Skip to main content

Home/ Internetni praktikum/ Group items tagged restrictive

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
Janja Petek

Forty years of the internet: how the world changed for ever | Technology | The Guardian - 1 views

www.guardian.co.uk/...internet-40-history-arpanet

history web changed world

shared by Janja Petek on 06 Mar 13 - Cached
pina bitenc liked it
  • In October 1969, a student typed 'LO' on a computer - and the internet was born
  • Towards the end of the summer of 1969
  • a large grey metal box was delivered to the office of Leonard Kleinrock, a professor at the University of California in Los Angeles.
  • ...32 more annotations...
  • At 10.30pm, as Kleinrock's fellow professors and students crowded around, a computer was connected to the IMP, which made contact with a second IMP, attached to a second computer, several hundred miles away at the Stanford Research Institute, and an undergraduate named Charley Kline tapped out a message.
  • It's impossible to say for certain when the internet began, mainly because nobody can agree on what, precisely, the internet is.
  • It's interesting to compare how much has changed in computing and the internet since 1969 with, say, how much has changed in world politics.
  • On the other hand, the breakthrough accomplished that night in 1969 was a decidedly down-to-earth one
  • Twelve years after Charley Kline's first message on the Arpanet, as it was then known, there were still only 213 computers on the network; but 14 years after that, 16 million people were online, and email was beginning to change the world; the first really usable web browser wasn't launched until 1993, but by 1995 we had Amazon, by 1998 Google, and by 2001, Wikipedia, at which point there were 513 million people online. Today the figure is more like 1.7 billion.
  • on New Year's Day 1994 – only yesterday, in other words – there were an estimated 623 websites.
  • On the one hand, they were there because of the Russian Sputnik satellite launch, in 1957, which panicked the American defence establishment, prompting Eisenhower to channel millions of dollars into scientific research, and establishing Arpa, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, to try to win the arms technology race. The idea was "that we would not get surprised again,"
  • "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face," they declared.
  • The few outsiders who knew of the box's existence couldn't even get its name right: it was an IMP, or "interface message processor"
  • It was already possible to link computers by telephone lines, but it was glacially slow, and every computer in the network had to be connected, by a dedicated line, to every other computer, which meant you couldn't connect more than a handful of machines without everything becoming monstrously complex and costly.
  • The solution, called "packet switching" – which owed its existence to the work of a British physicist, Donald Davies – involved breaking data down into blocks that could be routed around any part of the network that happened to be free, before getting reassembled at the other end.
  • Still, Kleinrock recalls a tangible sense of excitement that night as Kline sat down at the SDS Sigma 7 computer, connected to the IMP, and at the same time made telephone contact with his opposite number at Stanford. As his colleagues watched, he typed the letter L, to begin the word LOGIN.
  • One of the most intriguing things about the growth of the internet is this: to a select group of technological thinkers, the surprise wasn't how quickly it spread across the world, remaking business, culture and politics – but that it took so long to get off the ground.
  • In 1945, the American presidential science adviser, Vannevar Bush, was already imagining the "memex", a device in which "an individual stores all his books, records, and communications", which would be linked to each other by "a mesh of associative trails", like weblinks.
  • And in 1946, an astonishingly complete vision of the future appeared in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction. In a story entitled A Logic Named Joe, the author Murray Leinster envisioned a world in which every home was equipped with a tabletop box that he called a "logic":
  • Instead of smothering their research in the utmost secrecy – as you might expect of a cold war project aimed at winning a technological battle against Moscow – they made public every step of their thinking, in documents known as Requests For Comments.
  • Deliberately or not, they helped encourage a vibrant culture of hobbyists on the fringes of academia – students and rank amateurs who built their own electronic bulletin-board systems and eventually FidoNet, a network to connect them to each other.
  • n argument can be made that these unofficial tinkerings did as much to create the public internet as did the Arpanet. Well into the 90s, by the time the Arpanet had been replaced by NSFNet, a larger government-funded network,
  • It was the hobbyists, making unofficial connections into the main system, who first opened the internet up to allcomers.
  • This was the software known as TCP/IP, which made it possible for networks to connect to other networks, creating a "network of networks", capable of expanding virtually infinitely
  • Nevertheless, by July 1992, an Essex-born businessman named Cliff Stanford had opened Demon Internet, Britain's first commercial internet service provider.
  • After a year or so, Demon had between 2,000 and 3,000 users,
  • the @ symbol was introduced in 1971, and the first message, according to the programmer who sent it, Ray Tomlinson, was "something like QWERTYUIOP".
  • A couple of years later I got my first mobile phone, which came with two batteries: a very large one, for normal use, and an extremely large one, for those occasions on which you might actually want a few hours of power
  • For most of us, though, the web is in effect synonymous with the internet, even if we grasp that in technical terms that's inaccurate: the web is simply a system that sits on top of the internet, making it greatly easier to navigate the information there, and to use it as a medium of sharing and communication.
  • The first ever website was his own, at CERN: info.cern.ch.
  • The idea that a network of computers might enable a specific new way of thinking about information, instead of just allowing people to access the data on each other's terminals, had been around for as long as the idea of the network itself: it's there in Vannevar Bush's memex, and Murray Leinster's logics.
  • Web browsers crossed the border into mainstream use far more rapidly than had been the case with the internet itself: Mosaic launched in 1993 and Netscape followed soon after, though it was an embarrassingly long time before Microsoft realised the commercial necessity of getting involved at all. Amazon and eBay were online by 1995. And in 1998 came Google, offering a powerful new way to search the proliferating mass of information on the web.
  • Google, and others, saw that the key to the web's future would be helping users exclude almost everything on any given topic, restricting search results to the most relevant pages.
  • It is absurd – though also unavoidable here – to compact the whole of what happened from then onwards into a few sentences: the dotcom boom, the historically unprecedented dotcom bust, the growing "digital divide", and then the hugely significant flourishing, over the last seven years, of what became known as Web 2.0.
  • The most confounding thing of all is that in a few years' time, all this stupendous change will probably seem like not very much change at all.
  • Will you remember when the web was something you accessed primarily via a computer? Will you remember when there were places you couldn't get a wireless connection? Will you remember when "being on the web" was still a distinct concept, something that described only a part of your life, instead of permeating all of it? Will you remember Google?
Katja Jerman

Five-year-old runs up £1,700 iPad bill in ten minutes - Telegraph - 0 views

www.telegraph.co.uk/...-iPad-bill-in-ten-minutes.html

ipad bill app downloading

shared by Katja Jerman on 01 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Five-year-old runs up £1,700 iPad bill in ten minutes
  • "Danny was pestering us to let him have a go on the iPad. He kept saying it was a free game so my husband put in the passcode and handed it to him.
  • "He was crying, as the rest of the children were telling him we could have bought a house with the amount he had spent.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • I am still going to play games when I can, but I will be careful now."
  • I'm not sure how I did it, I thought it was free.
  • turn off functionality such as purchasing from iTunes and the ability to turn off in-app purchases.
  • "It was far too easy a thing for him to do and more should be done to limit stuff like this from happening. That game is very annoying - and who would spend more than £1,700 on a game?
  • such incidents had to be reported as quickly as possible.
  • "All iOS devices (iPad, iPhone and iPod touch) have built in parental controls that give parents and guardians the ability to restrict access to content, eg internet access and age rated content such as music, games, apps, TV shows, movies etc.
  • Apple have now told the family they will refund the money.
  • Five-year-old runs up £1,700 iPad bill in ten minutes
  • Five-year-old runs up £1,700 iPad bill in ten minutes
  • But after downloading the free app Danny found his way into the game's online store and innocently ordered dozens of costly add-ons - totalling £1,710.43.
Miha Naprudnik

Controlling the web - Fault Lines - Al Jazeera English - 0 views

www.aljazeera.com/...20128674949935186.html

controlling web

shared by Miha Naprudnik on 06 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • SOPA, the Stop Online Piracy Act, and PIPA, the Protect Intellectual Property Act, were meant to crack down on the illegal sharing of digital media. The bills were drafted on request of the content industry, Hollywood studios and major record labels. 
  • The US government says it must be able to fight against piracy and cyber attacks. And that means imposing more restrictions online. But proposed legislation could seriously curb freedom of speech and privacy, threatening the internet as we know it.
  • Can and should the internet be controlled? Who gets that power? How far will the US government go to gain power over the web? And will this mean the end of a free and global internet?
Anja Pirc

Online privacy: Difference Engine: Nobbling the internet | The Economist - 0 views

www.economist.com/...online-privacy

privacy networking internet social social networking

shared by Anja Pirc on 03 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • TWO measures affecting the privacy internet users can expect in years ahead are currently under discussion on opposite sides of the globe. The first hails from a Senate committee’s determination to make America’s online privacy laws even more robust. The second concerns efforts by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), an intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, to rewrite its treaty for regulating telecommunications around the world, which dates from 1988, so as to bring the internet into its fief.
  • The congressional measure, approved overwhelmingly by the Senate Judiciary Committee on November 29th, would require criminal investigators to obtain a search warrant from a judge before being able to coerce internet service providers (ISPs) to hand over a person’s e-mail. The measure would also extend this protection to the rest of a person’s online content, including videos, photographs and documents stored in the "cloud"—ie, on servers operated by ISPs, social-network sites and other online provider
  • a warrant is needed only for unread e-mail less than six months old. If it has already been opened, or is more than six months old, all that law-enforcement officials need is a subpoena. In America, a subpoena does not need court approval and can be issued by a prosecutor. Similarly, a subpoena is sufficient to force ISPs to hand over their routing data, which can then be used to identify a sender’s various e-mails and to whom they were sent. That is how the FBI stumbled on a sex scandal involving David Petraeus, the now-ex director of the CIA, and his biographer.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • No-one imagined that ISPs would one day offer gigabytes of online storage free—as Google, Yahoo!, Hotmail and other e-mail providers do today. The assumption back then was that if someone had not bothered to download and delete online messages within six months, such messages could reasonably be considered to be abandoned—and therefore not in need of strict protection.
  • wholesale access to the internet, powerful mobile phones and ubiquitous social networking have dramatically increased the amount of private data kept online. In the process, traditional thinking about online security has been rendered obsolete. For instance, more and more people nowadays keep their e-mail messages on third-party servers elsewhere, rather than on their own hard-drives or mobile phones. Many put their personal details, contacts, photographs, locations, likes, dislikes and inner thoughts on Google, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Dropbox and a host of other destinations. Bringing online privacy requirements into an age of cloud computing is only fit and proper, and long overdue.
  • the international telecoms treaty that emerged focused on how telephone traffic flows across borders, the rules governing the quality of service and the means operators could adopt to bill one another for facilitating international calls. As such, the regulations applied strictly to telecoms providers, the majority of which were state owned.
  • he goal of certain factions is to grant governments the authority to charge content providers like Amazon, Google, Facebook and Twitter for allowing their data to flow over national borders. If enacted, such proposals would most certainly deter investment in network infrastructure, raise costs for consumers, and hinder online access for precisely those people the ITU claims it wants to help.
  • a proposal sponsored by the United States and Canada to restrict the debate in Dubai strictly t
  • o conventional telecoms has met with a modicum of success, despite stiff opposition from Russia plus some African and Middle-Eastern countries. Behind closed doors, the conference has agreed not to alter the ITU’s current definition of “telecommunications” and to leave the introductory text concerning the existing treaty’s scope intact.
  • The sticking point has been what kind of organisations the treaty should apply to. Here, one word can make a huge difference. In ITU jargon, the current treaty relates only to “recognised operating agencies”—in other words, conventional telecoms operators. The ITU wants to change that to simply “operating agencies”. Were that to happen, not only would Google, Facebook and other website operators fall under the ITU’s jurisdiction, but so too would all government and business networks. It seems the stakes really are as high as the ITU’s critics have long maintained
Rok Urbancic

Would you buy a 'No internet. No video. No music' laptop? - News - Gadgets & Tech - The... - 0 views

www.independent.co.uk/...o-no-music-laptop-8512055.html

internet laptop the independent tech

shared by Rok Urbancic on 07 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • wouldn't it be nice to have a phone that just does phone calls?
  • at the Buckeye Tool Expo in Dalton, Ohio there is unusual demand for devices that do less.
  • the exhibition is a draw for the Amish community, whose access to technology is restricted by their faith.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • You don't have to wear a bonnet, however, to seek low-technology in a world still gripped by the race to offer enough bells and brushed
  • The Amish laptop is at the extreme end of a quiet drive for digital simplicity
  • The 105 has real buttons, makes calls, sends texts, costs £13 and has, wait for it, a battery life of 35 days
  • Less-smart phones are also winning fans wishing to liberate their fingers and minds from hours of distraction from forgotten pursuits, like reading books, and their wallets from £80 phone bills.
  • The needs of users aren't always the priority of tech giants more often guided by marketing departments.
  • Clutter is banished from screen and keyboard, which features dedicated "copy" and "paste" keys.
  • Ordissimo will compete with SimplicITy, laptops with just six functions launched in 2009
  • The majority of people only want a computer to send emails, Skype their family, browse the web and write documents
alja polajžer

BBC News - Google cookies 'bypassed Safari privacy protection' - 0 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...technology-17076670

internetnipraktikum bbc news privacy

shared by alja polajžer on 07 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Google cookies 'bypassed Safari privacy protection'
  • The Wall Street Journal said Google and other companies had worked around privacy settings designed to restrict cookies
  • Cookies are small text files stored by browsers which can record information about online activity, and help some online services work
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • The Safari browser is produced by Apple, and is the browser used by the iPhone.
  • y default Safari only allows cookies to be stored by the web page a user is visiting, not from third parties such as advertisers
  • esearcher Jonathan Mayer found that advertisers were still able to store cookies on the computers of internet users browsing with Safari.
  • We are aware that some third parties are circumventing Safari's privacy features and we are working to put a stop to it”
  • The Wall Street Journal reported that Google "disabled the code after being contacted by the paper".
  • Online privacy advocates were highly critical of Google's actions.
  • The Electronic Frontier Foundation wrote: "It's time for Google to acknowledge that it can do a better job of respecting the privacy of web users."
  • An Apple spokesman said in a statement: "We are aware that some third parties are circumventing Safari's privacy features and we are working to put a stop to it."
Nuša Gregoršanec

BBC News - Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales on the internet's future - 0 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...technology-15553940

censorship internet usage interaction

shared by Nuša Gregoršanec on 06 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales on the internet's future
  • Censorship is the biggest threat to the development of the internet, according to Wikipedia's founder Jimmy Wales.
  • More than 40 countries practise censorship
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Wikipedia has encountered particular difficulties with censorship in the past in China. The Chinese government periodically blocked the site between 2004 and 2008, when restrictions were lifted to coincide with the Olympics.
  • What really excites Mr Wales is the idea of many people in the developing world using the internet for the first time.
  • "Massive numbers of people are going to come online from cultures we don't normally interact with."
  • This could have huge implications for governments which are unused to dealing with a well informed networked public. However, Mr Wales acknowledged one potential pitfall of all the extra users blogging and adding other material.
donnamariee

Better Policy Through Better Information | John O. McGinnis | Cato Unbound - 0 views

www.cato-unbound.org/...icy-through-better-information

shared by donnamariee on 20 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Can Internet activism work?
  • is importantly correct that the Internet can help redress the balance between special and more encompassing interests by reducing the cost of accessing information. Such reduction redounds to the advantage of diffuse groups more than concentrated groups because reduced costs can temper the former groups’ larger problems of coordination.
  • earing that more information may enable citizens to better organize to attack their privileges, they have tried to restrict emerging technologies of free communication as long as these technologies have been around.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • In a democratic state like ours, the primary interest groups are not authoritarian cliques, but private actors, like public sector unions and trade associations, which have the leverage to pressure politicians to use public power on their behalf. And, like authoritarian leaders, such groups are desperate to avoid transparency to retain their benefits. A case in point is the opposition of teachers' unions to publishing evaluations of schools and teachers on the Internet. And many interest groups have tried to prevent laws requiring Internet disclosure of campaign contributions.
  • Yet the results of policies are contestable. And it is often hard for citizens who are distracted by many enterprises more interesting than politics to find good information about policies' likely outcomes. Most people also have a better intuitive sense of how policies will affect their short-term interests than the long-term interests of society, even if the long-term effects may be of great personal as well as social benefit.
  • The Internet provides an important mechanism of such social discovery. Because of the greater space and interconnections that the Internet makes available, web-based media, like blogs, can be dispersed and specialized and yet connected with the wider world. As a result of this more decentralized and competitive media, the web generates both more innovative policy ideas and better explanations of policy than were available when mainstream media dominated the flow of political discussion.
  • In short, over time the Internet and allied aspects of the computational revolution can create more focused and more accurate knowledge about the consequences of social policies. This knowledge in turn can help more citizens focus more on what they have in common—their shared goals and policies that may achieve them—rather than on the unsupported intuitions or personal circumstances that may divide them. Of course, some citizens will remain ideologues, impervious to updating on the facts. But democracy moves by changing the middle, not the extremes. Like other mechanisms that increase common knowledge, the Internet can give wing to the better angels of our nature.
  • donnamariee on 20 Mar 13
     
    essaytheme 
donnamariee

Can online activism lead to any real change? - The Express Tribune Blog - 0 views

blogs.tribune.com.pk/...tivism-lead-to-any-real-change

shared by donnamariee on 20 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Can online activism lead to any real change?
  • It is said that societal norms can determine how individuals utilise digital technology for activism. There are certain expectations regarding how we act, speak, and dress in a society. Expectations may vary amongst different social groups based on factors such as socioeconomic status or the level of education.
  • nline communication is often less restricted and individuals feel less bound by norms that they may adhere to in the physical world
  • donnamariee on 20 Mar 13
     
    Essaytheme
donnamariee

How Social Networking Has Changed Society | PCWorld - 0 views

www.pcworld.com/...social_networks.html

shared by donnamariee on 17 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • How Social Networking Has Changed Society
  • Those who are chained to a company desk often use (or sneak onto) Twitter or Facebook to stay in touch with friends outside of work
  • ork and home life are quickly becoming blurred and social networks had better be prepared to keep up
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • social networking tools are just the beginning of something, that they could lead to ways of finding and interacting with one another we never imagined, but whatever happens, you can't dismiss these tools easily. They are taking us somewhere exciting, but we have to work out how we deal with the fading boundaries these tools have left in their wake and that means rewriting our social rules as we go along
  • expand the pool of people we have the opportunity to meet to near limitless possibilities. We're no longer restricted to or rely on people in our neighborhood, church, or workplace to provide the interaction we desire
  • donnamariee on 17 Mar 13
     
    essay theme 3
1 - 11 of 11
Showing 20▼ items per page