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paigedeleeuw

The Public Interest Standard in Television Broadcasting | Benton Foundation - 2 views

shared by paigedeleeuw on 29 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • Federal oversight of all broadcasting has had two general goals: to foster the commercial development of the industry and to ensure that broadcasting serves the educational and informational needs of the American people.
  • Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have sometimes concluded that the broadcast marketplace by itself is not adequately serving public needs. Accordingly, numerous efforts have been undertaken over the past 70 years to encourage or require programming or airtime to enhance the electoral process, governance, political discourse, local community affairs, and education. Some initiatives have sought to help underserved audience-constituencies such as children, minorities, and individuals with disabilities.
  • As competition in the telecommunications marketplace becomes more acute and as the competitive dynamics of TV broadcasting change, the capacities of the free marketplace to serve public ends are being tested as never before.
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  • A recurring challenge for Congress and the FCC has been how to reconcile the competitive commercial pressures of broadcasting with the needs of a democracy when the two seem to be in conflict. This struggle was at the heart of the controversy that led to enactment of the Radio Act of 1927 and the Communications Act of 1934.(1)
  • Under the antiquated Radio Act of 1912, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor was authorized to issue radio licenses to citizens on request.(2) Because broadcast spectrum was so plentiful relative to demand, it was not considered necessary to empower the Secretary to deny radio licenses.
  • ongress expanded the deregulatory approach of the 1980s with its enactment of the Telecommunications Act.(38) Among other things, the Act extended the length of television broadcast licenses from 5 years to 8 years(39) and instituted new license renewal procedures that made it more difficult for competitors to compete for an existing broadcast license.(40) The Telecommunications Act also lifted limits on the number of stations that a single company could own, a rule that historically was intended to promote greater diversity in programming.(41)
  • From the beginning, broadcast regulation in the public interest has sought to meet certain basic needs of American politics and culture, over and above what the marketplace may or may not provide. It has sought to cultivate a more informed citizenry, greater democratic dialogue, diversity of expression, a more educated population, and more robust, culturally inclusive communities.
  • why public interest obligations have been seen as vital to broadcast television—and why a marketplace conception of free speech may meet many, but not all, needs of American democracy.
  • Opportunity for local self-expression. The development and use of local talent. Programs for children. Religious programs. Educational programs. Public affairs programs. Editorialization by licensees. Political broadcasts. Agricultural programs. News programs. Weather and market services. Sports programs. Service to minority groups. Entertainment programming.
  • The 1934 Act, which continues to be the charter for broadcast television, ratified a fundamental compromise by adopting two related provisions: a ban on "common carrier" regulation (sought by broadcasters) and a general requirement that broadcast licensees operate in the "public interest, convenience and necessity" (supported by Congress and various civic, educational, and religious groups).(3) The phrase was given no particular definition; some considered it necessary for the Federal Government's licensing powers to be considered constitutional.(4)
  • If a broadcast licensee airs an editorial that either endorses or opposes a legally qualified candidate, the licensee must notify all other candidates for that particular office within 24 hours, provide them with a script or tape, and offer them a "reasonable opportunity to respond through the use of the licensee's broadcast facilities.
  • the chief legal vehicle for citizens to gain direct access to the airwaves -- or hear diverse viewpoints on controversial public issues -- was the Fairness Doctrine. The principles behind the Fairness Doctrine were first expressed in 1929 in guidelines issued by the FRC, with regard to Great Lakes Broadcasting Co.(50) That Commission statement affirmed the need for broadcasters to serve a diverse public with well- rounded programming.
  • the FCC held in the Mayflower ruling in 1941 that a broadcast station could never editorialize because it would flout the public interest mandate that all sides of a controversial issue be fairly presented. Licensees, the FCC said, must present "all sides of important public questions fairly, objectively and without bias."(51)
  • For decades, the Fairness Doctrine was seen as a primary feature of the public interest standard.
  • In 1963, the FCC formally articulated the principle that the presentation of only one side of an issue during a sponsored program (such as an attack on the proposed Nuclear Test Ban Treaty) required free airtime for opposing views -- a rule known as the Cullman Doctrine.(59) Cigarette advertising, and later, controversial advertising in general, also became subject to the Fairness Doctrine.(60) In 1967 the Commission formalized its "personal attack rule" and political editorial policies in specific and specialized rules.(61)
  • Localism was one reason why Congress enacted the 1962 "all-channel" law -- a law that required that all television receivers be capable of receiving both VHF and UHF signals. The idea, according to a House committee report, was to "permit all communities of appreciable size to have at least one television station as an outlet for local self-expression."(77) With varying degrees of success, the FCC has also sought to promote locally originated programming through the Prime Time Access Rule (a rule that once limited networks to 3 hours of programming during primetime, but has since been repealed) and through policy statements that mention local news and public affairs programming as inherent to the public interest stan- dard.(78)
  • The bond between broadcasters and their local communities was given a new and stronger dimension in the 1960s as a result of United Church of Christ v. FCC.(79) In 1964, after the station owner of WLBT in Jackson, Mississippi, aired a program urging racial segregation but refused to air the views of civil rights activists or even to meet with them, the United Church of Christ and others petitioned for legal standing to challenge the renewal of WLBT's broadcast license. A Circuit Court ruling in 1966 held that citizens have the right to participate in the FCC license renewal process.
  • A primary objective and benefit of our Nation's system of regulation of television broadcasting is the local origination of programming. There is a substantial governmental interest in ensuring its continuation.
  • the Supreme Court in Turner Broadcasting v. FCC recognized Congress's rationale and upheld the must-carry rules as consistent with the First Amendment
  • The Telecommunications Act of 1996 encouraged the television industry to develop a voluntary ratings system that allows parents to assess the suitability of programming for their children.
  • Congress has recognized the public interest in expanding captioning access through two key legislative acts. The Television Decoder Circuitry Act (TDCA), passed in 1990, requires all television sets with screens 13 inches or larger manufactured or imported into the United States after July 1, 1993, to display closed captions through a "decoder chip" built into the sets.
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    I think that if "broadcasters are meant to act as trustees for the public interest, then a corollary is that they must affirmatively present a wide diversity of perspectives." In my opinion, this is fantastic for all other means than politics. I think that both sides of an arguement should be presented publicly. I don't think that a Republican should just watch what the republican candidates are discussing but also look at the side of the Democrat to have a well-rounded political knowledge.
kyrranielson

Broadcasting -- Encyclopedia Britannica - 1 views

  • roadcasting, electronic transmission of radio and television signals that are intended for general public reception, as distinguished from private signals that are directed to specific receivers.
    • kyrranielson
       
      Definition of Broadcasting
  • Sound broadcasting in this sense may be said to have started about 1920, while television broadcasting began in the 1930s.
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  • The first known radio program in the United States was broadcast by Reginald Aubrey Fessenden from his experimental station at Brant Rock, Mass., on Christmas Eve, 1906.
  • he first commercial radio station was KDKA in Pittsburgh, which went on the air in the evening of Nov. 2, 1920, with a broadcast of the returns of the Harding-Cox presidential election.
  • Government regulation Although the growth of radiobroadcasting in the United States was spectacularly swift, in the early years it also proved to be chaotic, unplanned, and unregulated. Furthermore, business arrangements that were being made between the leading manufacturers of radio equipment and the leading broadcasters seemed to threaten monopoly. Congress responded by passing the Radio Act of 1927, which, although directed primarily against monopoly, also set up the agency that is now called the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to allocate wavelengths to broadcasters. The government’s attack on monopoly resulted eventually in four radio networks—the National Broadcasting Company, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System, and the American Broadcasting Company—while the FCC permitted orderly growth and ensured the survival of educational radio stations.
    • kyrranielson
       
      Government Regulation: FCC, Radio Act of 1927
  • commercial firms that regarded broadcasting primarily as a means of point-to-point communication.
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    I liked the fact that you introduced a definition. It was a nice refresher to see what it is that is being discussed, and then to be given examples. I thought it was really interesting to see just how much people are affected daily by the idea and motives of broadcasting. Most of the time we are being influenced not really knowing what it is that is actually going on. It really forces someone to stop and think about what is being broadcasted to them via t.v. and the radio.
sebasgm

Narrowcasting Kills Broadcast Marketing - 2 views

  • 0 years ag
  • polar opposites
  • masses and likewise marketed them in that way
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  • Those days are gone.
  • highly fragmented marketplace.
  • highly personalized fashion.
  • Rule No. 1:
  • Narrow your target market to a specific niche versus trying to be all things to all people
  • Rule No. 2:
  • ithin your niche
  • Rule No. 3:
  • Gone are the days of casting a wide advertising net.
  • Brands that successfully market in the new economy will forgo the desire to appeal to the masses
  • greater profitability.
    • sebasgm
       
      Although this has to do more with business, it can be applied to politics as narrowcasting shows the same results in politics.
    • sebasgm
       
      The article explains how trying to broadcast to the masses proves to be less profitable, as narrowmarketing can be taken advantage of due to our technological era. 
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    Summarizes the benefits of narrowcasting and how it is much more efficient than broadcasting.
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    It's interesting that this article says narrowcasting is the dominant method of marketing in today's markets. I agree with the writer in that narrowcasting is more effective.
jennacrosby

Announcing the Surrender of Japan (September 1, 1945)-Miller Center - 0 views

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    I could not find a video. This is a Transcript of President Harry S. Truman's opening speech before a conference in San Francisco announcing the surrender of japan, and focusing on Truman's acceptance of a peace treaty that officially ended America's Occupation in Japan after WWII. It was a pivotal moment in American Broadcasting . It was the first transcontinental television broadcast. Meaning it was the first time a television program was broadcast from coast to coast.
eleanorthorp

Forget broadcasting, the future is narrowcasting - 2 views

  •  
    Chris Cramer is Global Editor of Multimedia at Reuters News and has editorial oversight of Reuters Insider, a multimedia information service for Thomson Reuters financial service subscribers that will be launched this year. Media organizations the world over are currently focusing on the future of their businesses.
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    I agree with this document, it has very good points as to why narrowcasting is a more effective strategy due to the high probability of consumers being targeted to respond to these ads
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    although I mainly agree with the article, I still think broadcasting has a role in the media.
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    I think news are always going to be relevant so broadcasting is always going to have a place in the market.
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    Something that I came to mind when reading this if we completely eliminate broadcasting will it create a bias between interests or the types of shows shown? Just something to think about.
danielajallath

"Broadcasting" - 9/11 LIVE NEWS REPORT - 1 views

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    This video is an example of "broadcasting." This has less of personal opinions and it is more factual. This means that it appeals to a wider audience (which is the definition for it.) This CNN video shows the second plane hitting the WTC in New York during 9/11. This is something that most people will listen. Why? Because it is factual rather than bias. I think that current events fall more in the broadcasting rather than the narrowcasting. The aftermath of these could fall into narrowcasting. An example of this is the previous video I posted on Obama and Islam. Please comment if you have any other thoughts on this.
kyrranielson

Narrowcasting vs Broadcasting - 4 views

    • kyrranielson
       
      Hard Facts are always good. Narrowcasting gives you the liberty to directly speak to a selective audience, but is this always a good thing?
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    I thought this was interesting as it compared and contrasted broadcasting and narrowcasting. It helped me better understand their correlation. The article shows that narrowcasting tends to be a better marketing strategy.
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    I also agree with sebasgm. This was a very interesting article in the way that it not only defines but also puts the two ideas against one another.
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    Seeing the graph, I think narrowcasting will be more effective for companies or certain groups that need to gain profit from a narrow group. For me, I think narrowcasting works better.
Joanne Kim

From broadcast to narrowcast - Direct Marketing News - 1 views

shared by Joanne Kim on 29 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • In 2011, broadcasting will migrate to narrowcasting, enabling advertisers to reach desired audiences, and just them, when, where and how they choose. These narrowcast audiences will be multi-dimensionally defined across shopping, purchasing and attitudinal behaviors.
    • Joanne Kim
       
      How the future will be in terms of media
  • Narrowcasting is the paradigm that enables marketers to leverage their customer insights to best reach their most desired audiences, getting their message in front of just those valuable prospects with greater certainty.
    • Joanne Kim
       
      The biggest benefits of narrowcasting
  • It also means that marketers would be well served to shift up to a third of their marketing budget from broadcast marketing activities to a narrowcast approach. In this way, they can leverage the extensive consumer insights with responsible publishing partners in a privacy-assured manner. 
    • Joanne Kim
       
      Another benefit of narrowcasting
jennacrosby

Narrowcasting versus Broadcasting - 9 Clouds - 0 views

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    I think it is important to identify the distinct differences between Narrowcasting and Broadcasting, as well as when each one can be useful. This is a very helpful website.
natedurrett

Verizon Phones Broadcasting Info To Advertisers - Business Insider - 1 views

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    Verizon is reportedly tampering with its users' data, allowing advertisers to learn about them whenever they browse the web on its network. I found this interesting because it is almost like Verizon is slowly changing their broadcasting into narrowcasting
campbellcondon

television audience : patterns of viewing | Clc - 1 views

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    This article talks about the views of broadcasting - especially through television. It talks about the patterns leading from the 1950's until modern times. It is interesting to read about the good and bad about TV broadcasting.
Joanne Kim

braodcasting v narrowcasting - 0 views

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    This is a prezi that simply compares and contrasts broadcasting and narrowcasting. It shows the definition, pros and cons, and details of the two methods.
lcrogers

Very Very Broad Broadcasting - 1 views

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    This is made by the British Broadcasting Network, and therefore focuses on informing the whole of Britain.
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    I wish I had thought of posting something like that. Because that really is about as broad as it gets.
johnnyfoster123

Pentagon Identifies American Killed In Iraq On Thursday - 4 views

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    In this news article broadcasted through KPBS, the company attempts to reach a variety of audiences. Since this does not only appeal to specific people but rather the American general public, this article is defined as broadcasting.
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    They make a solid effort to make an un-bias, broad, and relevant story that still has thorough reporting. However I would go a little more in depth if I was them and have a little more understanding of what is going on.
sebasgm

5 Ways New Media Are Changing Politics - US News - 2 views

  • New social media are already changing the way organizations attract supporters.
  • But the collective outrage focused on a top-down, big-money view of politics, well, that's so . . . last century. If the goal of television ads is to motivate viewers to vote, volunteer, or give money, there are far better ways to reach people, thanks to the new media.
  • 1. News you can choose:
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 2. Share this:
  • 3. Like it:
  • . Connect with others:
  • instant read on opinions and positions
  • distributing the news
  • etweeted hundreds of times
  • The result is a new paradigm in political communications, and both parties are using it.
  • That affects the way reporters spend their days and the way campaigns craft their message.
    • sebasgm
       
      Technology is a new means of broadcasting and campaigning to the public.
    • sebasgm
       
      This is a great summary of how Media is changing politics.
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    Emerging communications phenomena have transformed the political process for broadcasting.
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    I think this article shows how technology and the new forms of media are having a huge effect on the politics today, and I agree that the new media is one of the biggest things that influence the politics.
bennordpaskin

Questions of bias swirl after NBC removes, reinstates a Gaza reporter - LA Times - 0 views

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    Broadcasters political bias affects what news they report, as such, it transforms them into narrowcasters.
danielacon

Narrowcasting? - Convenience Advertising - 1 views

shared by danielacon on 30 Oct 14 - No Cached
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    Broadcasting is said to be conventional. The article says that narrowcasting is based on the post modern idea that mass audiences do not exist.
eleanorthorp

The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television - Vietnam on Televi... - 0 views

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    The most well known, televised broadcasts were those of the Vietnam War. Have we had anything as in-depth and interesting as the VW?
jeffbanh

World Series - 1 views

http://abc7chicago.com/sports/cubs-win-world-series/1585078/ This article is an example of broadcasting because it is an informative piece based on factual evidence and non-bias narration. Also, it...

started by jeffbanh on 04 Nov 16 no follow-up yet
kyrranielson

Fabulously Political: Narrowcasting - 4 views

  • FOX News, which popularly narrowcasts notoriously conservative-directed news stories.
  • MSNBC is typically considered to be the directive of the liberal media.
  • advocating for more and more gun control and an assault weapons ban
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  • FOX News began running more stories that criticized the liberals for trying to take away Americans 2nd Amendment rights by taking away their guns.
  • CNN is typically considered to be more in the middle when it comes to a liberal or conservative slant,
  • With the lack of non-biased information, people selectively pick and choose information based on what they want to hear, creating individuals who are not well rounded.
  • Narrowcasting can lead to narrow minds which is very dangerous to a society.
    • kyrranielson
       
      I believe Narrowcasting is effecting the nation not necessarily in a positive way. Since people have the choice to watch or listen to media that is biased towards their own opinions they will never hear the side of opposition. 
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    It's crazy to think how much narrowcasting and broadcasting often go hand in hand without us knowing. Not to mention how mind-boggling it is to think just how many different groups of people are affected, whether it's a political group, or even an ethnic group. It's begs the question of what group you might be included in when it comes to narrowcasting.
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    The article starts by defining narrowcasting and giving Fox News as being an example, as it is known for being a conservative new station. This article is interesting as it states that narrowcasting is detrimental to society as it "leads to narrow minds which is very dangerous to a society."
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    I thought narrowcasting is just an effective way of delivering information to a certain group of people, but this article points out the dangerousness of it, which is the bad influence that people can get by just getting one point of view
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