APEngLangper711-12

This quote gives a broad example of what blacks need to do to overcome the racial oppresssion. This key to the education of both men as it leads to their rebirths

This quote shows the betrayal of Elijah Muhamma and the theme of appearance vs. reality. This moment is the second rebirth just as IM has to rebirths. Here he sees that the Nation does not stand for the right beliefs and knows he has to move on

"Unemployment among African Americans was well above the national average, and one-half of all black Americans lived below the poverty line (as opposed to one-fifth of whites). Not surprisingly, tensions ran high in black communities."

"Property damage exceeded $45 million. So many people had been arrested-more than four thousand-that some had to be detained in buses. More than a thousand people were injured, and forty-three people had been killed. The dead included looters, snipers, a policeman, and a fireman, as well as many innocent people who had been caught in the cross fire."

This article describes the major race riots in the 1960's in response to racial disparity. The riots were engendered by racial tensions between whites and blacks aggrandized by competition over jobs and housing. The black communities were overcrowded and crime-ridden, and the blacks were unwelcome in white communities. Racism results in riots that ends with bloody violence and the death of innocent bystanders caught in the crossfire. This article provides an example of the consequences of rampant inequality in society between races which resembles the riots present in Invisible Man and Malcolm X.

"An individual with an inferiority complex is often overwhelmed, and as a result, the inferiority complex can become as consuming as an ailment or disease."

This article discusses the inferiority complex. The inferiority complex is when an individual feels permanently unable to overcome his inferiority and reach his goals. In both Invisible Man and Malcolm X, the black people suffer from an inferiority complex because white society has ingrained the concept into them since birth. The blacks believe as a race they are inferior to the whites, or they have doubts in their ability to stand on equal footing with whites because society demonstrates the black inferiority whenever able. This article supports an essay discussing oppression and the effects of oppression.

"All human beings are under the same obligation to obey the divine law ("Noblest among you is the most righteous" Qurʾan 49:13), and this equality is further expressed in the universality of the messages that God sends to His creatures throughout time and place, starting with Adam and concluding with Muhammad"

"The Qurʾan exhibits a firmly actionalist system of ethics based on individual responsibility in the realization of the optimal social, economic, and political structure of the umma, the universal community of believers."

This article provides information on the Islamic religion. In Malcolm X, the Islamic religion is vital to Malcolm X's journey and ultimate realization. After Malcolm X participates in his pilgrimage, he realizes that he demonizes the white people throughout his life, although there are decent white people among the demons just like any group of individuals. This realizes causes Malcolm X to change his approach to the whole racial problem in America and open him to working with the whites. This article is beneficial to an essay discussing Malcolm X's journey.

"Its use of the written word, art, and culture to heighten the consciousness of the black community also linked the movement to the Harlem Renaissance (or the New Negro Renaissance), which relied heavily on these black expressive endeavors."

"The Black Power movement was preoccupied with increasing black people's level of consciousness. Black people began calling themselves black instead of negro. "

This article provides historical information on the Black Power movement which was heavily influenced by Malcolm X. Black Power movement mimicked Malcolm X's view that the black people should not just assimilate into society and surrender to the whites. Black Power struggled to reverse the inferiority complex of the black people and gave rise to phrases such as "Black is Beautiful". This article supports an essay delving into the issue of the physiological effects of oppression and the fight against oppression.

"However, the migrants were no longer obsequiously dependent on agriculture or domestic service for livelihood, nor were their lives and limbs endangered because of political agitation. They were free to support racial uplift organizations and programs."

" Blacks were becoming less rural and more urban and aggressive. The social energies that fueled postwar activism had been built virtually out of sight of mainstream America."

This article provides historical background for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950's and 1960's. The article explains the influence of the postwar era and other factors that engender and affected the movement. The article provides additional insight into the society dictated position of blacks in American culture and racism throughout the society. This article puts the autobiography, Malcolm X, into greater historical context. The article would be beneficial for an essay discussing oppression and the black's fight to attain equality.

"El-Hajj Malik is a source of pride for African-Americans, Muslims, and Americans in general. His message is simple and clear: I am not a racist in any form whatever. I don't believe in any form of racism. I don't believe in any form of discrimination or segregation. I believe in Islam. "

This article is a biography of Malcolm X written from an Islamic perspective. This article discussed the legacy of Malcolm X in terms of his contributions to the Islamic faith in America. Malcolm X's perception changes when he witnesses the orthodox Muslim pilgrimage where everyone was free from discrimination. Malcolm X comes to the realization that he is wrong to decree all whites evil and that there are decent white people along with the bad just like any other race.

"The chief legacy of Malcolm X is that he sharpened and clarified the racial debate in America during the 1950s and 1960s. "

This article is a biography of Malcolm X that discusses his life and the legacy he left behind. The article expresses the purpose of Malcolm X and what he accomplished throughout his life. The article provides additional insight in to the accomplishments of Malcolm X from a historical point of view.

this article highlights the fact that the only effective disobedience in Invisible Man is violent disobedience, because civil disobedience never works in the novel. Whenever action is taken, serious action, it is taken with force.

"Sexism commonly describes attitudes, statements, acts, strategies, or methods that lead to the discrimination, marginalization, or oppression of individuals or groups based on their sex. "

This article describes the occurrence of sexism in society. The oppression of women based upon their sex consistently occurs throughout the history of America. In Invisible Man, the whites oppress the blacks, and the blacks oppress the women. In America, groups oppress each other in order to maintain their position in top or above others. This article would support an essay dealing with oppression, and the occurrence of oppression to promote certain groups over others.

goes into detail about the theme of invisibility and connects it to the real world. Relates the apocalyptic ending of the novel to the theme of invisibility, as well as discussing Ellison's literary influences

"Seeking housing in white communities, blacks found themselves unwelcome and sometimes attacked. Competition for jobs and housing increased racial tensions"

"African Americans retaliated, and soon innocents of both races were beaten and killed as the riot intensified. Seven days of mayhem produced thirty-eight dead, fifteen whites and twenty-three blacks; 537 injuries; and 1,000 homeless families."

This article describes the historic event of the Chicago Riots of 1919. The riots were engendered by racial tensions between whites and blacks aggrandized by competition over jobs and housing. The black communities were overcrowded and crime-ridden, and the blacks were unwelcome in white communities. This article provides an example of the consequences of rampant inequality in society between races which resembles the Harlem riot present in Invisible Man.

"Every society organizes around a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors. Prejudices play a major part in shaping these beliefs and the resulting behavior that leads to unequal treatment among various groups within the society. "

"These historical patterns of race relations greatly influenced how people in America through time perceived others and interacted with them. These patterns of behavior became entrenched, creating social standards people were expected to live by. Blacks were stereotyped as weaker, less able, and less valuable than whites."

This article explains racial prejudice forms and becomes instilled in a society. The prejudice then affects various aspects of the society against the object of the oppression. Invisible Man demonstrates this concept through the racism the narrator experiences being a member of society. Some of the discrimination against the narrator is unintentional, but some is deliberate. This article would support an essay discussing the effect of prejudice on society's values, customs, and beliefs.

"Racism is intertwined with discrimination in two dimensions. On the one hand, discrimination is a specific practice that can arise from racism. On the other hand, racism is a specific form of discrimination directed against a social group that is constructed with regard to physical attributes, for example the color of the skin or the hair type."

"Racism gets its full power by infiltrating people's own specific perceptions. In the minds of both victims and perpetrators, racism is produced and reproduced with prejudices and stereotypes from the other and the own."

This article explains the definition of racism and the forms in which it is found in society. The article discusses the psychological effects of racism and how it consists mainly of mind over body. Invisible Man shows how racism starts to physiologically engender the oppressed into believing in they are inferior. This article would provide insight and support into an essay discussing oppression and its effects.

"Ellison's evolving political views had a deep impact on his continual re-envisioning of that novel's structure and content."

This article is a biography on Ralph Ellison which explains the time from his birth to his death. The article provides additional insight into Ellison's life and his early life ambitions. This article expresses how the events of Ellison's life and political views provide insight to the authorial purpose of the novel which is to bring the reader to the realization of their own oppressive behavior and hopefully change.

Talks about Malcolms affect and his rise to becoming one of the most controversial figures of the 20th century.

"... the Renaissance encouraged literary and artistic works that would reshape notions of blackness in American popular consciousness and counter dominant stereotypes of black inferiority."

This article discusses the Harlem Renaissance in terms of the contribution of women and how they were often overlooked. This article provides additional insight into the culture of the period in which Invisible Man takes place and the role of women. This article provides support for an essay discussing the roles and oppression of gender in Invisible Man.

"Many of the contributions of women and sexual minorities to the Harlem Renaissance were overlooked, minimized, or forgotten in the decades after the movement."

"Southern blacks considered a move to the north as a step toward economic independence and a better life in a region of the country where they believed they might be treated more fairly."

This article provides historical background for the 1930's time period in which the novel, Invisible Man, takes place. The article provides additional insight into the society dictated position of blacks in American culture and racism throughout the society. This novel puts the book into greater historical context.

"Oklahoma-a rogue state of sorts, Southern in geography, but not slaveholding-gave mixed messages to the young Ellison"

This source discusses the background of Ralph Ellison, and his upbringing and how it shaped the way he wrote "Invisible Man". The source shows how his childhood and experiences make the novel have themes and topics still relevant today.