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Daniel Holtzschue

MEXICO STRUGGLES WITH CORRUPT JUDICIAL POLICE FORCE - ProQuest Research Library - ProQuest - 4 views

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shared by Daniel Holtzschue on 10 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • The root cause has to do with impunity, because for many years, these police was used to control the population, mainly, and not to prosecute criminals. Therefore, in order for them to be the blind instruments of power, they were given autonomy. They were given impunity.
    • Duncan Flippo
      Duncan Flippo on 10 Sep 11
       
      Shows where problem comes from
  • The judicial police, though, are not only rogues acting on their own. The force is also frequently used by politicians from the ruling party to intimidate opponents
    • Duncan Flippo
      Duncan Flippo on 10 Sep 11
       
      The corruption is not fought, instead, it is encouraged and used by the politicians
  • In June, when drug baron Hector Palma crash landed in a Lear jet, the government had to use the army to capture him. Judicial police in the drug lord's pay had whisked him away to a safe house belonging to the regional judicial police commander. Experts here estimate that Palma, who often traveled wearing a judicial police uniform, and other drug kingpins, have been paying judicial police and other authorities as much as $200 million a month for protection.
    • Duncan Flippo
      Duncan Flippo on 10 Sep 11
       
      These police are not covertly corrupt. They are very open about it, and everyone knows the problems, they just don't do anything about them
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • President Zedillo's own son was nearly abducted by several off-duty judicial police agents who apparently mistook him for just another rich kid.
  • more than two-thirds of the federal judicial police are in cahoots with drug traffickers.
  • Valdez recalls how shocked he was when the men flashed badges identifying them as judicial police agents.
  • The agents were never arrested, and Valdez and his son started getting telephone death threats.
    • Daniel Holtzschue
      Daniel Holtzschue on 17 Sep 11
       
      Even the judicial police themselves are directly involved in kidnapping and extortion
    • Daniel Holtzschue
      Daniel Holtzschue on 17 Sep 11
       
      Shared by Duncan
Duncan Flippo

"Everything in This Job Is Money": Inside the Mexican police - ProQuest Resea... - 1 views

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Mexico police corruption corrupt

shared by Duncan Flippo on 10 Sep 11 - No Cached
    • Duncan Flippo
      Duncan Flippo on 10 Sep 11
       
      Shows that people enter police force meaning to accept bribes and be corrupt. Its not about enforcing the law its about making money
  • Duncan Flippo on 10 Sep 11
     
    Has a lot of info about mexico's Corrupt police force
Caroline Yevak

Mexico - ProQuest Research Library - ProQuest - 0 views

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Mexico's Drug War Cartels

shared by Caroline Yevak on 13 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • IV. Mexico's Drug War Mexico continued its war on drug trafficking that Mexican President Felipe Calderón launched against drug cartels in 2006.
  • President Calderón announced that his administration would reform civilian law enforcement and the courts, and that "the Mexican army would continue to lead the fight until local and state police forces are free of corruption."20
  • These are but a handful of die murders reported in Mexico's drug wars. The level of violence attributable to die war on drugs and die organized criminal activity that precipitated it cannot, however, be measured simply by counting corpses. Kidnappings, carjackings, extortion, and other forms of crime and aggression infect the quality of daily life.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Local and state politicians have increasingly become targets of violence by the drug cartels, which have also attacked rival gangs. Some murders are particularly vicious, intended to gain media attention and frighten both rival drug gangs and law enforcement officers. "Prosecutors, police chiefs, and thousands of others have been killed," and entire families sometimes come under attack.
    • Caroline Yevak
      Caroline Yevak on 13 Sep 11
       
      Similar to what the journalist wrote in the article about Columbia.
  • Mexico's drug cartels started recruiting more teenagers and young people to replace those killed or arrested.40 These young people serve as "expendable foot soldiers" for the cartels in battles over drug trafficking routes to the United States and local drug using markets in Mexico.
    • Caroline Yevak
      Caroline Yevak on 13 Sep 11
       
      Child Soldiers
  • Oil revenue accounts for more than one -third of die Mexican government's annual income.1 In 2009, after oil revenues declined during the recession, Mexican lawmakers looked for alternative revenue sources.2 As part of the 2010 budget, Mexican legislators increased several taxes in 2009:
    • Caroline Yevak
      Caroline Yevak on 16 Sep 11
       
      *Class discussion about how drop in oil value caused gov debt & made the poor poorer etc.
  • In the past two years, at least eighty U.S. border officers have been convicted of corruption and it is estimated that there are almost as many investigations each year involving border officers who have accepted bribes so diat illegal drugs could be trafficked into the United States.
alessandro Lannes

The Business - Colombian Traffickers | Drug Wars | FRONTLINE | PBS - 0 views

www.pbs.org/...colombian.html

Pablo Escobar

shared by alessandro Lannes on 17 Sep 11 - Cached
    • alessandro Lannes
      alessandro Lannes on 17 Sep 11
       
      Alessandro Lannes
  • avoiding
  • Pablo Escobar was incredibly violent and his quest for power within the Colombian government led to a stand-off between the cartel and the government. During the 1980's, the cartel revolted against the government's threats to extradite the traffickers to the United States. Pablo Escobar is thought to be responsible for the murder of hundreds of government officials, police, prosecutors, judges, journalists and innocent bystanders.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • And Pablo Escobar was hunted down and killed by the Colombian police after a long series of battles.
  • Younger lieutenants realized that the large organizations had been more vulnerable to attack by US and Colombian authorities. They formed smaller, more controllable groups and began compartmentalizing their responsibilities. One group simply smuggles the drugs from Colombia to Mexico. Another group controls the jungle labs. Yet another deals with transportation of coca base from the fields to the labs. There are well known links between the Colombian Marxists guerilla groups and the cocaine trade. Guerillas protect the fields and the labs in remote zones of Colombia in exchange for a large tax that the traffickers pay to the organization.
Mckenzie Hudson

Violence, Organized Crime And The Criminal Justice System In Colombia - Research and Re... - 1 views

www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst

shared by Mckenzie Hudson on 11 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • One of the concerns of the economic theory of crime has been the effect of the justice system on criminal activities
    • Mckenzie Hudson
      Mckenzie Hudson on 11 Sep 11
       
      The justice system in Colombia, through corruption, police ignorance and a lack of manpower, might as well not be there. In fact, it facilitiates more violence when drug dealers can pay off the police to become personal Sicarios
  • At the national level, statistics show a negative relationship between violence, using as an indicator the homicide rate, the presence of armed groups, and various performance indicators for the criminal justice system. In the last two decades, the Colombian homicide rate has more than quadrupled. In a parallel fashion, the influence of the principle armed organizations - the guerrilla, the drag mafia (or narco-traffickers), and paramilitary groups - has increased [Thoumi 1994]. During the same period, the capacity of the justice system to investigate homicides has been considerably reduced. The proportion of homicide cases that reach the courts, which in the 1960s was above 35 percent, today is less than 6 percent. In 1975, for every 100 homicides, more than 60 suspects were captured; in 1994, this figure had been reduced to 20. Conviction rates, which in the 1960s reached 11 percent of the total number of homicides committed, have dropped to barely 4 percent today [Ruhio 1996a].
  • . It is also possible to argue that one of the factors that contributed to the paralysis of the criminal justice system in Colombia was precisely this violence and in particular that exercised by private protection services and extra-judicial prosecution.
    • Mckenzie Hudson
      Mckenzie Hudson on 11 Sep 11
       
      Early drug war and "private army" violence may have contributed to the modern inefficiency of the Colombian Justice System.
Caroline Yevak

NO MAN'S LAND: The Mystery of Mexico's Drug Wars - ProQuest Research Library - ProQuest - 0 views

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Mexico's Drug War

shared by Caroline Yevak on 13 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • "It's looking more and more like Colombia looked twenty years ago," she said, "where the narco-traffickers control certain parts of the country."
  • Mexico doesn't even have a viable proclaimed guerrilla force aiming to topple the government. Instead, Mexico has labyrinthine drug gangs murderously fighting it out against each other-while they extort, intimidate, massacre, and conduct firefights with the government.
  • There is no law there," he warned. "They are the law."
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • By "they," he meant an irregular army of drug traffickers, who had created a no-man's-land in a grim little slice of Mexico.
  • Mexico's low-intensity "narco-war" has cast a daunting shadow over many of its backcountry areas, some of them wedged disconcertingly against the 2,000-mile-long border with the United States. The border's southern side is dotted with mysterious conflict zones, emitting rumors of burned houses, fleeing residents, and shadowy pseudo-armies of drug traffickers clashing by night.
  • Beltrán Leyva Cartel, El Gilo, the Zetas, El Chapo and his Sinaloa Cartel, the New Federation . . . This one little postage stamp of desert soil sounds like a package tour of "Narco-Mexico."
    • Caroline Yevak
      Caroline Yevak on 13 Sep 11
       
      Beltrán-Leyva Cartel is one of the biggest in Mexico
  • There, a rival of the Sinaloa Cartel, the Beltrán Leyva Cartel, reportedly runs two large militia camps in the mountains, each with about three hundred men. The Sinaloa Cartel's own force there, orbiting the same general area, is said to number four hundred, in fifty-man squads.
  • Over on the other side of the country, the greener side by the Gulf of Mexico, south of Texas, three of the cartel gunmen arrested in the August massacre were reportedly aged fourteen, seventeen, and eighteen.
  • Such is the typical age spread for an expedition like this: a not-so-clandestine grupo de limpieza, a "cleanup squad" sent by one drug cartel to quash another.
  • Interestingly, no Mexican police or army troops spotted the cleanup caravan that brought Ramón Mesa, though it frightened various small towns en route. The forty-five hundred Mexican Army troops deployed across the country in the drug war have struck some heavy blows against the cartels, and the troops are often more professional than some outsiders might imagine, but mysteries still abide.
miller kinlin

Drug use and drug policy - Google Books - 0 views

books.google.com/books

medellin drugs cartel Colombia drug trafficking

shared by miller kinlin on 11 Sep 11 - No Cached
    • miller kinlin
      miller kinlin on 16 Sep 11
       
      he organization that it has developed employs up to 120,000 people, including 2,000 to 3,000 in the us. controlled by pablo escobar, who ran it even in prison. primary target of us. Belisario Betancur in 1988: "we are up against an organization that is stronger than the state
    • miller kinlin
      miller kinlin on 16 Sep 11
       
      ormed in 1982 in response to the kidnapping of a member of the ochoa family by the m-19 guerrillas. rapid increase in profits led to the cocaine wars. as the cartels became more powerful, they expanded into politics, media, private armies, real estate, and international banking
    • miller kinlin
      miller kinlin on 16 Sep 11
       
      payed bribes to curropt police officials, judges were also paid as well, assassinated people, and offered to pay 10 billion to pay off national debt. and even killed the justice minister in 1984.
  • ...1 more annotation...
    • miller kinlin
      miller kinlin on 16 Sep 11
       
      argue its good for state: brings in so much money, aids development and keeps down unemployment. the cartels employed huge numbers of different types of workers, from farmers to airplane pilots, to engineers and scientists. they invested heavily in local elections and politicians, and including the presidential election.. and escobar even was elected to the comombian house of reps.
  • miller kinlin on 11 Sep 11
     
    Miller Kinlin
Cole Blum

Young Assassins Of The Drug Trade - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Ques... - 6 views

www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst

sicarios colombia police

shared by Cole Blum on 11 Sep 11 - No Cached
    • Neha Kukreja
      Neha Kukreja on 11 Sep 11
       
      This is where I'd say it's the Government's fault... what are they doing to combat this "same poverty, the same unemployment, the same corrupt authority?"
    • Cole Blum
      Cole Blum on 13 Sep 11
       
      I agree. The Government is making some changes toward helping combat the violence and poverty, but a lot of these things are only hurting the cause.
  • Adolescents from poor neighborhoods were recruited as sicarios
  • from
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Sub- sequently, as the state attempted to bring these gangs under control, these same young boys began assassi- nating policemen and judges.
  • control, these same young boys began assassi- nating policemen and judges. In 1983, a 16-year-old adolescent discharged a sub-
  • President Belisario Betancur immediately enacted a treaty of extradition with the United States -- where traffickers were more likely to be prosecuted -- and an armed bat- tle began in which the young sicarios occupied the front lines for the drug cartels.
    • Cole Blum
      Cole Blum on 14 Sep 11
       
      This is the most important part about the rise of the sicarios, where a huge armed battle ensued between the poor, the government, and the drug cartels (paired with the sicarios).
    • Cole Blum
      Cole Blum on 14 Sep 11
       
      This is an example of how the government tried to stop the violence in Colombia, but actually hurt it in a lot of ways. It also made a lot more people dislike them.
  • Cole Blum on 11 Sep 11
     
    This article talks about the involvement of youth in the violence of Colombia and how it started.
miller kinlin

South America, Central America and ... - Google Books - 0 views

books.google.com/books

drug trafficking medellin Colombia

shared by miller kinlin on 11 Sep 11 - No Cached
    • miller kinlin
      miller kinlin on 16 Sep 11
       
      Virgilio Barco Vargas declared total war against the drug cartels, and re-established an extradiction policy with the Usa and sent more than a dozen middle ranking traffickers there. but the cartels responded viciously, blowing up planes, killing people, bombing the headquarters of the secret police. but as a result pablo escobar offered to negotiate with the government. but while attention was focused on the leaders of the medellin cartel, smaller groups like the Cali cartel emerged and increased its share of the us cocaine market to 30%
  • miller kinlin on 11 Sep 11
     
    Virgilio Barco Vargas against medellin cartel
  • miller kinlin on 17 Sep 11
     
    Miller Kinlin
Neha Kukreja

Colombia's Child Drug Assassins - 2 views

pangaea.org/...colokid.htm

shared by Neha Kukreja on 11 Sep 11 - No Cached
  • but also in the society that continues to produce them. Before juvenile violence became so widespread, many dramatic changes had occurred in Colombia. First of all, there are historical factors. The gangs emerged in areas characterized by massive rural migration. By and large, the state had completely forgotten these areas by the 1970s. Residents were condemned to the world of "informality"--a world in which the rights and obligations of citizenship were lacking. The sons of these migrants from the Colombian countryside grew up on the edge of legality. They were treated as second-class citizens, to be dealt with only by the police.
    • Neha Kukreja
      Neha Kukreja on 11 Sep 11
       
      Mhmm.... "the state forgot about them." No wonder the youth have gotten involved in Colombia's drug trafficking activities. 
  • The killing of high officials highlights the role of the young paid assassins. Most are just like Chucho--from poor neighborhoods, abandoned by their fathers, school dropouts, and unemployed. Young boys with similar social profiles have assassinated newspaper editors, leftist politicians and state functionarie
    • Mckenzie Hudson
      Mckenzie Hudson on 12 Sep 11
       
      The inablities of the Colombian Government has allowed Drug Cartels to enforce their own brand of Justice with Sicarios, with almost no fear of consequences
    • Mckenzie Hudson
      Mckenzie Hudson on 12 Sep 11
       
      This is Neha's article by the way... just says i shared it for some reason.
  • In a poll conducted last year in the schools of the Northeastern District, students were asked whom they considered the most important person in the country. Pablo Escobar was named by 21 percent of those surveyed; 19.6 percent chose President César Gaviria; and 12.6 percent named the goalkeeper of the national soccer team, René Higuita.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • efficacy.
    • Neha Kukreja
      Neha Kukreja on 16 Sep 11
       
      Look Mrs. Field.... It's yo favorite word!!!!
  • In 1990, after the assassination of Liberal presidential candidate Luís Carlos Galán, the government launched a frontal attack on the Medellín cartel. The security forces began by attacking the youth gangs considered to be the reserve army of the narcotraffickers. This offensive took place without the least respect for human rights. It used the same logic as the counterinsurgency war: classifying entire communities as enemies of society. To be an adolescent in a poor neighborhood meant to be classified as a sicario.
alessandro Lannes

Drugs, Violence, and State-Sponsored Protection Rackets in Mexico and Colombia/Drogas, ... - 2 views

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drugs violence colombia

shared by alessandro Lannes on 16 Sep 11 - No Cached
    • alessandro Lannes
      alessandro Lannes on 16 Sep 11
       
      Alessandro Lannes
  • Some authors have argued that high violence was the result of Escobar's excessive political ambition (Camacho and López 2001), which made traffickers unnecessarily visible
  • Colombian traffickers faced in penetrating and making stable connections with the political establishment, the event does not by itself explain the highly violent methods of Escobar's organization, which preceded his brief transit through Congress and persisted well after it. The relative centralization and coherence of Escobar's organization were also crucial factors that help explain its employment of highly organized and brutally violent methods.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Pablo Escobar was arrested for the first time for drug trafficking. By 1978 Carlos Lehder had consolidated a network of cocaine trafficking both with us and Colombian citizens, and by the early 1980s two organizations, based in the cities of Medellin and Cali, controlled most cocaine exports (Camacho and López 2001). Since the early 1980s the Medellin traffickers began to employ increasingly violent methods. This violence was the result of three interrelated factors: (1) the inability of Medellin traffickers to successfully penetrate the political establishment, (2) the government's decision to confront traffickers by approving an extradition treaty with the United States, and (3) the relative centralization and internal coherence of Medellin traffickers under the leadership of Pablo Escobar.
  • Escobar was elected to represent Medellin in the Lower Chamber of Congress. Escobar's election generated a strong negative reaction among a wide range of political elites, who opposed the public presence of a trafficker in Congress and successfully pushed for Escobar's loss of political immunity and expulsion from Congress in 1983 (Camacho and López 2001). These events motivated Escobar to react violently against political "oligarchs", who in turn publicly declared war on traffickers by approving an extradition treaty with the us that included narcotics offences. As a reaction to this policy, traffickers led by Escobar created the group "Los Extraditables," responsible for initiating the period of "narco-terrorism" by engaging in strategic violence against the state, targeting high level politicians and carrying out terrorist attacks against the civilian population in an effort to push the government to refrain from making extradition effective
  • sign of Escobar's war against the state was the assassination of the Minister of Justice Rodrigo Lara Bonilla in 1984, and, as of 1990, the violence of Medellin traffickers had claimed the lives of some 500 police officers in Medellin, hundreds of civilians in terrorist attacks in Bogota and Medellin, and prominent politicians, including presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galá
    • alessandro Lannes
      alessandro Lannes on 17 Sep 11
       
      Pablo Escobar was desperate to get into Congress, when he was kicked out he took drastic measures to get revenge on the people responsible
Duncan Flippo

Georgia - HISTORY - 0 views

www.mongabay.com/...HISTORY.html

Georgia history post soviet nationalism

shared by Duncan Flippo on 23 Oct 11 - No Cached
    • Duncan Flippo
      Duncan Flippo on 23 Oct 11
       
      this says a lot about some reasons for revs and nationalism
  • In seven decades as part of the Soviet Union, Georgia maintained some cultural independence, and Georgian nationalism remained a significant--though at times muted--issue in relations with the Russians.
    • Duncan Flippo
      Duncan Flippo on 23 Oct 11
       
      Shows how georgian cultural things were not supressed as much as in bosnia and other soviet countries
  • Stalin and Lavrenti Beria, his chief of secret police from 1938 to 1953, were both Georgians
  • Duncan Flippo on 23 Oct 11
     
    this shows a lot of Georgian history including some nationalism and post soviet stuff
Austin Buben

Judging History: The Historical Record of the International Criminal Tribunal for the F... - 0 views

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arkan tigers

shared by Austin Buben on 30 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • The Judgment then turns to Bosnia and deals with the rise of ethnically-constituted parties in 1990 and the efforts of the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) to achieve a Greater Serbia by annexing parts of Bosnia and Croatia where there were Serb populations.97 There is a thorough discussion of how the Yugoslav National Army (JNA), which up to that point had been multi-ethnic, became 90 percent Serb. In 1991 it had become an army without a state to defend, and thus turned into an instrument of a militaristic Serb nationalism.98 War raged between the newly independent Croatia and Serb forces in late 1991, and this greatly increased tensions in Bosnia. The JNA withdrew from Croatia in early 1992 and brought 100,000 troops, airplanes, helicopters, and heavy weapons into Bosnia which further exacerbated anxiety and hostility among the population.99
  • "Arkan's Tigers.
  • "Arkan"
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The Judgment dedicates a great deal of space to the propaganda campaign in Bosnia. By the spring of 1992, all of the media in Bosnia was Serb controlled, and was pounding out the same unrelenting message that Serbs were about to be overwhelmed by Ustasha Croats and fundamentalist Muslims, and had no choice but to join with the JNA in an all-out war to save the Serbs from genocide. Broadcasts from Belgrade featured Serb politicians such as Zeljko
  • Raznatovic who declared that the Second World War was not over and "news" reports with fictitious stories about a Croat doctor sterilizing Serb women and castrating Serb boys.100The SDS in Bosnia capitalized on the fear created by such propaganda, and began proclaiming Serb Autonomous Regions as part of creating a Greater Serbia. Crisis staffs set up in these regions carried out local government and military functions. Combining elements of the JNA, paramilitary organizations, and police units, the SDS established physical control over these areas. Since the JNA had expelled non-Serbs and was short of manpower, it relied increasingly on paramilitaries such as
  • 101 Even though the JNA was withdrawn from Bosnia in May 1992, apparently in compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 752 calling for an end to outside interference,102 the Bosnian Serb army (VRS) inherited personnel and weapons from the JNA and could still count on air support from the JNA.103 Both of the last two points were essential for connecting the actions of Dusko Tadic, one small cog in the Bosnian Serb security apparatus, to the wider policies of ethnic cleansing.
    • Austin Buben
      Austin Buben on 30 Oct 11
       
      Interesting how Arkan is Aelijko Raznatovic's middle name. Also, how the serbs took over the media in bosnia and spread their propaganda.
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