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LED luminaires require precise power and heat management because LEDs convert most of the electrical energy they receive into heat rather than light. Without adequate thermal management, this heat can degrade the LED's life span and affect color output. Also, LEDs can fail short because they are silicon devices, so they may require fail-safe backup in the form of overcurrent protection. Resettable PPTC (polymeric-positive-temperature-coefficient) circuit-protection devices have demonstrated their effectiveness in a variety of LED-lighting applications. Like traditional fuses, they limit current after they exceed specified limits. However, unlike fuses, PPTC devices can reset after the fault clears and the power cycles.

Recent advances in the size and performance of FPGAs, coupled with advantages in time-to-market, field-reconfigurability and lower up-front costs, make FPGAs ideally suited to a wide range of commercial and defense applications [6]. In addition, FPGAs generality and reconfigurability provide important protections against the introduction of Trojan horses during semiconductor manufacturing process[8]. As a result, FPGA applications increasingly involve highly-sensitive intellectual property and trade-secrets, as well as cryptographic keys and algorithms [7].

The design of a generator system requires many hours of detailed planning with the goal of creating an extremely reliable backup power source. Properly installed, the system will deliver the intended level of reliability. However, if incorrectly wired, the system can become a problem for both the owner and the manufacturer. While the generator installation can be handled by a range of people, from a trained technician to the typical homeowner, wiring mistakes can occur. Installation includes working with 120 VAC split phase, 240 V line voltage, along with low-voltage signals below 50 V. A small and easily made mistake, such as miswiring high voltage to low voltage, will destroy sensitive electronics quickly and may render the equipment inoperable. Thus, a resettable overcurrent and overvoltage solution capable of handling line voltage, electrostatic discharge (ESD), electrical fast transients (EFT), and current surge is required to protect low voltage interface circuits against this problem.