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"Science Commons designs strategies and tools for faster, more efficient Web-enabled scientific research - Primary Focus: o Making scientific research "re-useful" - We develop and promote policy and tools to help people and organizations open and mark their research and data sets for reuse. As part of this work, we released an "open data" protocol to enable the global scientific community to pool and use data created under different legal regimes. o Enabling "one-click" access to research tools - We offer a suite of standardized contracts to bring the efficiencies and economies of scale from e-commerce to the world of scientific tools, so researchers can easily replicate, verify, and extend research. o Integrating fragmented information sources - We help researchers find, analyze, and use data from disparate sources by marking and integrating the information with a common, computer-readable language."

- Primary Focus: o Making scientific research "re-useful" - We develop and promote policy and tools to help people and organizations open and mark their research and data sets for reuse. As part of this work, we released an "open data" protocol to enable the global scientific community to pool and use data created under different legal regimes. o Enabling "one-click" access to research tools - We offer a suite of standardized contracts to bring the efficiencies and economies of scale from e-commerce to the world of scientific tools, so researchers can easily replicate, verify, and extend research. o Integrating fragmented information sources - We help researchers find, analyze, and use data from disparate sources by marking and integrating the information with a common, computer-readable language.

"The oldest Koran translation The oldest Koran translation preserved dates from 1143. At the request of Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, it was prepared in Toledo by the polyglot British scholar Robert of Ketton (Robertus Ketenensius, mistakenly referred to as Robertus Retenensis or Robert of Chester). He was assisted by a native Arabic speaker. Several manuscripts reflect the significance of this Latin translation for Western involvement with Islam. Exactly four centuries after the translation originated, it was prepared for publication by the Zurich theologian Theodor Bibliander. In 1543, after fierce debate and mediation on the part of Martin Luther, it was issued by the famous Basle publishing house of Johannes Oporinus. The huge demand for this work led to a second printing seven years later. "