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Oceans are one of the Commons, and as any other commons, it becomes overconsumed. Fishers all around the world keep devastating populations of the fish. To prevent overfishing, pollution and other human impacts, leading international marine scientists are proposing radical changes in the governance of the world's oceans. They carried an experiment in Chilie, and based on it, scientists state that they would be able to help to reverse "the tragedy of the commons". Problems in Chilie made people be open to new arrangements, scientists and fishers began working together to improve the situation with fish. By working together for some years, scientists became able to reveal about fish stocks and and the surrounding marine ecosystem. The new laws gave exclusive ocean territories to local 'artisanal' fishers, and excluded the big industrial fishing fleets, which had their own exclusive fishing zone. Scientists and small fishers then worked together to understand and rebuild the shattered fish stocks in their zone, leading to a shared vision and voluntary agreements on how to manage them.

I find this article particularl interesting because due to a political change in Chile, it has now effected the common resource tradegy of the Oceans. It has reduced the over fishing in Chile, which has let the fish start to regenerate. The research has found out that the key to managing the fisheries depends on making decisions flexible enough to cope with the changes that the ocean goes through.

I find this article particularl interesting because due to a political change in Chile, it has now effected the common resource tradegy of the Oceans. It has reduced the over fishing in Chile, which has let the fish start to regenerate. The research has found out that the key to managing the fisheries depends on making decisions flexible enough to cope with the changes that the ocean goes through.

"One thing that Hardin overlooked is that the political process often replicates the same economic dynamic that encourages the tragedy of the commons" I found this quote in this article, i think it's true! The government should make the serious law to limit people how much they can use and if this way doesn't work they should try another way, not just keep doing it without anything getting better. However we all should help this out together by start from ourself, i mean we should think about others that they want to use it too, not just think about our benefit. If we keep doing this we might get rid of 'Tragedy of the Commons'

The ocean is one example of a common access ground. It's not exactly owned by anyone. The ocean is being explored more and more everyday. One way is through fisheries. The rapid increase in demand for fishes has led to the sudden decline of the fish populations. Take Bluefin tuna as an example. The increase in demand for tuna sushi has led to a huge depletion worldwide for the past 15 years. This has also led to an increase in price as the populations are becoming more rare. A Bluefin tuna once sold for more than £1m at a Tokyo auction. It is said that most of the tuna caught are shipped to Japan for consumption. Since the ocean has international access, coming up with regulations need to be communicated among many countries. 48 member nations of International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic came out and voted to maintain strict catch quotas. This relates to the tragedy of the common. Anyone can access the ocean and catch as much fishes as they like. They only take into account the money they can gain from catching more tunas. This shows a lack of consideration of the generation where some are only concerned about themselves. Without strict regulations, the population of tunas may become extinct in the near future.

It is a very interesting article because many people doesn´t know about the problem with the fish population. We are depleting all the oceans and we don´t think about the consequence of our acts. The problem is that we are really selfish because no one care about the future generation. We will leave them a completely depleted world (this idea is very present in the film Avatar) However it is very difficult to control the people from capturing too many or too small fishes or other animals. It is a tragedy of commons because it is the depletion of a shared resource by individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-interest, despite their understanding that depleting the common resource is contrary to the group's long-term best interests.

This is a good article talking about the tragedy of commons in both rural and urban areas, where mostly, the tragedy tends to happen in cities. For the instance, usually they are: traffic jams, and green hose gases.The author also states some possible solutions for those problems.

This article talks about the tragedy of commons. The governments are ignoring that instead of reducing the costs and the money used in the public sector they could try to cause an economic growth. This would be better for everybody because the economic growth reduces the deficits better than spending cuts. If we are doing spending cuts in the future we will have to spend a lot of money to fix the common resources and facilities used by all, including our air, water, and public infrastructure. If the problem amount then we will have more difficulties to solve them in the future, we can't leave them for the future generations because we have created those problems and we must solve them.

Scientists in Alberta have found evidence that oilsand operations have been sending toxins into the atmosphere for decades. Also, levels of toxins in Namur Lake have tripled since 1960. Critics have raised serious concern over the rising pollution in our atmosphere and lakes. This relates to our lesson for the week because the atmospher and lakes are common access resources. They are open to the common. These resources are becoming depleted because of the overuse of these resources.

It is a very interesting article because it is a very recent theme. In the last week I read that the soot is three times more polluting than the scientist though. It is a very good example of negative externality of production. The toxins in the atmosphere are negative externalities for third parties. The company will produce at q1 concerned in their own cost. The MSC is higher than the MPC and there is a welfare lost from Q1 to the equilibrium point. I think that commons must be protected and to achieve it the government must intervene to save the atmosphere and the lakes because it is our planet and we must save it.

In this article, the overuse of farmland is described due to the massive world population growth. It explains how the overuse of farmland is caused by different factors such as the food production and the use of biofuel. These two consumers experience a clash since they both need and want the farmland. This will most likely cause a overconsumption of the commons of farmland and result in a market failure.

I chose this as my article for this week because I am very interested in France as a nation, as I am in French A language and literature HL, and I have to follow french media outlets for a unit in this class. French fiscal policy is a common subject of discussion, so as a result I spend a lot of time reading about similar topics. This particular article discusses the impact a country's fiscal policy can have on firms in that nation. 

It is interesting to note that economists put the blame of climate problems on economic market failure. One of the externalities responsible they say is the ' greenhouse gas negative externality'. it is considered a negative externality because the effects of the activities are not felt by the people who conduct these activities but by future generations. So a different party feels the effect which defines an externality.

Over consumption has caused the nation of Kuwait, a country rich with fish, to have fish levels of near-depletion. Few years ago, Kuwait was abundant with fish and the fishermen gave 2 kg of fish when consumers bought only 1 kg. Near the end of the day, the fishermen would just leave the fish out for takes because there were no refrigerators to prolong the life of a caught fish. Yet, this over consumption of fish has depleted the water of fish. Several organizations and environmentalists have been trying to raise awareness for over consumption and this tragedy of the commons.

The coral reefs in Sweden is an important common resource where it provides habitat for many marine life and maintains biodiversity. However increased human activities such as trawling and eutrophication has caused the number of coral reef sites from 3 to 1 and the last remaining site is in bad condition. Coral reefs, once damaged causes many of the species of marine life to disappear and extremely difficult and time staking effort is required to restore. This is an example of "tragedy of commons" and adequate measures must be made to prevent further tragedy from happening.

This article talks about the decline in coral reefs due to a virus affecting their growth. This is a huge problem for the oceans because coral reefs support around and estimated 75% of all sea life and with out them, well we wouldnt have any fish to catch. So the survival of corals in our seas is absolutely essential.

The article discusses how during recessions, the rich become richer and how the businesses cycles still disadvantage the poor and benefit the rich. During recessions, income inequality increases and favors those who are wealthy. As unemployment rises, many people see a significant decline in their income and saving abilities. They are no longer able to afford common resources. For example, people will need to sell their business, houses… This leaves the rich buy up such resources for a cheaper price. This is what keeps the rich constantly "on top" and the poor even poorer. There is a chart which really illustrates this statement put forth by the author.

I think it's funny to see how rich people can get even richer during recession.

This article talks about how the top 1% doesn't get affected by recessions and actually gets richer while the poorer get poor. This came as a surprise to me as I thought recession always had a negative effect on the incomes of the population, but obviously this isn't true. The article states since the recovery period of 2009, the bottom 99% of workers incomes decreased by 0.4% while the top 1% workers income raised by 11.2%, an enormous amount during a recession. In my opinion I think this might be because of the increase in black market activity during a recession, due to the fact that the richest people in the world have earned their income, one way or another, through illegal activity.

Nowadays, people just keep ruining the environment, that cause a damage for us in the future, if we won't make a rules and limits about this. For example, every people have the right to fish without any limits. If we keep doing that, the fish will decrease and it might become extinct. So the government should make rules for every action that will harm the environment as mush as they could to protect them.

This article talks about the decline in deforestation in Brazil of the Amazon. It states that the deforestation in brazil has decreased dramatically from its peak in 1995, at 30 000 square km per year to 4656 square km this year. Although this doesnt seem as alot of space..its actually the size of The New York state. This has all happend due to the rising awareness of the Government to preserve the Amazon. Althoigh enviromentalists are still not completelty happy because the Brazilian government recently signed an agreement in favor of the farmers cutting down trees to increase agriculture. The Brazilians government is planing to reduce deforestation to 3925 by 2015. this is a market failure because by cutting down trees it affects the oxygen levels in the atmosphere increasing the effects of global warming.