Skip to main content

Home/ Social Studies, Human Resources and Adptations/ Group items tagged problem

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Siri Anderson

Paradigms Restrained: Implications of New and Emerging Technologies for Learning and Co... - 1 views

  • Instructional technology seeks to disprove the idea that "great teachers are born, not made."
  • "Students today can't prepare bark to calculate their problems. They depend on slates, which are more expensive. What will they do when the slate is dropped and it breaks? They will be unable to write." From a Teachers Conference, 1703. "Students today depend on paper too much. They don't know how to write on a slate without getting chalk dust all over themselves. They can't clean a slate properly. What will they do when they run out of paper?" From a principal's publication, 1815. "Students today depend too much on ink. They don't know how to use a pen knife to sharpen a pencil. Pen and ink will never replace the pencil." From the National Association of Teachers Journal, 1907. "Students today depend on store-bought ink. They don't know how to make their own. When they run out of ink they will be unable to write words or cipher until their next trip to the settlement. This is a sad commentary on modern education." From The Rural American Teacher, 1928. "Students depend on these expensive fountain pens. They can no longer write with a straight pen and nib. We parents must not allow them to wallow in such luxury to the detriment of how to cope in the business world, which is not so extravagant." From the Parent Teachers Association Gazette, 1941. "Ballpoint pens will be the ruin of education in our country. Students use these devices and then throw them away. The American values of thrift and frugality are being discarded. Business and banks will never allow such expensive luxuries." From Federal Teachers, 1950.
  • What this suggests is that all technologies, be they things that plug in or advances in thought, have various affordances that make them at times useful and at times not useful. The trick is to figure out what makes them useful in what situations in order to leverage their strengths and avoid their weaknesses.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Organizational instructional strategies are those decisions the instructional designer makes when designing learning activities. The most important of these decisions is how the designer will assist learners to process new information and to process at a deeper level, producing meaningful learning, whether or not a teacher is presen
  • The choice of strategy is based on the designer's belief in the independent existence of knowledge: does it exist without the learner? Which epistemological approach to learning a designer espouses will have great impact on the organizational instructional strategy selected for use.
  • The goal of learning from the objectivist perspective is to communicate or transfer complete and correct understanding to the learner in the most efficient and effective way possible
  • In simple terms, objectivism holds that learners are the passive receivers of knowledge.
  • Cognitivism requires that learners devise methods for learning content.
  • Cognitivism recognizes that most people must develop a method of processing information to integrate it into their own mental models. The most recognizable mechanism in cognitive theory may be the definition of short term and long-term memory, and the need then to devise learner-appropriate methods of moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory. Learners must develop methods to learn how to learn. Consequently, interest in critical thinking skills has become fashionable in education. In terms of what this means for learning, it may be said that the truths are absolute in terms of what people are supposed to learn, but that we provide them latitude in how they arrive at those truths.
  • Constructivism, described by von Glaserfeld (1977) as an alternate theory of knowing, is the belief that knowledge is personally constructed from internal representations by individuals who use their experiences as a foundation (
  • he major differences between objectivism and constructivism involve beliefs about the nature of knowledge and how one acquires it. Objectivists view knowledge as an absolute truth; constructivists are open to different interpretations depending on who is interpreting. Objectivists believe learning involves gaining the answer; constructivists believe that because there are many perspectives, a correct answer is a limiting factor in learning. Constructivists say learning should focus on understanding and it may involve seeing multiple perspectives.
  • Transfer of inert knowledge from one context to another unfamiliar context (i.e. the real world) is difficult and unlikely.
  • nchored instruction is simply the idea that learning should be centered on problems.
  • Cognitive-flexibility theory is centered on "the ability to spontaneously restructure one's knowledge, in many ways, in adaptive response to radically changing situational demands . . .
  • The idea is to allow students to criss-cross the landscape of a content area so that they might have a rich mental model of the domain. The trick is to determine how much complexity a given group of learners is capable of handling without becoming lost or discouraged. A series of scenarios escalating in complexity can usually accommodate most learners.
  • Kurzweil (1999) says there is exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth; examining the speed and density of computation beginning with the first mechanical computers and not just the transistors that Moore used, he concluded that this doubling now occurs every year. He notes that "if the automobile industry had made as much progress [as the computing industry] in the past fifty years, a car today would cost a hundredth of a cent and go faster than the speed of light" (Kurzweil 1999, 25).
  • Already today it is becoming archaic and superfluous to teach facts. Instead, education needs to focus on ways of thinking. In particular, students will need to be able to recognize a problem, determine what information might be needed to solve a problem, find the information required, evaluate the information found, synthesize that information into a solution for the problem, apply the solution to the problem, and evaluate the results of that application
  • By the year 2099 there will no longer be any clear distinction between humans and computers.
  •  
    This artcle really struck me in terms of the descriptions of instructional design and the way they influence the type of learning that happens. Much social studies instruction, it seems to me, produces "inert knowledge" which is why most of us can't remember it later. Consider the descriptions I've highlighted of anchored instruction for an alternative approach.
nikkilh

What is Cerebral Palsy? | CDC - 0 views

  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture.
  • most common motor disability in childhood
  • Cerebral
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • aving to do with the brain.
  • CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person’s ability to control his or her muscles.
  • means weakness or problems with using the muscles.
  • Palsy
  • symptoms of CP vary from person to person.
  • need to use special equipment to be able to walk, or might not be able to walk at all and might need lifelong care.
  • pastic CP affects about 80% of people
  • severe
  • might walk a little awkwardly, but might not need any special help.
  • symptoms can change over a person’s lifetime.
  • intellectual disability; seizures; problems with vision, hearing, or speech; changes in the spine (such as scoliosis); or joint problems (such as contractures).
  • Stiff muscles (spasticity)
  • Uncontrollable movements (dyskinesia)
  • Poor balance and coordination (ataxia)
  • mild CP,
  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy means weakness or problems with using the muscles.
    • nikkilh
       
      Definition of Cerebral palsy (CP)
  • The symptoms of CP vary from person to person. A person with severe CP might need to use special equipment to be able to walk, or might not be able to walk at all and might need lifelong care. A person with mild CP, on the other hand, might walk a little awkwardly, but might not need any special help.
    • nikkilh
       
      Symptoms of CP
  • Types of Cerebral Palsy
    • nikkilh
       
      Types of CP
emerickjudy

https://dyslexiaida.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DITC-Handbook.pdf - 0 views

  • So how can you help?
  • Listening to children’s feelings.
  • Rewarding effort, not just “the product.”
  • ...32 more annotations...
  • Helping students set realistic goals for themselves.
  • it is critical that school personnel, parents, and outside professionals working with the child with dyslexia communicate on an on-going basis to provide the support needed,
  • Accommodations Involving Materials
  • The teacher can help by underlining or highlighting the significant parts of the directions.
  • tear pages from workbooks and materials to present small assignments to students
  • a blank sheet of paper can be used to cover sections of the page n
  • a blank sheet of paper can be used to cover sections of the page
  • asking them to repeat the directions in their own words.
  • Teachers then must supplement the material with practice activities.
  • a glossary of content
  • A reading guide helps the reader understand the main ideas
    • emerickjudy
       
      Graphic organizers
  • Directions, stories, and specific lessons can be recorded. The student can replay the tape to clarify understanding of directions or concepts.
  • text to speech programs,
  • audio books,
  • Highlight essential information
  • Accommodations Involving Interactive Instruction
  • Accommodations
  • break down the directions into subsets
  • Accommodations
  • Accommodations Involving Student Performance
  • response mode can be changed to underlining, selecting from multiple choices, sorting, or marking.
  • respond on individual chalkboards/whiteboards
  • graphic organizers.
  • graphic organizers
  • lace students close to the teacher.
  • use of assignment books or calendars
  • Have students turn lined paper vertically for math. Lined paper can be turned vertically to help students keep numbers in appropriate columns while computing math problems.
    • emerickjudy
       
      TRY THIS!
  • peer-mediated learning. The teacher can pair peers of different ability levels to review their notes, study for a test, read aloud to each other, write stories, or conduct laboratory experiments. Also, a partner can read math problems for students with reading problems to solve.
  • Students can be allowed to complete projects instead of oral reports or vice versa.
  • Screenings should be used with all children in a school, beginning in kindergarten,
  • There are numerous types of screeners; one simple one we recommend is the Colorado Learning Disabilities Questionnaire – Reading Subscale (CLDQ-R) School Age Screener.
  • School Age Dyslexia Screener – CLDQ-R Please read each statement and decide how well it describes the child. Mark your answer by circling the appropriate number. Please do not leave any statement unmarked. Scoring Instructions: Add up the circled numbers and record that as the Total Score _______________ The following cutoffs apply:  Total Score <16 = Minimal Risk  Total Score 16-21 = Moderate Risk  Total Score >21 = Significant Risk
    • emerickjudy
       
      Scoring Instructions: Add up the circled numbers and record that as the Total Score _______________ The following cutoffs apply:  Total Score 21 = Significant Risk *See Colorado Learning Disabilities Questionnaire for more descriptive results
  •  
    Teacher handbook for dyslexia
drewevanaho

Behavior Disorders: Definitions, Characteristics & Related Information | Council for Ch... - 0 views

  •    (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.      (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers.      (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances.      (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.      (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.”
    • drewevanaho
       
      Definitions of EBD
  •  
    "    (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.      (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers.      (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances.      (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.      (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.""
drewevanaho

Speech Therapy: What It Is, How It Works & Why You May Need Therapy - 2 views

  • Speech therapy is the assessment and treatment of communication problems and speech disorders.
  • performed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs),
  • used to improve communication.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • articulation therapy, language intervention activities, and others depending on the type of speech or language disorder.
  • develop in childhood
  • n adults caused by an injury or illness, such as stroke or brain injury.
  • For your child
  • During speech therapy for children, the SLP may:
  • nteract through talking and playing, and using books, pictures other objects as part of language intervention to help stimulate language developmentmodel correct sounds and syllables for a child during age-appropriate play to teach the child how to make certain soundsprovide strategies and homework for the child and parent or caregiver on how to do speech therapy at home
  • peech therapy exercises for adults can help you with speech, language, and cognitive communication.
  • problem solving, memory, and organization, and other activities geared at improving cognitive communicationconversational tactics to improve social communicationbreathing exercises for resonanceexercises to strengthen oral muscles
    • Kelly Nuthak
       
      speech disorders that can be treated with speech therapy.
  • How long do you need speech therapy?
  • How successful is speech therapy?
  • Speech therapy is the assessment and treatment of communication problems and speech disorders. It is performed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), which are often referred to as speech therapists.
    • drewevanaho
       
      ST and SLP definition
Katelyn Karsnia

What is PBIS? | PBIS Rewards - 1 views

  • eaching positive and appropriate behavior, instead of punishing misbehavior, is the goal of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports, or PBIS.
  • methods used to identify and support desired behaviors in the school setting.
  • PBIS seeks to reduce or eliminate poor behavior schoolwide through the encouragement of positive behaviors.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • positive school climate includes
  • Tier 2 – Some Students
  • Tier 1 – Universal or Primary Prevention:
  • Schoolwide For all students, staff members, and settings Designed to reduce problem behaviors Increases instructional time
  • A feeling of safety Respect Engagement in learning Involvement in school life Shared vision Involvement of teachers, students, and families
  • ier 2 addresses at-risk behavior.
  • focus on specific groups of students and the underlying issues that may be causing the behavior.
  • Tier 2 interventions parse out the hidden causes behind negative behavior and provide support in changing those behaviors.
  • Tier 2 – Secondary Prevention: Group supports for some students Specialized interventions for students demonstrating at-risk behavior Prevents worsening of problem behaviors
  • These interventions target students who exhibit high-risk behavior.
  • ndividual plan created to address specific academic or behavioral concerns.
  • Tier 3 – Tertiary Prevention:
  • ndividual support for a few students Specialized interventions for students with high-risk behavior Designed to reduce severity of ongoing problem behaviors
Katelyn Karsnia

Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - 1 views

  • Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21.
  • Each person with Down syndrome is an individual — intellectual and developmental problems may be mild, moderate or severe.
  • Small head Short neck Protruding tongue Upward slanting eye lids (palpebral fissures) Unusually shaped or small ears Poor muscle tone Broad, short hands with a single crease in the palm Relatively short fingers and small hands and feet Excessive flexibility Tiny white spots on the colored part (iris) of the eye called Brushfield's spots Short height
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • mild to moderate cognitive impairment
  • usually are diagnosed before or at birth.
  • three genetic variations can cause Down syndrome:
  • Being carriers of the genetic translocation for Down syndrome.
  • Trisomy 21
  • Mosaic Down syndrome.
  • Translocation Down syndrome.
  • Advancing maternal age.
  • three genetic variations can cause Down syndrome:
  • Having had one child with Down syndrome.
  • Trisomy 21
  • Heart defects
  • Gastrointestinal (GI) defects.
  • Immune disorders.
  • Immune disorders.
  • Sleep apnea.
  • Sleep apnea.
  • Obesity.
  • Obesity.
  • Spinal problems.
  • Leukemia
  • Leukemia
  • Dementia.
  • Other problems
Katelyn Karsnia

Muscular dystrophy - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - 1 views

  • Muscular dystrophy
  • group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
  • abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • medications and therapy can help manage symptoms and slow the course of the disease.
  • no cure
  • Specific signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups, depending on the type of muscular dystrophy.
  • common in boys.
  • Signs and symptoms
  • Frequent falls Difficulty rising from a lying or sitting position Trouble running and jumping Waddling gait Walking on the toes Large calf muscles Muscle pain and stiffness Learning disabilities Delayed growth
  • Symptoms generally begin in the teens but might not occur until the mid-20s or later.
  • Myotonic.
  • Facioscapulohumeral (FSHD).
  • Congenital.
  • Limb-girdle.
  • Certain genes are involved in making proteins that protect muscle fibers. Muscular dystrophy occurs when one of these genes is defective.
  • Trouble walking.
  • Trouble using arms.
  • Shortening of muscles or tendons around joints (contractures)
  • Breathing problems.
  • Curved spine (scoliosis).
  • Heart problems.
  • Swallowing problems.
drewevanaho

Multiple sclerosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - 0 views

  • Multiple sclerosis (
  • disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
  • can cause permanent damage or deterioration of the nerves.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • ose the ability to walk independently or at all, while others may experience long periods of remission without any new symptoms.
  • no cure for multiple sclerosis
  • Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of your body at a time, or your legs and trunk Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward (Lhermitte sign) Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait
  • Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement Prolonged double vision Blurry vision
  • lurred speech Fatigue Dizziness Tingling or pain in parts of your body Problems with sexual, bowel and bladder function
  • xperience periods of new symptoms or relapses that develop over days or weeks and usually improve partially or completely.
  • Muscle stiffness or spasms Paralysis, typically in the legs Problems with bladder, bowel or sexual function Mental changes, such as forgetfulness or mood swings Depression Epilepsy
  • 50% of those with relapsing-remitting MS eventually develop a steady progression of symptoms, with or without periods of remission, within 10 to 20 years from disease onset
  • autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
  • Certain infections
  • Climate
  • Vitamin D
  • Certain autoimmune diseases
  • Smoking
  • elapses are followed by quiet periods of disease remission that can last months or even years.
  • Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of your body at a time, or your legs and trunk Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward (Lhermitte sign) Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait
    • drewevanaho
       
      Symptoms of MS
  •  
    Clinical view of MS
Katelyn Karsnia

Developmental delay: identification and management at primary care level - 0 views

  • mild
  • severe
  • more than one domain
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • single domain
  • developmental disorder; developmental arrest and regression; and developmental disability.
  • occurs when a child does not achieve developmental milestones in comparison to peers of the same age range.
  • moderate
  • Developmental delays are common and can involve either a single domain or multiple domains of the child’s functioning.Early identification of developmental delays and appropriate management can positively alter the child’s developmental trajectory.Primary care physicians play a pivotal role in early identification of developmental delays through developmental screening and surveillance.For children presenting with mild developmental delays and in the absence of any red flags, appropriate stimulation activities can be suggested, with close monitoring of the child.There should be a low threshold for specialist referral for children at high risk for developmental problems, such as those who are in care, have an underlying chronic medical condition, or have a primary caregiver with a mental health problem.
Katelyn Karsnia

Visual Impairment: What Is Impaired Vision? - 1 views

  • common vision-threatening eye diseases are:
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Common eye disease that can cause visual impairment
  • visual field of
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      What visual impairment is classified as and what blindness is
  • common method
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Common visual measurements
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • Visual impairment, or vision impairment,
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Definition of Visual impairment
  • DiabetesStrokeThyroid diseaseMyasthenia gravisLyme diseaseAIDSTumors located in or around the eye
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Illness that can cause vision problems
  • The eye itselfOptic nerveOrbit (area around each eye)The vision pathways inside the head
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Injuries that can cause visual problems
  • Head injuries
  • Together with doctors and other medical professionals, humanitarian groups and organizations such as the National Federation of the Blind, the American Council for the Blind and Hadley can offer a helping hand to those affected by vision loss.
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Resources to help people with impaired vision
  • means full correction is not even possible with the help of glasses, contact lenses, medication or vision surgery.
  • means that someone’s eyesight is reduced (impaired) to the extent that it can’t be corrected to a normal level.
  • Moderate visual impairmentVisual acuity: 20/70 to 20/160Severe visual impairmentVisual acuity: 20/200 to 20/400 and/orVisual field: 20 degrees or lessProfound visual impairmentVisual acuity: 20/500 to 20/1000 and/orVisual field: 10 degrees or less
  • less than 20
  • his degree of visual field loss is classified as legally blind.
  • Total blindness is the absence of all light.
  • Macular degenerationDiabetic retinopathyGlaucomaCataractsSerious eye infections
nikkilh

Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page | National Institute of Neurological... - 0 views

  • There is no known cure for PDD. Medications are used to address specific behavioral problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to need.
    • nikkilh
       
      treatment as there is no known cure
  • The diagnostic category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. Parents may note symptoms as early as infancy, although the typical age of onset is before 3 years of age
    • nikkilh
       
      Definition of pervasive developmental disorders
  • Symptoms may include problems with using and understanding language; difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; unusual play with toys and other objects; difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings, and repetitive body movements or behavior patterns.
    • nikkilh
       
      Symptoms
jkolodji

Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic - 1 views

  •  
    "Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. "
nikkilh

Dr. Ross Greene - 1 views

    • nikkilh
       
      Lost at School By: Dr. Ross Greene
  • Lost at School
  • In so many schools, kids with social, emotional, and behavioral challenges are still poorly understood and treated in a way that is completely at odds with what is now known about how they came to be challenging in the first place.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • A review of ten years of research found that these policies have not only failed to make schools safe or more effective in handling student behavior, but have actually increased behavior problems and dropout rates. Yet public elementary and secondary schools in the United States continue to dole out a whopping 110,000 expulsions and 3 million suspensions each year, along with countless tens of millions of detentions.
  • These kids would like nothing better than to be able to handle the social, emotional, and behavioral challenges being placed on them at school and in life, but they can’t seem to pull it off.
  • Three massive shifts are required: (1) a dramatic improvement in understanding the factors that set the stage for challenging behavior in kids; (2) creating mechanisms for helping these kids that are predominantly proactive instead of reactive; and (3) creating processes so people can work on problems collaboratively.
Katelyn Karsnia

Diagnosis - Brain Injury Association of America - 0 views

  • injury to the head, a
    • Katelyn Karsnia
       
      Common symptoms of brain injury
  • Spinal fluid (thin, clear liquid) coming out of the ears or nose Loss of consciousness  Dilated (the black center of the eye is large and does not get smaller in light) or unequal size of pupils Vision changes (blurred vision or seeing double, not able to tolerate bright light, loss of eye movement, blindness) Dizziness Balance problems Respiratory failure (difficulty breathing) Coma (not alert and unable to respond to others) or semi-comatose state Paralysis, or difficulty moving body parts Weakness Poor coordination Slow pulse Slow breathing rate, with an increase in blood pressure Vomiting Lethargy Headache Confusion Ringing in the ears (tinnitus), or changes in ability to hear Difficulty with thinking skills (difficulty “thinking straight”, memory problems, poor judgment, poor attention span, a slowed thought processing speed) Inappropriate emotional responses (irritability, easily frustrated, inappropriate crying or laughing) Difficulty speaking (slurred speech, difficulty swallowing) Body numbness or tingling Loss of bowel control or bladder control
Jill Ollmann

Teacher resources, sustainable food - Education and Schools - Sustainable Table - 0 views

  •  
    Resources to teach students about sustainable farming. Short videos about the problems associated with factory farms.
Siri Anderson

The Answer Sheet - What 'Superman' got wrong, point by point - 0 views

  • According to the Department of Education, the country will need 1.6 million new teachers in the next five years. Retention of talented teachers is one key. Good teaching is about making connections to students, about connecting what they learn to the world in which they live, and this only happens if teachers have history and roots in the communities where they teach
  • The film-makers betray a lack of understanding of how people actually learn, the active and engaged participation of students in the learning process. They ignore the social construction of knowledge, the difference between deep learning and rote memorization.
  • Waiting for Superman has ignored deep historical and systemic problems in education such as segregation, property-tax based funding formulas, centralized textbook production, lack of local autonomy and shared governance, de-professionalization, inadequate special education supports, differential discipline patterns, and the list goes on and on.
  •  
    Wendy thanks for this link on Facebook. I'm going to see it tonight! I look forward to debate on this topic in the weeks ahead.
Amanda Blumhoefer

Multicultural Games and Activities - 1 views

    • Jen Bartsch
       
      It's humbling to learn about our world's hunger problem. Countless individuals die from starvation every day throughout the world, yet our country enjoys overabundance at every level. How can we create a balance?
  •  
    Wow, is this site full of cultural ideas. Thats great that they have the lessons, ideas and activities all laid out and categorized. How fun and easy to use this site.
  •  
    This site offers a ton of games and activities for multicultural awareness.
1 - 20 of 45 Next › Last »
Showing 20 items per page