1 The carbon dioxide system in seawater: equilibrium chemistry and measurements
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic chemistry of carbon dioxide in seawater
1.3 The definition and measurement of pH in seawater
1.4 Implications of other acid-base equilibria in seawater on seawater alkalinity
1.5 Choosing the appropriate measurement techniques
1.6 Conclusions and recommendations
2 Approaches and tools to manipulate the carbonate chemistry
3 Atmospheric CO2 targets for ocean acidification perturbation experiments
4 Designing ocean acidification experiments to maximise inference
5 Bioassays, batch culture and chemostat experimentation
6 Pelagic mesocosms
7 Laboratory experiments and benthic mesocosm studies
8 In situ perturbation experiments: natural venting sites, spatial/temporal gradients in ocean pH, manipulative in situ p(CO2) perturbations
9 Studies of acid-base status and regulation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals of acid-base regulation
9.3 Measurement of pH, total CO2 and non-bicarbonate buffer values
9.4 Compartmental measurements: towards a quantitative picture
9.5 Overall suggestions for improvements
10 Studies of metabolic rate and other characters across life stages
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Definition of a frame of reference: studying specific characters across life stages
10.3 Approaches and methodologies: metabolic studies
10.4 Study of early life stages
10.5 Techniques for oxygen analyses
10.6 Overall suggestions for improvements
10.7 Data reporting
10.8 Recommendations for standards and guidelines
11 Production and export of organic matter
12 Direct measurements of calcification rates in planktonic organisms
13 Measurements of calcification and dissolution of benthic organisms and communities
14 Modelling considerations
15 Safeguarding and sharing ocean acidification data
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sharing ocean acidification data
15.3 Safeguarding ocean acidification data
15.4 Harmonising ocean acidification data and metadata
15.5 Disseminating ocean
"Spatial diversity gradients are a pervasive feature of life on Earth. We examined a global ocean circulation, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem model that indicated a decrease in phytoplankton diversity with increasing latitude, consistent with observations of many marine and terrestrial taxa. In the modeled subpolar oceans, seasonal variability of the environment led to competitive exclusion of phytoplankton with slower growth rates and lower diversity. The relatively weak seasonality of the stable subtropical and tropical oceans in the global model enabled long exclusion time scales and prolonged coexistence of multiple phytoplankton with comparable fitness. Superimposed on the decline in diversity seen from equator to pole were "hot spots" of enhanced diversity in some regions of energetic ocean circulation, which reflected lateral dispersal. "