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Endocytosis is a process for moving items that are outside of the cell into the cytoplasm of the cell. Exocytosis is a process for moving items from the cytoplasm of the cell to the outside. Both endocytosis and exocytosis vary from the other forms of membrane transport, because materials do not cross through the lipid bilayer. Instead, items being moved into or out of the cell are engulfed by entire sections of the membrane lipid bilayer. They are being swallowed up or spit out by the membrane so to speak.

A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes (see micelle). Most vesicles have specialized functions depending on what materials they contain.

Kalciumöverskott i cytosolen: Skadade membran med ökad permeabilitet för kalcium i kombination med utslagna kalciumpumpar leder till att ett överskott på kalcium läcker ut i cytosolen från ER och mitokondrierna. Detta leder i sin tur till okontrollerad enzymaktivering då kalcium används i många intracellulära signaleringsvägar. Exempel på enzym som aktiveras är fosfolipaser, proteinkinaser och proteaser. Calpain, ett proteas som kan lösa upp proteinfilamenten i cytoskelettet, aktiveras exempelvis. Ökad aktivering av dessa leder i sin tur till ökade cellulära skador och nedbrytning av membran och cytoskelett

ATP-brist

The Golgi complex is composed of numerous sets of smooth cisternae, which are coated with lipid membranes

The Golgi complex is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes.

File:Chloroplast diagram.svg