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The study, "Making time use explicit in an investigation of social exclusion in the U.K.," was carried out by researchers at the National Centre for Social Research. It was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.

The average number of people on wait lists as of May, 2015, is 611. Some regions have shorter wait lists, such as Toronto Central, which currently has zero. Others are in the four digits, such as the Central East CCAC, which stretches east from Victoria Park Avenue in Scarborough and north to Algonquin Park, and has 1,516 children waiting for speech therapy. Waiting that long can have a large impact on a child's ability to do well in school, according to Anila Punnoose, a director of Speech-Language and Audiology Canada. During the months or years children are waiting to get speech services, they can quickly fall behind in school, she said. A 1996 study found children with language deficits are more likely to experience social difficulties including interacting with their peers, which impacts their behaviour. Other studies have shown that children who don't get speech therapy early are at a greater risk of problems in their academic performance and mental health.

A lot of speech problems carry over to literacy, because a knowledge of speech sounds is crucial when learning to read, Punnoose said. "It's all about what you hear in those sounds. ... Do you know the beginning sounds in that word? A child who doesn't have good phonological awareness doesn't understand any of that," she said. When looking at school performance, Punnoose said early struggles carry through to later years. A child with speech problems who has difficulties learning in the early years won't be able to build on those lessons in later years as effectively as their peers, she said. Early intervention can mitigate and prevent those problems, she said. "If children are having severe difficulties with speech in kindergarten, it's a predictor that there's going to be academic difficulties, and especially reading and writing difficulties, by Grade 3," she said.

Jocelyn Fedyczko, Eddie's speech pathologist, has worked in a range that includes children from preschool all the way to teenagers. She said early intervention is crucial with young children such as Eddie. "The earlier you can help a child out, the more progress you see," she said. When a child gets to the top of the wait list, they get assessed again, and receive a block of treatment, usually around 10 or 12 sessions, says Peggy Allen, president of the Ontario Association of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists (OSLA). That's often not enough to treat even minor to moderate issues such as Eddie's. Fedyczko said she can get through two to three sounds in that time, depending on the child. Many children have problems with more sounds than that, she said. But when a child finishes their block of treatment and needs more, because they haven't worked through all the sounds, for example, they go back to the bottom of the wait list, Allen said.

A spokesperson for the Toronto Central CCAC said they do not have an upper limit to the number of sessions per block assigned by a speech-language pathologist. The pathologist determines three goals for a child to achieve and assigns the number of sessions according to that. If after these sessions more goals are identified, the child is re-referred to the program, the spokesperson said. Parents who are worried about the impact waiting can have on their child can go to private clinics, if they have coverage or can afford the sessions out of pocket. Trish Bentley, Eddie's mother, decided to go for private therapy with Eddie's older brother Oliver. He was put on a six-month wait list for speech problems slightly more acute than Eddie's.

B.C.: Children's speech therapy is organized through the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD) and through the Ministry of Education by way of school districts. Children are divided between preschool and school age. Preschool children go through regional health authorities. School-age children go through the school boards, but the pathologists there will often offer consultative services, rather than oneon-one speech therapy. B.C. also has a "no-wait-list" policy for children with autism, which translates to parents getting around $22,000 a year for therapy until the age of six, and $6,000 a year after that. Alberta: Health Services is in charge of speech therapy in that province. It offers both a preschool and a school program. The school program, unlike Ontario's, is done completely through the schools, with no CCAC-type system to refer out to. Saskatchewan: The school districts are responsible for speech therapy. Each school district divides up services slightly differently, though they all differentiate between children under three years, from three to five years, and from six to 18 years.

But the problems go deeper than a lack of funding, according to Allen. She said many of the issues in Ontario stem back to a series of agreements in the 1980s between the provincial Ministry of Long-Term Care, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Community and Social Services. These agreements divided up who is in charge of different treatments, between the school boards and the CCACs. At the time of their creation, these agreements made sense, but times and needs have changed, she said. "It's difficult when ministries make agreements that are frozen in time. It's very difficult to provide the kind of services that we all expect and want Ontarians to receive," she said. Dividing up the services is necessary when trying to manage resources, but the fragmentation is hurting children more than it's helping, Punnoose said.

Dividing services by language issues and other issues doesn't make sense when treating a child, she said. "You shouldn't be splitting up the kid," she said. Punnoose said she wants to see speech therapy come together under one roof. It would mean co-operation from all three ministries, as well as a major reorganization of the funding, but she believes it would be a better model for children. "Students are in schools the better waking part of their lives. Why wouldn't we have the services right there in an authentic environment where it's totally accessible," she said. There are changes coming.

Last December, the Ontario government announced more funding for preschool speech and language programs, as well as efforts to integrate speech services better, through its Special Needs Strategy. Punnoose says it's a good step. "The government recognizes that the system was broken," she said. For now, the choice for parents in many CCACs will be between long wait lists and paying for private service. Hunter-Trottier said many parents, even those with coverage, don't know about the latter option. "We sometimes get parents here in tears, saying, 'Oh my goodness, the services here, I wish I had known about that a year ago,' " she said. Bentley said she won't be looking at public services for Eddie, as she's happy with the service she gets at Canoe. "I'd be open to it, but I'm not going to actively seek that out," she said.

For Eddie, what matters is the progress he makes. Within 10 minutes of his trouble saying "lipstick," he was opening up a treasure chest, with a key. With little prompting, he used the same technique as before, separating the sounds of the word. "Kuh-ey," he said. Could he try it all together? He pauses for a second. "Key," he says, almost flawlessly, beaming at his success. SPEECH THERAPY IN EACH PROVINCE

Speech therapy, like all healthcare matters, is regulated differently in each province and territory in Canada. Information on how each system works is difficult to come by. But generally, most provinces have very similar systems - and challenges - according to Joanne Charlebois, CEO of Speech-Language and Audiology Canada. Charlebois said Ontario's wait times are probably worse than those in other provinces, but she's spoken to people across Canada who tell her similar stories. Here's a breakdown of how it works across the country. Ontario: Speech therapy for children falls under the responsibility of three ministries: the Ministry of Long-Term Care, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Community and Social Services. Children in Ontario are divided by age and by the nature of their speech problem. Children under school age qualify for Ontario's preschool speech and language program. Once in school, those children with language problems - major problems speaking or understanding words or sentences - go to a school speech pathologist, while any other problems, such as pronunciation, stuttering, voice and articulation are referred to the Community Care Access Centres, which employ contract speech pathologists.

Rather than wait those six months, Bentley took him to Canoe. "As time went on, we said enough of this, he's going to be past the point of catching the problem," she said. For families who don't have coverage and who can't afford private services, though, the only option is to wait. Finding the cause of the long waits is hard, but one thing is certain: It's not due to a lack of speech pathologists, according to Shanda Hunter-Trottier, the owner of S.L. Hunter Speechworks, another private clinic in Toronto. She used to have problems finding qualified speech pathologists, but now she's facing the opposite problem. "I've been practising for 26 years. ... In the last five years, [I] have more resumes than I can keep track of," she said. Rather, she says, it's a large web of problems that slows down the system. First among these is a lack of public funding. "There's a lot of speech pathologists that don't have jobs, but these places aren't hiring. The cutbacks have been atrocious," she said.

Manitoba: School districts are also in charge here. The inschool speech-language pathologists offer services from classroom-based programming to individual therapy. Quebec: The system here is more like Ontario's. Speechtherapy services are offered through the local community service centres (CLSC), similar to Ontario's CCACs. The CLSCs are not obliged to provide speech therapy in English, though some, especially in areas with a large anglophone population, usually do. Nova Scotia: The province has 28 speech and hearing centres, with 35 pathologists in total. They assess and provide treatment for children and adults. School boards in the province also have speech-language pathologists who also have a teacher's certificate.

Prince Edward Island: The province provides free speech services for children until they enter school. Northwest Territories: Speech therapists are only able to visit some remote communities once or twice a year. Instead, the province offers a service called Telespeech, where pathologists can help people without having to be physically present. Nunavut: The territory had no speech pathologists in 2013, according to Statistics Canada.

"We are in frequent contact and continue to co-operate" with U.S. authorities, Valeant said in a written statement. "We do not comment on rumours about investigations, and cannot comment on or speculate about the possible course of any ongoing investigation. Valeant takes these matters seriously and intends to uphold the highest standards of ethical conduct." A Pearson lawyer, Bruce Yannett, declined to comment. Dan K. Webb, a lawyer for Schiller, didn't immediately comment. Spokespeople for the FBI and Preet Bharara, the U.S. attorney in Manhattan, declined to comment. Jonathan Rosen, a lawyer for Philidor, didn't respond to requests for comment.

Prosecutors are examining the actions of J. Michael Pearson, Valeant's former CEO, and Howard Schiller, the ex-CFO who became interim CEO during a medical leave by Pearson, according to the people, who discussed the confidential proceedings on the condition of anonymity. Prosecution of individual executives could go beyond just those two, one person said, adding that Philidor executives could also be charged.

While the precise contours of the government's case against Valeant aren't clear, allegations of questionable company practices have emerged in the past year as lawsuits and government investigations mounted. Pearson, the former CEO, was a key architect of Valeant's growth over the years. He stepped down from his role last spring and continues to work as a consultant to the company from a Valeant office near his home, according to the people familiar with the matter. Schiller was blamed by Valeant for "improper conduct" that led the company to restate its earnings for 2014 and 2015, an assertion disputed by Schiller. He stepped down as CFO in 2015 and left the company board this year.

U.S. prosecutors in Boston and Philadelphia are also said to be conducting separate inquiries of Valeant. Boston's investigation, according to a person familiar with the matter, focuses on Valeant's payments to charities that then helped patients make co-payments for the soaring cost of Valeant drugs, some of the most expensive on the market. The Philadelphia case is examining Valeant's billing of government health-care programs for the company's drugs, another person said. The U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston didn't respond to a request for comment. Michele Mucellin, a spokesperson for the U.S. attorney in Philadelphia, declined to comment. Valeant said in October 2015 that federal prosecutors in New York had issued subpoenas seeking information on the company's drug distribution and pricing decisions. It later disclosed an investigation by the SEC. Judy Burns, an SEC spokesperson, declined to comment. Short-sellers first raised questions about Valeant's accounting practices and relationship with Philidor a year ago. As it turned out, Valeant had offered Philidor executives tens of millions of dollars in incentives to sell its products at a time when the relationship between the companies was still secret, according to hundreds of pages of evidence released by U.S. Senate investigators this year. Though they were nominally separate companies, Valeant was Philidor's only client, a class-action lawsuit in New Jersey alleges. Valeant ultimately acknowledged its financial control of Philidor.

In February, Valeant restated its results for 2014 and 2015, disclosing it recorded $58 million in revenue from Philidor earlier than it should have.

That provider, K-Bro Linen Systems, has been used for years by AHS to provide medical linen in the Calgary and Edmonton regions, and the health authority planned to expand the contract to include the rest of the province. The executives noted other health regions, including some in Saskatchewan, B.C., Ontario and Quebec, had gone the outsourcing route. But Health Minister Sarah Hoffman said she personally intervened late last year, telling AHS to look at other options since the strategy ran afoul of NDP policy to prevent further privatization of health services. The plan would have led to the elimination of 130 to 140 full-time equivalent jobs at AHS.

"If you want to change the status quo, you should be able to present a business case, and I asked for evidence ... not unlike other decisions I have put on hold or cancelled," Hoffman said in an interview Tuesday. "It lacks understanding of the current government that we want to make sure we consider a variety of options and that was one of the reasons I asked them to stop with the privatization agenda on this." Hoffman's stance was similar to her controversial decision late last year to abruptly cancel an AHS plan to outsource all medical testing in the Edmonton region to a private company. Such moves were cited by former AHS CEO Vickie Kaminski as examples of NDP micromanagement and ideological decision-making that led, in part, to her resignation earlier this year.

Hoffman declined to provide any details on her discussions with Kaminski, but said new AHS CEO Verna Yiu has been "very excited" to look at alternatives. She said the previous Progressive Conservative government had basically forced AHS into privatizing linen by refusing to provide capital funding for anything considered a support service. She suggested her government is willing to put money into such areas, but it is still unclear how those projects will stack up against competing demands for new hospitals, care facilities and a medical testing lab. "Pretending laundry isn't a critical part of patient care, I don't buy that," Hoffman said.

The linen services department posted a disabling injury rate of 12.06 as of January this year, well above the AHS average rate of 3.01. Though the documents declare AHS to be at a "critical point," executive Mauro Chies tried to downplay the concern. "I don't think we are at critical threshold point right now, but it is on our radar," said Chies, vice-president of clinical support services. AHS is looking at a number of infrastructure options, with a decision expected late this year, Chies said. One of those options is a system of four hubs that would likely be located in Lethbridge, Grande Prairie, Ponoka and one north central community, such as Athabasca. He suggested the construction bill could come in well below estimates quoted in the documents, because AHS is looking at using older warehouse sites already owned by the government, if possible. The new sites would likely include a high level of automation, which could reduce staffing needs about 50 per cent.

the average age was 63

The proportion of patients who died and who did not have C. difficile was 5.8 per cent compared with 22 .1 per cent of the patients who had C. difficile.

They concluded the impact of hospital-acquired C. diff infections on length of stay is less than previous estimates but "remains large."

In a journal commentary accompanying the study, Dr. David Enoch, Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals, United Kingdom and Dr. Sani Aliyu of the U.K.'s Health Protection Agency stressed that prevention and strict control measures such as prudent prescribing of antibiotics, correct hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment by hospital staff are important for controlling the spread of the disease.

Except that if the plan for medicare designed by Stephen Harper is actually carried out (and the numerous other threats materialize), there is one very large assumption that will be patently false. Medicare allows everyone (including the 1%) to lop off a big chunk from their retirement needs -- in the U.S., private health insurance costs the average American family $15,000 a year -- and even that covers only a portion of costs.

A U.S. study, "Get Sick, Get Out: The Medical Causes of Home Mortgage Foreclosures," shows just how devastating sickness can be without public health care: "Half of all respondents (49%) indicated that their foreclosure was caused in part by a medical problem…" The study also examined the impact of medical disruptions -- large out-of-pocket health payments, loss of work due to medical issues, and those tapping into home equity to pay medical bills. Sixty-nine per cent of respondents reported at least one of these factors.

Medicare isn't dead yet, you say. But for Canadians looking to retire in 25 to 40 years, given the trends, it well could be. Medicare is under attack on so many fronts it will take incredible determination on the part of those who will need it to ensure it's there when they retire. Yet younger generations -- who face the greatest threat of losing public health care -- don't seem to think about it that much. They should -- and before the fall election.

The big five vultures anticipating the joys of feeding off medicare's carcass include: B.C. medical privateer Brian Day's legal challenge to medicare; the still unsigned Canada-U.S. "trade" deal (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement); the continuing scam of public-private partnerships fleecing health budgets of hundreds of millions of dollars in excess costs in virtually every province; a new domestic services treaty (Trade In Services Agreement); and lastly, Stephen Harper's new, imposed, health "accord" that will decrease federal contributions to the provinces by $36 billion over 10 years.