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The upper layers of the OSI model deal with application issues and generally are implemented only in software. The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end user. Both users and application layer processes interact with software applications that contain a communications component. The term upper layer is sometimes used to refer to any layer above another layer in the OSI model. The lower layers of the OSI model handle data transport issues. The physical layer and the data link layer are implemented in hardware and software. The lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the physical network medium (the network cabling, for example) and is responsible for actually placing information on the medium.

Internetwork addresses identify devices separately or as members of a group. Addressing schemes vary depending on the protocol family and the OSI layer. Three types of internetwork addresses are commonly used: data link layer addresses, Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, and network layer addresses.

A data link layer address uniquely identifies each physical network connection of a network device. Data-link addresses sometimes are referred to as physical or hardware addresses.

A network is simply a collection of computers or similar devices that can communicate over a transmission medium.

To actually send any data from one computer to another we need to make use of a network protocol. A network protocol is a set of common rules that defines how data should be sent.

Without a common suite like TCP/IP, the internet would not be possible.

The MDF is the "Main Distribution Frame" where all the data converges, and the IDF's are "Intermediate Distribution Frames" where data goes out to the various machines.

identity production and socialization in contemporary American society.

youth - ages 14-24.

Moral panics are a common reaction to teenagers when they engage in practices not understood by adult culture.

If used correctly, computers in more hands can help speed schools along the path to 21st-century learning, Walery says.

The district’s policy didn’t allow for students to bring in their own computers and connect to the school’s network,

Pitroda said the scale of such goals requires questioning basic assumptions about what education is and how it is accomplished

videogames (arguably one of the most sophisticated forms of information technology to date)

five leading-edge thinkers in the field: James Paul Gee, J. C. Herz, Randy Hinrichs, Marc Prensky, and Ben Sawyer.

power-performanced learning

More Internet-enabled phones will be sold and activated in 2009 than personal computers.

Today, the computer for the rest of us is a phone.

Our infrastructure has to keep up with this growth just to maintain our current level of quality, but to actually make search smarter, our index and infrastructure need to grow at a pace FASTER than the web.

paradigm of interaction that I call everyware.

and is delivered in a manner appropriate to our location and context.

This chapter focuses on a powerful context for learning: community. Community catalyzes deep learning and should be a critical consideration when planning physical and virtual learning spaces.

Research on learning theory, how the brain works, collaborative learning, and student engagement has taught us that people learn best in community.

The term community here refers to the social context of students and their environs. A community is a group of people with a common purpose, shared values, and agreement on goals. It has powerful qualities that shape learning. A community has the power to motivate its members to exceptional performance.

Educators must create structures that support this learning. Space can have a powerful impact on learning; we cannot overlook space in our attempts to accomplish our goals.

A room with rows of tablet arm chairs facing an instructor's desk in front of chalkboards conveys the pedagogical approach "I talk or demonstrate; you listen or observe." A room of square tables with a chair on each side conveys the importance of teamwork and interaction to learning. (See Figures 1 and 2.)

A classroom always has a front.