it’s impossible to overstate the importance of peer production to the modern digital world.
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The Internet? We Built That - NYTimes.com - 1 views
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What sounds on the face of it like the most utopian of collectivist fantasies — millions of people sharing their ideas with no ownership claims — turns out to have made possible the communications infrastructure of our age.
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Peer networks laid the foundation for the scientific revolution during the Enlightenment, via the formal and informal societies and coffeehouse gatherings where new research was shared. The digital revolution has made it clear that peer networks can work wonders in the modern age.
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We have an endless supply of folklore about heroic entrepreneurs who changed the world with their vision and their force of will. But as a society we lack master narratives of creative collaboration.
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what the Internet and its descendants teach us is that there are now new models for doing things together, success stories that prove convincingly that you don’t need bureaucracies to facilitate public collaboration, and you don’t need the private sector to innovate
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WAN IFRA International Newsroom Summit: How The Crowd Saved Our Company | Digital First - 0 views
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Op-Ed Contributor - How the Internet Got Its Rules - NYTimes.com - 2 views
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We thought maybe we’d put together a few temporary, informal memos on network protocols, the rules by which computers exchange information
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Our intent was only to encOurage others to chime in, but I worried we might sound as though we were making official decisions or asserting authority.
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the R.F.C.’s themselves took root and flourished. They became the formal method of publishing Internet protocol standards
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Less important than the content of those first documents was that they were available free of charge and anyone could write one. Instead of authority-based decision-making, we relied on a process we called “rough consensus and running code.”
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It probably helped that in those days we avoided patents and other restrictions; without any financial incentive to control the protocols, it was much easier to reach agreement.
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This was the ultimate in openness in technical design and that culture of open processes was essential in enabling the Internet to grow and evolve as spectacularly as it has
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we always tried to design each new protocol to be both useful in its own right and a building block available to others. We did not think of protocols as finished products, and we deliberately exposed the internal architecture to make it easy for others to gain a foothold.
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Top Internet engineers warn against SOPA - Post Tech - The Washington Post - 0 views
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When we designed the Internet the first time, our priorities were reliability, robustness and minimizing central points of failure or control. We are alarmed that Congress is so close to mandating censorship-compliance as a design requirement for new Internet innovations. This can only damage the security of the network, and give authoritarian governments more power over what their citizens can read and publish. The US government has regularly claimed that it supports a free and open Internet, both domestically and abroad. We cannot have a free and open Internet unless its naming and routing systems sit above the political concerns and objectives of any one government or industry. To date, the leading role the US has played in this infrastructure has been fairly uncontroversial because America is seen as a trustworthy arbiter and a neutral bastion of free expression. If the US begins to use its central position in the network for censorship that advances its political and economic agenda, the consequences will be far-reaching and destructive.
Coaching Both Parent And Child - 1 views
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Modern History Sourcebook: Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations, 1776 (Epitome) - 0 views
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This great increase of the quantity of work which, in consequence of the division of labor, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labor, and enable one man to do the work of many....
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Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favor, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater art of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.
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In order to avoid the inconvenience of such situations, every prudent man in every period of society, after the first establishment of the division of labor, must naturally have endeavored to manage his affairs in such a manner as to have at all times by him, besides the peculiar produce of his own industry, a certain quantity of some one commodity or other, such as he imagined few people would be likely to refuse in exchange for their produce....It is in this manner that money has become in all civilized nations the universal instrument of commerce, by the intervention of which goods of all kinds are bought and sold, or exchanged for one another....
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partly by the general circumstances of the society,
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partly by the particular nature of each employment
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When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labor, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price.
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he market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labor, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither.
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A competition will immediately begin among them, and the market price will rise more or less above the natural price, according as either the greatness of the deficiency, or the wealth and wanton luxury of the competitors, happen to animate more or less the eagerness of the competition.
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quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand
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A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures.
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When by an increase in the effectual demand, the market price of some particular commodity happens to rise a good deal above the natural price, those who employ their stocks in supplying that market are generally careful to conceal this change
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The exclusive privileges of corporations, statutes of apprenticeship, and all those laws which restrain, in particular employments, the competition to a smaller number than might otherwise go into them, have the same tendency, though in a less degree. They are a sort of enlarged monopolies,
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THE produce of labor constitutes the natural recompense or wages of labor.
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Such combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary defensive combination of the workmen; who sometimes too, without any provocation of this kind, combine of their own accord to raise the price of their labor.....
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Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labor even below this rate
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The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without it. The increase of revenue and stock is the increase of national wealth....
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It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labor as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed, and lodged
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First, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them; Second, by increasing it in others beyond what it naturally would be; and, Third, by obstructing the free circulation of labor and stock, both from employment to employment and from place to place.
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by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into them
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and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper without injury to his neighbor is a plain violation of this most sacred property.
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An exclusive corporation necessarily weakens the force of this discipline.
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by increasing the competition in some employments beyond what it naturally would be
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by obstructing the free circulation of labor and stock both from employment to employment, and from place to place,
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Royal Society of London - 2 views
www.slideshare.net/...natural-knowledge-presentation
royal society london improvement natural knowledge presentation slideshare
shared by Shuan Pai on 23 Sep 10
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Government 2.0: The Currents Of Our Time - 0 views
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New Media Studies Syllabus - Rutgers - 0 views
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Christina Dunbar-Hester talks through her new media studies course outline at Rutgers
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This is a good example of how social filters work. A former student sent me the link to this via Twitter, and the professor for this course has made a very solid outline of issues that compare to our Digital Civ themes. Good bibliography, too.
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Wikimedia Foundation - 0 views
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Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That's our commitment.
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A Digital Humanities Manifesto » A Digital Humanities Manifesto - 0 views
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faculty and students work on "knowledge problematics" not in rigid disciplines and departments, in which knowledge is produced and disseminated in ways that are multivalent, truly interdisciplinary, and conspicuously cognizant of their contingency?
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Communist Manifesto (Chapter 2) - 0 views
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The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to the other working-class parties. They have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole. They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, by which to shape and mould the proletarian movement.
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1. In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of the entire proletariat, independently of all nationality. 2. In the various stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole.
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formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.
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The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer.
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but the abolition of bourgeois property.
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We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man’s own labour, which property is alleged to be the groundwork of all personal freedom, activity and independence.
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, that quantum of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the labourer in bare existence as a labourer.
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allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it.
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By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of production, free trade, free selling and buying.
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It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property, all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us.
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bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone to the dogs through sheer idleness;
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Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of children by their parents? To this crime we plead guilty
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But, you say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations, when we replace home education by social. And your education! Is not that also social, and determined by the social conditions under which you educate, by the intervention direct or indirect, of society, by means of schools, &c.?
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Our bOurgeois, not content with having wives and daughters of their proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other’s wives.
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to freedom of commerce, to the world market,
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In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.
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The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious examination.
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The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.
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traditional property relations
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to centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the State
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Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable.
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Free Classical Music For Everyone? Why That's Just Plain Old-Fashioned Communism! - 0 views
bighollywood.breitbart.com/...-plain-old-fashioned-communism
Communism digiciv music classical web2.0 capitalism economy
shared by Megan Stern on 05 Oct 10
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This was probably a rhetorical question, but I don't. I believe that our economy will adjust accordingly. Just because the media industry is changing dramatically, doesn't mean people are giving away free food, free houses, free services. I feel this is just an adaptation, not a complete economical revolution.