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cassiefaught

Critical Review of Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age - 4 views

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    This post discusses George Siemens 2005 article Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age and examines the limitations of this theory as well as its relevance to teaching and knowledge management practices. The relationship of connectivism to learning in a MOOC is described. It is suggested that widespread adoption of connectivism in formal learning will face resistance because of its stance that 1) the network is more important than content 2) knowledge is a process rather than an artifact 3) and knowledge can be retrieved rather than memorized.
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    I'm particularly fond of the idea that connectivism strives for currency of information, and that what is "right" today may not be "right" next week. Hence the need for access to, and participation in, a network of constantly updating information being contributed to by professionals and novices alike.
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    This is an analysis of connectivism that defines and outlines Siemens fundamental principles of the theory. It highlights how the amount of knowledge needed to be an expert today can't be self-contained within an individual but instead requires the use of networked technology to house it all. It also touches on newer exploration being done to further advance connectivism and the limitations or issues with the theory. The values of connectivism through practice in the classroom and knowledge management are also presented. It also points out some limitations with the theory that need to be addressed such as learner autonomy and balances of power in the network.
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    This blog is maintained by Kevin Stranack, a librarian and educator at Simon Fraser University working on open source software projects. In this post on connectivism, Stranack furthers his understanding of the theory, examine its limitations, and considers its relevance to both classroom teaching as well as knowledge management practices within organizations.
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    Interesting, I continue to go back to an idea from an additional post on connectivism that points out our brains have been "re-wired" by the onset of technology. We learn differently than we once did because of the impact technology has had. This post confirms those same ideas.
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    This review had a slightly different tone than others that I have seen. It helped me to see the fundamental principals of connectivism and the focus on the "one". I also like how it described the development of the network from seeking, to sense-making, to sharing.
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    This blog post provides a critical review of the theory of connectivism. Stranack also discusses the application of the theory both in the classroom and within knowledge networks.
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    This post defines and explores the details of connectivism as a theory and then breaks down the application of connectivism in the classroom as well as in society. The author breaks down what a connectivist learning environment would look like and how learning would be impacted.
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    This source is actually a summary/review of a different article, but it provides some good insight. The author argues that the explosion of technology and internet sources has changed the way that we acquire knowledge. Different pieces of information are accessible by tapping into different sources. The author also discusses how connectivity can be used in the classroom and how some people may resist the use of the connectivity theory.
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    I found it valuable to go through Siemen's fundamental principles of connectivism. Siemens considers connectivism as a significant departure from previous learning theories because connectivism includes learning occurring outside of the learner, within the network. I also found it valuable to go through the applications of connectivism in classroom and managing knowledge.
meganapgar

Communities of Practice - 0 views

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    Defines and lists the characteristics of a Community of Practice. Tells how they are unique, their benefits, and how they are useful.
Nona Barker

Communities of Practice: a brief introduction - 3 views

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    This is an excellent overview of what communities of practice are, the characteristics that define them and some examples of what they "look" like. Gives great information to those new to the idea.
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    An introduction to Communities of Practice which provides a well written yet concise overview of the systems organization and application in the real world.
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    Summary: This user-friendly article discusses what CoPs are and what they look like. I appreciated the fact that Etienne Wenger says a CoP could be " … a tribe learning to survive, a band of artists seeking new forms of expression, a group of engineers working on similar problems, a clique of pupils defining their identity in the school, a network of surgeons exploring novel techniques, a gathering of first-time managers helping each other cope." However, he also adds, that sharing the same job or the same job title doesn't mean you are part of a CoP. A true community must interact and learn together! This article provides a great starting point for those who do not know much about CoP and / or where the concept came from.
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    I really enjoyed the author's writing style which included metaphors and lots of examples and non-examples of COP. I noticed this blog post was 2006, and so I was curious what the author had been involved with since this post, especially since he points out the importance of sustained interaction. He now has a consulting business to help problem solve education solutions found at http://wenger-trayner.com/
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    Excellent resource to begin to understand CoP's. Etienne Wenger was cited in many of the articles I researched.
Debi Banks

ISTC 301: Integrating Instructional Tech / Communities of Practice Theory - 2 views

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    "Only student who have a desire to learn will learn". We strive to make students life-long learners. This article defines the main characteristics of CoP as "The Domain", "The Community", and "The Practices". It gives examples of strengths and weaknesses, how it associates with the Constructivism Theory, and how to integrate with technology.
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    Debi, the initial quote really got my attention. I am more interested in getting my students interested in learning than almost anything else I do as a teacher. I think making them life-long learners through Communities of Practice might be the best way to get them to value learning over a lifetime.
Jaime Bennett

Connectivism - Emerging Perspectives on Learning, Teaching and Technology - 0 views

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    This wiki describes the basic premise of connectivism. Included in the wiki is a table that compares major epistemological philosophies with connectivism.
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    This site defines connectivism and provides a clear list of some of the principles George Siemens deems to be most important to this theory. There is also a fun interactive component that allows the viewer to consider a situation involving connectivism that could be applied to the lives of many people.
Hanna Coleman

Connectivism: Its place in theory-informed research and innovation in technology-enable... - 1 views

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    This journal article positions Connectivism as a natural successor to the progress of learning theory from Behaviorism to Constructivism. It also discusses the controversy this theory has faced when being described as a full-fledged learning theory.
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    Connectivism is presented and discussed as a learning theory and phenomenon in an e-learning environment. George Siemen's eight principles of connectivism are outlined to support the theory definition. The author identifies inconsistencies with defining connectivism as a theory and proposes five scenarios to further explore learning theories applicable to digital learning.
Christina Modrell

Understanding personal learning networks: Their structure, content and the networking s... - 1 views

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    This detailed paper presents a model for creating a personal learning network based on an investigation using a literature review, semi-structure interviews and survey and includes an extensive reference list. Three stages of the networking process- building, maintaining and activating- are described and the nine factors influencing decisions in each of these areas are outlined. The authors schematically represent a personal professional networking model.
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    Very detailed article! I found it it interesting how they defined "strong" and "weak" connections. Strong connections are those we actively collaborate with to produce works and increase our understanding and weak connections are sort of like billboards we pass on the way to work: they expose us to a lot of new ideas and tools that we may or may not investigate further. :)
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    I really like how this article focused on research results and the factors that emerged for the researchers during their study. It made understanding how the theory of PLN's has become relevant. The three stages of networking model also helped drive home the concept. Establish, maintain and activity was a great visual representation. Quality find!
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    This article discusses the importance of personal learning networks. It defines them as finding and connecting with others that are a part of your field. These interactions with others can promote life-long learning; which is beneficial in any working field.
Mandy Weiskircher

Assistive Computer Devices and Access Aids for PC - Disabled World - 0 views

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    Explains and defines assistive or adaptive technology and gives examples
Melinda Mott

Connectivism Learning theory and pedagogical practice for networked information landscapes - 3 views

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    Authors discuss connectivism as a framework for how students learn. They note that learning is making connections within a personal learning network and knowledge is recognition of these connections. They also note that knowledge is stored outside of the learner. They discuss connectivism and its origins as well as the role of connectivism in the work of librarians. They discuss how connectivism informs pedagogical practices in the library and defines the library as a node within student PLNs.
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    Exploration of the connectivist theory in relation to library media is the topic of this article. It expresses the idea that connectivism is defined by one's abilities to recognize connections, patterns, and similarities between concepts to construct learning. Dunaway argues that changes in technology, learning, and literacy make it necessary to apply connectivist ideas to library practices.
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    The author suggests that learning takes place when a learner connects ideas from his/her various personal learning networks. Further, those pieces of information is controlled by information technology. This idea becomes apparent when running the same search in Google, Bing or Yahoo. The author purports that in order for a teacher to be effective, he or she must understand this idea of connectivity and how it impacts a student's learning environment.
Katy Cooper

A Primer on Personal Learning Networks: Twitter will actually save you time...: EBSCOhost - 2 views

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    This short article is written for school administrators to convince the audience of the power the PLN can bring to their work. The article recognizes apprehensions to use twitter, defines a PLN, and finally explains how it can connect the reader to a valuable group of fellow professionals. If ebscohost doesn't work, this is the link through BSU's Library search results: b. http://boisestate.worldcat.org/oclc/4595249723&referer=brief_results
kimsmith876

Social Networking Theories and Tools to Support Connectivist Learning Activities - 0 views

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    This article focuses on creating a link between the wide variety of social networking tools available and the principles of connectivism. Pettenati and Cigognini go so far as to define connectivism as "...social networking applied to learning and knowledge". To support this idea, the authors explore the role of the learner at present, how e-learning, personal learning environments, and Web 2.0 have emerged, and the stages of a connectivist learning experience. The article concludes with the sharing of a scenario in which all of the previously described stages are evident.
Cassie Davenport

Knowledge Networks and Communities of Practice - 2 views

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    This article comes from the OD Practitioner journal, Fall/Winter 2000. This article focuses on the basics of Communities of Practice, defining the dimensions, purpose and changes from knowledge sharing now rather than in the past. This article focuses on the industrial and business world. It shares that knowledge in the past was knowledge was to be horded for power, while today it is to be shared to grow said power "in multiples" (Allee, 2000). The article goes on to share the benefits for everyone as far as the business, community and the individual. I appreciate the call for possible new communities of practice to meet new business community challenges.
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    I like how this article, even though it focuses on the industrial/business world, still has some great applications to the world of education. It's also interesting to find out more about some surrounding groups to CoPs and how they are related. A quote from the article (pay close attention to the last sentence in regards to education) says, "Communities of practice emerge in the social space between project teams and knowledge networks. When multiple project teams are engaged in similar tasks the need to share what they know often will lead to community formation. From the other direction, a loosely organized knowledge network of people who share common interests can gel into a focused community when people recognize new shared opportunities or begin to seek a significant breakthrough. Those who would support communities need to learn what conditions foster their emergence and create an environment in which they can flourish."
Cassie Davenport

Effective Virtual Teams through Communities of Practice - 1 views

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    This study explores the pitfalls of virtual teams within the business world. While I realize this paper doesn't focus on schools specifically it still applies in its exploration of communities of practice. This paper follows a few case studies while it explores virtual teams rather than teams working in the same space or building. Traditionally, virtual teams, have more challenges and communities of practice are introduced as a way to help overcome these challenges. Communities of practice are also defined and stages of participation are explored.
Renee Phoenix

Connectivism: the network metaphor of learning - 2 views

  • Siemens (2005a) suggests learning that can reside outside the individual learner, is focused on connecting specialised information sets and the connections that enable us to learn more than our current state of knowing. According to Siemens, the main intent of network creation is to enable learners to continue to stay current in the face of rapidly developing knowledge. Siemens (2005a, 2006a) points out that the half-life of knowledge is shrinking. The half-life of knowledge is the time span from when knowledge is gained to when it becomes obsolete (Gonzalez, 2004). Siemens (2006a) writes: “In today’s world, knowledge life is short; it survives only a short period of time before it is outdated”
  • Connectivism is also the assertion that “the pipe is more important than the content within the pipe” (Siemens, 2005a). That is, the connections that enable us to learn more are more important than our current state of knowing. As Siemens (2006a) puts it: “Our ability to learn what we need for tomorrow is more important than what we know today.
  • 3 The LaaN perspective In this section, we will present our own conceptual viewpoint on connectivism by discussing the learning as a network(LaaN) perspective, which represents a knowledge ecological approach to learning. The LaaN view is built upon four premises: •knowledge and learning are two sides of the same coin •knowledge and learning are fundamentally personal and social in nature •knowledge is in the network, or even more knowledge is the network •learning is a matter of knowledge networking within knowledge ecologies.
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  • Por (2000), i.e., defines knowledge ecology as “a field of theory and practice that focuses on discovering better social, organisational, behavioural, and technical conditions for knowledge creation and utilisation”. According to Malhotra (2002), knowledge ecology “treats knowledge creation as a dynamic evolutionary process in which knowledge gets created and recreated in various contexts and at various points of time”. In this paper, we present a more learner-oriented view of knowledge ecology. We define knowledge ecology as a complex, knowledge intensive landscape that emerges from the bottom-up connection of PKNs
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    Contains a broad review of the theory of connectivism and discussion of the LaaN view of knowledge ecology. Compares knowledge ecology to CoP, knot, intentional networks and coalitions...to name a few that I had not heard of before. Also some interesting comparisons of learning theories.
nathankraftcheck

Community of practice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

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    Defines CoPs, explains theoretical reasoning behind CoPs, describes the evolution of the idea of CoPs, provides best practices, and gives examples of CoPs
karencameron

Intro to communities of practice - 8 views

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    This shows how communities of practice is defined, explains the process of how they've created and what they look like. Further explanation into how they can be applied in a wide variety of environments. The application part discusses how specifically it can exist within education both internally and externally. For EDTECH students, web communities of practice enable us to " extend the reach of our interactions beyond the geographical limitations of traditional communities."
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    I like the table they provide that asks the question that a community of practice would ask for each category. I like how they always use the word "we" because of the community aspect.
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    This is a great intro to communities of practice. I've been referring to this site as I work on my creative expression. I like how its written in plain language and easy to understand. The way the theory is broken down is also really helpful.
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    I appreciated the definition. Specifically, I appreciated the distinction between a community and a community of practice based on these three characteristics: the domain (an identity defined by a shared interest(s), the community (engaging in joint activities. Interestingly, a website or having the same job/title is not a community unless there is mutual learning), and the practice (mutual interests do not make a community of practice; by definition, members must be practitioners.) I also found interesting that 1) learning can be the reason or an incidental outcome and 2) sometimes people may not even know that they form a community of practice (for instance, nurses meeting regularly at lunch to discuss their prof. practice.) Thank you for sharing!
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    Etienne Wenger-Trayner explains what CoPs are, where the idea originated, and how the idea of CoPs are being applied in different domains.
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    This website provides an introduction to Communities of Practice, which includes the characteristics of a CoP, examples of Communities of Practice, and how the theory is being applied.
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    This article was incredibly helpful in my comprehension of CoPs. It explains what they are, their three domains, what they look like, and how they are being applied in real life.
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    This is a great resource giving the reader an introduction to CoP - a group of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly.. The best part of this resource are the 3 critical characteristics of a CoP (domain, community, and practice) explained well.
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    I forgot to add my summary! This is an excellent source that fully explains what a Community of Practice is and how it can be applied. "Communities of practice are groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly." I particularly liked the section about what CoPs actually look like. This is a must have resource for every EdTech student.
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    The author lists three "must-haves" to be considered a community of practice: the domain - shared interest, the community - learn from each other, the practice - share a repertoire of resources. Communities of practice fall back to learning theories. The term community of practice refers to a living curriculum. The concept is being applied in organizations, government, education, associations, social sector, international development, and the web.
joshgiudicelli

Real teaching means real learning: Twitter-like in Calculus - 0 views

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    This project involves students using Twitter to address a calculus level problem. In this project, students are asked to define what a limit is in calculus. These are very complex ideas that can be explained in many different ways. Students need to have a solid foundation with these concepts because the rest of the course builds on them. As students were researching their definitions, they tweeted questions live using the class hashtag. This allowed the teacher and other students to answer questions that were raised. Once students had their explanation they had to tweet it out to the whole class. Doing this in 140 characters or less can be very difficult. Once students all had a definition posted, they were able to go in and comment and retweet definition posed by their peers. I like this because it can be applied to many different situations. Students can be asked to define a topic or articulate their understanding of a concept in a clear and concise way. It also allows students to see their peers thinking and expand their own. This has numerous applications for students at numerous levels. I could see myself doing something like this when wrapping up a unit to check for understanding.
block_chain_

Impact Of Blockchain On Search Marketing | Blockchain Council - 0 views

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    It is indisputable that blockchain is closely associated with cryptocurrencies. Blockchain technology is the underlying concept which defines the very existence and functioning of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. The disruptive nature of the blockchain is undoubtedly changing the face of search engine and digital marketing which makes it imperative to catch up on the capabilities of this technology and understand how it is catching up with the industry, to remain competitive.
susanbird

What is Community of Practice and How Can We Support it? by Christopher Hoadley - 6 views

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    Christopher Hoadley defines communities of practice, explains underlying theories of CoPs, compares CoPs to other types of learning communities, and discusses the use of technology in the support and development of CoPs.
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    This chapter by Hoadley breaks down a community of practice (CoP) and explains the theory behind it as well as well as its history. An interesting piece of the chapter compares a CoP to other groups and how each works a bit differently. It was also interesting to read about how technology is used in successful CoPs.
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    I learned the feature-based as well as the process based definition of communities of practice. I also learned how we can support a community of practice. It was valuable to learn how technology ties into communities of practices in the form or presentation or communication abilities, integration in content and context, etc. The article mentioned C4P framework, which encouraged me to take a deeper look at the C4P framework.
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    This is an exhaustive article that covers the definition and history of COPs, thoughts on how to sustain COPs, and ideas on how technology can support and enhance COPs in the 21st century. It is practical, useful, and interesting. While I found it to be perhaps a little too detailed, it was nonetheless a good article.
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    The concept of communities of practice has been used as both a theory to explain how learning occurs, and a "metaphor for how instruction should take place." From an anthropological view, knowledge is not completely contained within individuals, but is more often found in groups/communities. Knowledge can be "sticky" or "leaky". "Sticky" knowledge is difficult to disseminate, perhaps because it is highly technical, or because the target audience does not absorb it. "Leaky" knowledge is knowledge (like trade secrets) the disseminates despite efforts to keep it secret. Knowledge involves practice in context. One way we learn with situational learning is by peripheral, or tangential, participation. Learners should be allowed to "lurk" before participating, much as beginner social media users do. A knowledge building community and a community are practice are not the same thing. A knowledge-building community seeks to learn and build knowledge, while a community of practice wants to improve some type of work function. The learning may be the same, but the goals are different. Forced knowledge-building communities may never read the stage of community of practice depending on the level of connectedness and peripheral participation. Technology can facilitate communication and collaboration for CoPs.
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    This explains what a Community of Practice is, it goes into two definitions, features-based and process-based. It also discusses how communities of practice and technology often go hand-in-hand and how this has changed and developed over time.
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    This chapter provides an overview and history of communities of practice. There is a nice description of the theoretical assumptions underlying its development. The differences of communities of practice and other knowledge communities are explained thoroughly. There is an appreciation for how technology plays a role in today's communities of practice, how it can support it and how it is not less effective than face to face communication. It is explained that the key to a successful community of practice is "connections, conversations, content, and information context."
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    Christopher Hoadley explains CoPs, focusing on definition and practice. Essentially, Hoadley illustrates that CoPs are informal yet highly connected, constructivist in nature, and supported by technology like social media. He states that technology supports communities of practice by "linking people with similar interests, providing a shared repository of resources, directly supporting communication, and providing awareness of various resources within the information context" (Jonassen & Land, 2012). Additionally, he goes on to express that individual learning fails when it comes to application but that group learning often creates deeper, more meaningful understanding especially when built upon authentic situations.
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    This article gives two separate definitions for communities of practice, a feature based definition and a process based definition. Between the two it explains how learning through practice can be more beneficial than following a manual or example. It also states how participation is important as well as being viewed as a member of the community of practice. The article then goes into explaining how technology has played a positive role in communities and has helped with communication to allow a community of practice to function even better.
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    This chapter dives deep into communities of practice. It begins with an overview of the history of CoPs and discusses theoretical underpinnings the concept is based on. The author explores CoPs in relation to other types of learning and related technology.
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    In this resource, Christopher Hoadley helps to define community of practice with two approaches. The first approach to the definition is what he calls the "feature-based definition" and the other approach is the "process-based" definition. He attributes these definitions based on Lave and Wenger's book on situated learning. This resource provides a good starting point to understanding what CoP is and the theoretical approach it involves.
klauritsen

The role of communities of practice in a digital age | Tony Bates - 25 views

  • The role of communities of practice in a digital age
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    A new chapter in Tony Bates' open source textbook, this one dealing with COPs - what they are, designing effective ones and learning through them.
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    I guess I shared this link in a previous course, but it is a good one! Tony Bates discusses designing, learning from and defines communities of practice in the digital age. EDTECH543, Communities of Practice.
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    I appreciate the substance of this article as it goes beyond simply defining communities of practices and discusses the theoretical framework for developing effective CoPs. The seven tips offered for designers of CoPs provides structure and guidance for those interested in implementing this practice. I also found great value in the text's analysis of communities of practice in a technology rich generation. The digital age is dominating culture and as people seek to re-evaluate programs, organization, and life they tend to think they need to dump the old and start from scratch. This article, however, points out that communities of practice will be a powerful tool in the digital age by "it is probably a mistake to think of them as a replacement for traditional forms of education." Great perspective!(
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    A Community of Practice is essentially a group of people who share a common interest and learn how to polish and perfect that passion by regularly interacting with one another. Communities of Practice apply various theories of learning as the group members interact and glean from one another. Researchers argue that a Community of Practice differs from other types of learning communities in that the group members share a common interest, they engage in activities around that common interest, and all group member are practitioners of that interest. As a result, the learning that occurs in a Community of Practice comes from the sum of all group members.
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    This article focused on what traits a successful community of practice has and how they are taking shape in the digital world. Of particular interest in this article is the role that MOOCs are beginning to play in digital learning and also how the design of a community of practice can impact how long it stays useful and relevant to its users.
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    In this article, author Tony Bates refers to MOOCs as communities of practice, and then makes a distinction between "instructionist" MOOCs and "connectivist" MOOCs, the latter being designed to function as communities of practice. This has prompted me to look for more information on the distinction, as I am only familiar with instructionist MOOCs. In addition, I find the article of interest because of the subsequent and continuing scholarly conversation that ensued in the comments.
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    Very interesting article. I like how Bates explains the theory behind communities of practice and then provides the definition. It helps provide context for CoPs. I also found the "Designing effective communities of practice" section to be very helpful. It outlines what a good CoP should look like and encourages the diversity that can be within a community. Thanks for sharing!
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    This article from Tony Bates provides another great overview of CoPs. One of my favorite parts of this article is the section on designing effective communities of practice. Bates provides a list of key design principles (adapted from Wenger) for creating an effective CoP.
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    I love how this article recognizes that 1 plus 1 is not 2. That the sum total of knowledge exceeds what was put in.
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    This blog post discusses what communities of practice are, the learning theories behind CoPs, designing effective CoPs, and learning through CoPs in the digital age. It goes into depth about the seven key design principles for creating effective and self-sustaining CoPs. It also discusses the importance of Massive Open Online Courses.
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    In this post, Tony Bates discusses communities of practice including what they are and their characteristics. He also discusses ways to create and sustain effective communities of practice. Finally, Mr. Bates discusses how we can learn through communities of practice specifically through the use of MOOCs.
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    This article by Tony Bates gives examples of CoPs in companies like Xerox and how they work together within the company to create projects. It also provides a visual from Wenger assists companies with integrating a CoP within the workspace.
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    This post disusses what a community of practice is and the theories behind them. It also addresses the design of a community of practice and the three criteria involved, domain, community, and practice. Finally it discusses MOOC's.
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    This article gives some background and insight to the different parts of a Community of Practice. What I found to be most relevant about this article is the fact that it is based around digital learning. There is an image included in the article that displays the different websites that can be used as a tool for a CoP. This image is helpful in visualizing all of the ways to meet and communicate with peers in the digital realm.
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    This article looks at corporations that are encouraging CoPs like Google & Apple. Xerox was able to save $100 million by collecting tips that repair men were sharing over breakfast and sharing them on a larger level. CoPs can enhance organizational effectiveness and profitability by increasing knowledge sharing.
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    He is writing a textbook, Teaching in a Digital Age, and this is his discussion about communities of practice. It explains what communities of practice are, how they work, and how they can be successfully used. He argues that they are not a replacement for other forms of education but does mention that they can be great tools.
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    This article is a chapter for a book, Teaching in a Digital Age. It gives a good summary of the principles behind communities of practice. While the author does not fpbelieve that CoPs should replace other forms of learning, he sees value in them.
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    The author, Tony Bates, reviews what makes a community of practice by clarifying the main components of an effective one. My favorite part of the resource is the graphic organizing the tools and activities associated with a community, which also integrates the technology available. The article focuses on the idea that communities of practice is a method of informal learning and discusses how to use online learning to its highest potential.
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    To me the most interesting part of this resource is the comments. Very interesting arguments being made by various players especially Downes and Harasim. I often learn more from comments sections than from the main paper.
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    @Terrence. I too liked the comments section which is ironically appropriate seeing that the article was about communities of practice. I think that Downes is viewed as a kind of expert in connectivism and social learning. I have read a few things on his blog through the process of this research and they are quite good. He also co-teaches an MOOC on connectivism with Siemens through the University of Manitoba.
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    I found this interesting at the end when the questions were posted. It made me think of things that I hadn't yet....Can we force these communities or do they just happen naturally and do I think they can replace other forms of education. I have not sorted those out in my own mind yet but I like that they stopped me to think about.
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