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toxic levels of lead, cadmium, antimony and phthalates, said this year's "Trouble in Toyland" report from the U.S. Public Interest Research Group (PIRG).

f antimony, a toxic metal that has been classified as a cancer-causing agent.

Phthalates are chemicals suspected to cause developmental health effects. Cadmium is a toxic metal that can cause learning disabilities and kidney problems.

n 2006, they said that five chemicals — lead, methylmercury, arsenic, PCBs and toluene — should be considered toxic to the developing brain. The doctors did not conduct new studies on these substances, but now, based on a reading of new research, which has been exploding in recent years, they've added six more:• Manganese, a natural chemical found in drinking water in places like Bangladesh.• Fluoride, in high concentrations, which has caused problems in China, though the low levels added to American drinking water are presumed safe.• Chlorpyrifos, an insecticide used on golf courses and in agriculture among other places.• Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), an insecticide banned in the U.S. in the 1970s, but still used in some countries.• Tetrachloroethylene (PERC), a solvent used in dry cleaning and metal degreasing.• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), also known as flame retardants and often found in furniture, electronics and clothing, including children's pajamas.

38-year-old Toxic Substances Control Act

he central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures.

narcosis have been frequently observed in humans acutely exposed to low or moderate levels of toluene by inhalation;

Cardiac arrhythmia

Most current bactericidal antimicrobials, which are the focus of this review, inhibit DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, cell wall synthesis, or protein synthesis

Quinolones are derivatives of nalidixic acid, which was discovered as a byproduct of chloroquine (quinine) synthesis

Nalidixic acid and other first generation quinolones (i.e., oxolinic acid) are rarely used today owing to their toxicity17. Second (i.e., ciprofloxacin), third (i.e., levofloxacin) and fourth (i.e., gemifloxacin) generation quinolone antibiotics (Table 1) can be classified based on their chemical structure along with qualitative differences in how these drugs kill bacteria

As defined by Park & Lakes (2007), a biomaterial is a material that replaces either a tissue within the body or a function of the body.

In the first generation of biomaterial development, individuals used materials in their local environments for replacing tissues that were lost to damage or disease.

The goal during the first generation of biomaterial development was the creation of materials that exhibited inert behaviour when placed in the body. Surgeons sought materials that provided (i) appropriate mechanical properties for the intended use, (ii) corrosion resistance, and (iii) an absence of injurious effects such as carcinogenicity, toxicity, allergy and inflammation.

searching for a less toxic chemical to use as a new refrigerant.

The human health effects of phthalates are not yet fully known but are being studied by several government agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the National Toxicology Program's Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is listed as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" in the Twelfth Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program.