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Mbmizgin MB

Plasmid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.[1] In many cases, it is circular and double-stranded. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the 2-micrometre-ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000 kilobase pairs (kbp).[2][3][4] The number of identical plasmids within a single cell can range anywhere from one to even thousands under some circumstances. Plasmids can be considered to be part of the mobilome, since they are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
  • Plasmids used in genetic engineering are called vectors. Plasmids serve as important tools in genetics and biotechnology labs, where they are commonly used to multiply (make many copies of) or express particular genes.[2] Many plasmids are commercially available for such uses. The gene to be replicated is inserted into copies of a plasmid containing genes that make cells resistant to particular antibiotics and a multiple cloning site (MCS, or polylinker), which is a short region containing several commonly used restriction sites allowing the easy insertion of DNA fragments at this location. Next, the plasmids are inserted into bacteria by a process called transformation. Then, the bacteria are exposed to the particular antibiotics. Only bacteria which take up copies of the plasmid survive , since the plasmid makes them resistant. In particular, the protecting genes are expressed (used to make a protein) and the expressed protein breaks down the antibiotics. In this way the antibiotics act as a filter to select only the modified bacteria
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  • Fertility-F-plasmids, which contain tra-genes. They are capable of conjugation (transfer of genetic material between bacteria which are touching). Resistance-(R)plasmids, which contain genes that can build a resistance against antibiotics or poisons and help bacteria produce pili. Historically known as R-factors, before the nature of plasmids was understood. Col-plasmids, which contain genes that code for (determine the production of) bacteriocins, proteins that can kill other bacteria. Degradative plasmids, which enable the digestion of unusual substances, e.g., toluene or salicylic acid. Virulence plasmids, which turn the bacterium into a pathogen (one that causes disease).
ene05sah

Protein i mitokondrier orsak till tidigt åldrade - 0 views

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    Proteiner i cellernas kraftverk som blir instabila och faller sönder kan leda till ett för tidigt åldrande, visar en studie vid Karolinska....
Mbmizgin MB

Transformation (genetics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • Plasmid transformation In order to persist and be stably maintained in the cell, a plasmid DNA molecule must contain an origin of replication, which allows it to be replicated in the cell independently of the chromosome. Because transformation usually produces a mixture of rare transformed cells and abundant non-transformed cells, a method is needed to identify the cells that have acquired the plasmid. Plasmids used in transformation experiments will usually also contain a gene giving resistance to an antibiotic that the intended recipient strain of bacteria is sensitive to. Cells able to grow on media containing this antibiotic will have been transformed by the plasmid, as cells lacking the plasmid will be unable to grow. Another marker, used for identifying E. coli cells that have acquired recombinant plasmids, is the lacZ gene, which codes for β-galactosidase. Because β-galactosidase is a homo-tetramer, with each monomer made up of one lacZ-α and one lacZ-ω protein, if only one of the two requisite proteins is expressed in the resulting cell, no functional enzyme will be formed. Thus, if a strain of E. coli without lacZ-α in its genome is transformed using a plasmid containing the missing gene fragment, transformed cells will produce β-galactosidase, while untransformed cells will not, as they are only able to produce the omega half of the monomer. In this type of transformation, the polylinker region of the plasmid lies in the lacZ-α gene fragment, meaning that successfully produced recombinant plasmids will have the desired gene inserted somewhere within lacZ-α. When this disrupted gene fragment is expressed by E. coli, no usable lacZ-α protein is produced, and therefore no usable β-galactosidase is formed. When grown on media containing the colorless, modified galactose sugar X-gal, colonies that are able to metabolize the substrate (and that have therefore been transformed, but not by recombinant plasmids) will appear blue in color; colonies that are not able to metabolize the substrate (and that have therefore been transformed by recombinant plasmids) will appear white.
tillie j

YouTube - Protein Modification (Golgi) - 2 views

  • Protein Modification (Golgi)
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    Modell som animation om hur gogliapparaten fungerar. På engelska. Lätt att förstå. Från North Dakota State University.
tillie j

Golgi and Protein Processing - 0 views

  • After translation on ribosomes in the cytosolic compartment all proteins are processed either in the cytosol or in the ER/Golgi system. 
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    Fakta om golgiapparaten. Bra modeller och bilder.
Zukki Jeewaratnam

Kinesin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

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    Motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells, which goes along microtubules cables.
tillie j

The Golgi Apparatus - 0 views

  • The Golgi apparatus is a cell structure mainly devoted to processing the proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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    Hemsida på engelska som fördjupar sig i golgiapparatens funktion. Inte jättelätt att förstå men man klarar det ändå. Har modeller på hur den den ser ut och hur den fungerar.
tillie j

YouTube - Protein Trafficking - 0 views

  • Protein Trafficking
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    Animation om golgiapparaten från youtube.
Zukki Jeewaratnam

Tubulin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

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    Member of a small family globular proteins.
tillie j

Microtubules Help Golgi Get Itself Together : Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center - 0 views

  • Microtubules are the main component of the cell’s internal scaffolding (cytoskeleton). One of their main functions is to transport organelles and proteins required for a cell to move and divide. While the majority of microtubules originate from a small structure near the nucleus called the centrosome, Irina Kaverina, Ph.D., and colleagues previously identified a unique subset of microtubules that originate from the Golgi complex — a structure inside the cell that processes and packages proteins for transport.
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    Forskning om hur cancer ska botas med hjälp av golgi.
tillie j

Kroppen - 0 views

  • Matsmältningsorganen / Nedbrytningen av födan
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    Sjukvårdsrådgivningens hemsida. Handlar om hur vi bryter ner samt tar upp föda i vår kropp. Lätt att förstå. Väldigt grundläggande.
tillie j

nudt9.jpg (JPEG-bild, 574x642 pixlar) - Skalad (85%) - 0 views

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    modell av hydrolas enzym
tillie j

mpr.jpg (JPEG-bild, 420x392 pixlar) - 0 views

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    modell av enodomen
c-svedhem

Hundens anatomi och fysiologi - 0 views

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    Olika cellfunktioner och hur vad de olika organellerna har för funktion
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    Olika cellfunktioner och hur vad de olika organellerna har för funktion
tillie j

Golgi apparatus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

  • The Golgi apparatus (also called the Golgi bodies, Golgi complex, dictyosome, or more colloquially Golgi) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1898 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and was named after him.
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    Om golgiapparaten på Wikipedia - på engelska. Mer fakta än på svenska Wikipedia, och mer djupgående.
tillie j

Golgi Apparatus - 0 views

  • The Golgi complex is composed of numerous sets of smooth cisternae, which are coated with lipid membranes
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    Hemsida på engelska om organeller. Grundläggande. Modeller finns.
tillie j

Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure: Golgi Complex - 0 views

  • The Golgi complex is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes.
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    En sida för barn skriven på engelska. Beskriver här om golgiapparaten men finns även beskrivningar om andra organeller.
tillie j

solunetti: Golgiapparatens struktur - 0 views

  • Golgiapparaten består av 4-6 platta vesikler, som inte står i direkt kontakt med varandra (se bilden).
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    En finsk hemsida från ett universitets översatt till svenska. Djup information som dock kräver efterforskning på vissa begrepp för att få en bra helbild. Just denna sida beskriver golgiapparatens struktur.
tillie j

Golgi apparatus - 0 views

  • animated overview of the Golgi apparatus
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    Animation av golgiapparatens funktion. Enkel att förstå trots att den är på engelska. Finns även om andra organeller än golgiapparaten.
tillie j

ER, Golgiapparaten & Lysosomer - 0 views

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    Detta är en hemsida som hjälper elever att få högre betyg genom att förenkla begrepp - jag ser det som en ordbok. Väldigt grundläggande men sammanfattar bra. Innehåller även film om hur golgiapparaten fungerar - denna från North Dakota State University.
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