, secure and easy to use database. This would help patients, doctors and nurses share data without having to travel long distances. Data would be secure and also accessible to the three parties. However, this would require a reliable system (more than Google Health) so as to not provide inaccurate data to the patients. Patient involvement in the care of his/her own data would be required for an such an erroneous system, as would a reliable source of healthcare information on the patients. Unreliable sources can potentially damage the whole system.
  • Kristin O on 18 Mar 10
     
    The use of Electronic Health Records in this article can be applied to our case study. Firstly, it would make the transfer of patient data easier and faster, this would increase the quality of care that the hospitals and clinics offer to their patients. These Electronic Health Records can also keep data from different doctors in order, for example if a patient visits several Doctors all of their information will be in one place and ready to access when ever necessary. In the case study if doctors had a more accurate picture of the patients medical history they would be more prepared to make diagnoses, especially when they are working with strange cases. This would also help to increase the quality of treatment that the patient would receive. Digital Health Records are easy to update both the patient and the doctor can edit the Electronic Health Record, it also can keep track of test results, and medications that the patient is currently using. Electronic Health Records allow patients to be more active in their health care allowing them to see and have access to all of their medical information. Even though this IT system is ideal for our case study there are some things we should take into consideration. In our case study we would have to make sure that equality of access is equal for everyone, there may be some people living on the outskirts of villages that might not have access to Digital Health Records. We would also have to assume that everyone would know how to use the Digital Health Record. Meaning how to update it and how to look for errors. Lastly we would have to assume that the patient would make good use out of having an Electronic Health Record. They would have to constantly be updating and checking their records to see if there is any missing information or any errors within their data. Lastly, the coding system would have to be revised, it is confusing and very inaccurate, there should be a new coding system that makes understanding your own records
  • sarah d on 18 Mar 10
     
    In this article, the use of electronic health records is discussed. However, some problems arising from their use are also introduced, including inaccurate patient information. In the world of the case study, this IT system, electronic health records. is quite relevant and can be useful. EHRs can be used in Africa to connect rural doctors to hospitals and other professional health care workers in better facilities. This way patients' records can be reviewed, diagnoses can be made and other help can be given. However, if this system is taken advantage of in Africa, its users must be certain that the information in the records is accurate and comes from a reliable source. This is because if the information in a record is inaccurate, incorrect diagnosis and/or medication can be given as was the situation in the article. These kinds of mistakes can be detrimental to some patients.
  • Richie P on 18 Mar 10
     
    This article elaborates on the drawbacks of electronic health files. Although the IT System, Google Health, seems that it will make getting quality health care much easier and quicker, there is a major issue of possible inaccurate information. These inaccuracies or exaggerated diagnoses on Google Health may prevent patients from receiving the care they need, and Google Earth is prone to human error as real people are responsible for inputting insurance billing codes or mislabeling a lab test with a disease that is hoped to be ruled out. This has an impact on our African case study as this article illustrates one of the highly potential problems that arise from the use of telemedicine. Although medical centers in Africa would be able to eliminate the tedious process of paper work by instantly communicating records over the internet, these records can be inaccurate and therefore compromise an already sick patients health even further. However, for the case study, EMR's prove to be a very feasible solution for the lack of communication and distances between villages and health centers, but a solution must be made in order to counteract the potential misdiagnoses'. One solution could be that patients would check their EMR's for accuracy, but with the poor conditions of living in the African villages and poor or no internet service, this solution does not seem possible for the case study.
  • Jaymee C on 18 Mar 10
     
    This article is about a man getting his health information in an electronic health records massed up. There's an issue with the EMRs in the sense that they are sometimes unreliable. In regard to the Case study, as they want to place EMRs into their hospitals and clinics they ma have this issue with reliability. But it has shown signs of improvement from paper records. But the hospitals and clinics in the East African cities will need to hire more staff to make sure these records are up to date and accurate. As for the health of the patients, EMRs has its benefits and drawbacks. If the information is accurate then a life could be saved and that person could be properly cared for in a more timely fashion, but if the information isn't accurate they could be given unneeded surgery or given the wrong drugs. The EMRs could help the efficiency of the hospitals and clinics because they could work faster and get to more patients without wasting countless time looking through paper records.
  • Olivia M on 18 Mar 10
     
    This article arises a social and ethical issue of integrity of electronic health records. In this article, Dave deBronkart faced this issue when he transferred his medical records to Google Health. His information was inaccurately transferred because of the incorrect coding that insurance companies use. The database then used this incorrect coding and stated that Dave had other health problems, which he never had. The lack of codes makes the database more likely to make an inaccurate diagnosis. It also suffers from reliability because if the information, doctors can't rely on it to make correct diagnosis. Electronic databases are very useful and can be used in Oobunta if its integrity is improved. It will allow patients in villages that can't afford travel to share their symptoms and past medical history with doctors in the hospital. This will cut costs for both doctors and patients because they won't have to pay for transportation. It will also benefit the patients because it will let them be diagnosed accurately especially if they don't have enough resources or medical care in their village.
  • Jackie C on 18 Mar 10
     
    This article covers a recent problem that has risen from the use of Electronic Medical Records. Google's new Google Health, a service that gathers e-health records for patients all in one place has become unreliable. Google Health gathers medical information from billing records, which is an inaccurate source of information. The medical records on the site also do not distinguish between recent illnesses and past illnesses, and does not indicate the level of severity for the health issues. The diagnostic medical coding is to blame for inaccuracies in information gleaned from insurance data, mostly because it is clunky and includes tests for diseases that doctors hope to rule out, not for diseases that the patients necessarily have. The problems that the unwieldy code and medical records in Google Health bring up are enormous. Information is inaccurate and out of date, and this is potentially deadly when patients are being treated. The issue of reliability is that data in the records is out of date, and entered incorrectly, which could be the difference between life and death for patients with dangerous diseases.
  • Karen M on 18 Mar 10
     
    This article was about electronic medical records. They allow patients to share their health information with doctors over the Internet, using Goggle Health. However, this application is not completely accurate. It takes information from insurance bills. These insurance bills may not be precise in describing the treatment of a patient because of their lack of codes. This raises the issue of reliability of the electronic health records. Inaccurate records could stop a doctor from performing a life saving procedure on a patient. The article relates to the case study because it talks about the drawbacks of having electronic medical records. In order for issues with reliability and integrity to be avoided in Oobunta, patients should regularly check their records to ensure their accuracy. Doctors and patients should also communicate more to eliminate problems within the health records.
  • Mark Gakin on 18 Mar 10
     
    In this article, a new electronic health system arose. In order for one to use this newly aged system, their personal health records must be transferred. According to the article, "accuracy gets lost in translation" (Wangsness). Due to the fact that certain information is getting lost in translation, many issues have been brought up, such as reliability. Health records are vital for every individual because they contain information that cannot be found anywhere else. A loss in data, such as certain dates, can lead to many problems for the patients during treatment. As a solution, people are asked to do one thing. They are told to check out their record and see if everything is accurate. There is a positive side for this new system and it relates directly to our case study. These Google health records are easily transferable. If one needs to send out their information to a hospital for a diagnosis, they can do so in no time. In the case study, people in Africa are having trouble getting to a hospital because of the expenses and lack of transportation. By using these Google electronic health records, the people would be able to e-mail their record to a hospital for a direct prognoses. This would save them so much money and time because they would be able to complete this task in the comfort of their own home, or anyplace with internet access. These electronic health records can solve many problems in Africa.
  • T Graham on 18 Mar 10
     
    This case study tackles the issues of Integrity and Reliability. The article talks about inaccurate health records and it effect on patients who want to follow updates on their health status. The stakeholders in this articles are patients because they are the ones who need accurate information, doctors because patients come to them when they read inaccurate information about their health and the people who control the information in the databases because they are the ones responsible for whether or not the information is accurate. Integrity is an appropriate Social and Ethical Issue because the information in the databases have a been changed accidentally, in turn affecting accuracy. Reliability is even better because is directly about accuracy of data, if it is entered incorrectly. If data is entered wrong patients lose trust in them. This is especially relevant to databases which is the major IT system discussed in this article. In relation to the case study it is important to find a solution for the patients of Africa, that is as efficient as possible. In a place like the one described in the study it is important to save time by being as accurate as possible and making sure that patents and doctors can understand the information on databases, ensuring more successful treatments for the patients.
  • jonathan i on 18 Mar 10
     
    In the East African city, the medical facilities all contain databases that their patient's health records are recorded on, however the platform for each database varies between each clinic and the main hospital. This in turn makes it more difficult to exchange health records between each clinic and the main hospital.This article brings up a solution to the health records exchange problem that are within this East African Region. Google Health is a database that is in the cloud and makes it possible to exchange health records through the internet. This form of exchanging data for a patient helps to keep a patient's data up to date. Now though this could be a great solution it comes with many drawbacks from the system and the lacking materials from the East African region makes it difficulty to better utilize it.
Madeline Brownstone

Video games take bigger role in education - Yahoo! News - 1 views

news.yahoo.com/...us_videogames_education

education video games games

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 11 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 11 Dec 09
     
    "Teachers trying to get students interested in molecular biology or space now have a new tool -- video games. As more children grow up playing video games, educators are partnering with game developers and scientists to create new interactive experiences for the classroom."
Madeline Brownstone

BBC NEWS | Technology | Office intruder 'steals' data - 0 views

news.bbc.co.uk/...7843206.stm

intellectual property data loss security

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 06 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 06 Dec 09
     
    "According to Mr Greenlees, hackers and those intent on industrial espionage will use all the tools at their disposal to get their hands on data. Siemens consultant Colin Greenlees on how to protect against cyber criminals Far from needing a sophisticated computer system, good old-fashioned legwork can do the job just as well he has discovered"
Madeline Brownstone

ISIS: Protecting children in online social networks - 0 views

gow.epsrc.ac.uk/ViewGrant.aspx

online safety social networking social networks privacy natural language

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 21 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 21 Dec 09
     
    "The aim of the Isis project is to develop an ethics-centred monitoring framework and tools for supporting law enforcement agencies in policing online social networks for the purpose of protecting children. The project will develop natural language analysis techniques to help identify paedophiles from chat logs and monitoring mechanisms that can be non-invasively attached to file sharing systems for identifying the distributors of child abuse media. "
Madeline Brownstone

A new way of looking at the world - CNN.com - 0 views

www.cnn.com/...index.html

data mobile device tracking privacy data visulaization

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 06 Feb 10 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 06 Feb 10
     
    "An emerging set of tools is making it easier than ever to track and compile all sorts of "data" and display it in a way that's relatively easy to understand. You can now point your mobile phone at a street and instantly get ratings for restaurants. Or type in your address and find reports of crimes that may have occurred in your neighborhood. It's even possible to track emotions on a national and global scale."
Madeline Brownstone

Hacking For Good Reasons - Articles - Educational Technology - ICT in Education - 0 views

www.ictineducation.org/...hacking-for-good-reasons.html

politics and government mashup hacks government

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 13 Mar 10 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 13 Mar 10
     
    "We tend to think of hacking as bad, and hackers as evil. But as well as the ones wearing white hats, ie the ones who are on our side and checking out vulnerabilities that others might exploit, there are the techno-geeks who are all dressed up and with nowhere to go. Until now. On the 11th March, the UK's Home Office, Cabinet Office and Ministry of Justice opened their doors to 10 technical experts from http://www.rewiredstate.com who used data.gov.uk and the web to develop tools and services that help people."
Noreen C

New Toolkit for Disaster Response: Social Media, Mobile Tools & Telehealth - Features -... - 1 views

www.ihealthbeat.org/...-mobile-tools--telehealth.aspx

2.4_health 1.10_standards 1.9_policies 3.1_hardware

shared by Noreen C on 15 Feb 11 - Cached
  • Noreen C on 15 Feb 11
     
    According to Alexander Vo, an associate professor in preventive medicine and community health, telemedicine is a helpful measure to be taken in order to help patients from a remote location. However, he says that problems have arose when telemedicine was used in relation to diaster relief. One example given is the earthquake in Haiti, when many technologies were donated by companies in order to promote the use of telemedicine for immediate disaster relief. Vo says that this technology was not used, especially within the first few weeks, because the locations were staffed with enough doctors. Further, even if the technology could be used, the doctors were not trained to use it, and there was no time to train them at that moment.Only after the voluntary doctors went back to their home towns could they be of any use in regard to telemedicine. The patients in need of special care could then connect with the doctors in the remote areas, however, there could be problems if the internet was down, or if the necessary hardware was destroyed due to the diaster. Even though the egagement in telemedicine was not the best for Haiti, it was seen to be of great help for a hurricane in Texas recently. Vo explains that telemedicine was successful because it was already established within the communities. The technology was available throughout the affected areas, and could be put to use immediately. The use of cell phones was also crucial, because many of the patients had pre-established access to doctors who could help diagnose and alleviate the problems of the patients in affected areas. Because the protocols were established prior to the disasters, the care was planed out to be available to the most amount of patients. Plans in advance can also taken into account the problem of damaged internet service, cables, and networks, and determine what the best plan of action is given the situation. Thus, the relief would allow the affected area to be back on track quickly, and efficientl
Madeline Brownstone

Tom's Planner | Gantt Chart Software | Drag & Drop Simplicity - 0 views

www.tomsplanner.com

planner project gantt_chart 3.9_project

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 15 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 15 Feb 11
     
    This is an excellent tool for managing your project.
Madeline Brownstone

ORT's Information Technology Foundation Course - 0 views

doit.ort.org/

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 06 Mar 11 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 06 Mar 11
     
    Check out this amazing learning tool. You can use this to support your own personal inquiry.
Madeline Brownstone

U.S. State Department speaks to Twitter over Iran | Industries | Technology, Media & Te... - 3 views

www.reuters.com/...idUSWBT01137420090616

politics twitter iran

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 21 Nov 09 - Cached
  • Twitter and Facebook have been used as a tool by many young people to coordinate protests over the election's outcome.
  • The State Department declined to give immediate details of the contact with Twitter, which has been used particularly by young urban Iranians who are disputing President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's re-election last Friday.
    • Madeline Brownstone
      Madeline Brownstone on 21 Nov 09
       
      Stakeholders are the protesters in Iran
    • Madeline Brownstone
      Madeline Brownstone on 21 Nov 09
       
      AND, the US State Deparment revealed the stake they had in this communications tool.
  • Madeline Brownstone on 21 Nov 09
     
    Who would think that the US State Deparment would be interested in Twitter's downtime?
Madeline Brownstone

Unboxed - I.B.M Tries to Help Cities Work Smarter - NYTimes.com - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...11unboxed.html

data mining database politics and government data

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 03 Dec 09 - Cached
  • Madeline Brownstone on 03 Dec 09
     
    "Local governments, like many businesses, are struggling with a data glut. Agencies collect huge amounts of information about topics as diverse as building permits, potholes, Medicaid cases and foster-child placements. Technology, according to computer experts and government officials, can be a powerful tool to mine vast troves of government data for insights to streamline services and guide policy."
Madeline Brownstone

The results are in... and you're going to be fine - The Boston Globe - 0 views

www.boston.com/..._in_and_youre_going_to_be_fine

itgs-health cell phone ITGS

shared by Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09 - Cached
  • George Whitesides, a Harvard University chemist who coauthored a paper in the journal Analytical Chemistry this month in which the simple camera phone turns diagnostic tool. "The problem, particularly in the developing world and at rural clinics in the United States, is you don't have enough people - you can't have a trained doctor travel 200 miles to do a simple test."
    • Madeline Brownstone
      Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
       
      look this article up
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    good article for cell phones in health
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    good article for cell phones in health
Olivia M

BBC NEWS | Technology | Free medical tool tackles disease - 3 views

news.bbc.co.uk/...7470888.stm

2-22-Olivia OpenMRS health record system technology ITGS case study

shared by Olivia M on 07 Oct 09 - Cached
  • Our mission is to build a health records system in support of direct patient care, on the ground for the very poorest of the poor,"
    • Madeline Brownstone
      Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
       
      Equality of Access
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    The Open Medical Record System (OpenMRS) is providing countries, such as South Africa, with an online patient medical record system.
  • ...1 more comment...
  • Madeline Brownstone on 07 Oct 09
     
    The Open Medical Record System (OpenMRS) is providing countries, such as South Africa, with an online patient medical record system.
  • Olivia M on 22 Feb 10
     
    This article is about the need for OpenMRS in developing countries such as South Africa. This is necessary because it will help improve how people are treated. By knowing about someone's medical history, it can help decrease the spread of diseases such as HIV and Aids.
  • Olivia M on 22 Feb 10
     
    The issue is that there is a lack of open medical record systems in developing countries. Because of this diseases are being spread when they can easily be prevented. The thing that people were doing that gave rise to this issue is that in some countries, diseases were being spread at a faster rate then in others because of lack of background medical information. the impact that this has on people is that people in developing countries are spreading diseases at a faster rate. So diseases such as HIV and Aids are spreading in developing countries such as South Africa because of lack of medical background. The stakeholders are patients. The IT system is open medical record system. The area of impact is health. The social and ethical issue is equality of access. By having a medical record of everyone, people will be able to be treated equally because the doctor's will have their whole medical history.
Mariam B

How Obama tapped into Social Networks' Power - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...10carr.html

1.11_people_machines 2.5_social_networking 2.6_politcal_processes

shared by Mariam B on 19 Oct 10 - No Cached
  • Mariam B on 19 Oct 10
     
    The benefit of social networking allowed a medium of communication, in order to spread and advertise the campaign of Obama. The widespread usage of facebook, myspace, and other popular social networking websites by users was used to promote Obama during the election. He was able to gain many supporters through advertising on these social networks. Rather then excessively spending money on campaigning, it allowed a easy medium of spreading knowledge. Often times a lot of money is spent on president campaigns, and the emergence of social networks as a tool in the campaign helped increase Obama's supporters-significantly increasing his votes.
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