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David McLellan

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men - 0 views

xroads.virginia.edu/...letus.html

#class #austerity #poverty #documentary

shared by David McLellan on 04 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • "Evans believed his photographs were self-explanatory; the presence of words implied that the image was somehow deficient." Keeping the images separate from Agee's text brought more recognition to the images themselves, and it was a total break from the trends of photo-journalism, which used images to illustrate text. The images are quintessential of Evans' "documentary style"; Evans' dis-interested approach to these families resulted in portraying them with dignity and strength, although they lived in complete poverty. He sought to show the beauty of order and respectability within such an impoverished condition.
  • David McLellan on 04 Oct 13
     
    The famous Depression Era photographs and portraits of Walker Evans were originally rejected by Fortune but later published in a short book titled 'Let Us Now Praise Famous Men'.  In Evans' photographs, especially his portraits, he attempted to portray a sense of dignity regardless of social or economic class.  His images were so strong that he refused to provide captions for his images, rather he preferred the images to speak for themselves.
David McLellan

Tenant Farmer Wife (Allie Mae Burroughs) | Milwaukee Art Museum - 0 views

collection.mam.org/details.php

#class #austerity #vulnerability #determination

shared by David McLellan on 04 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • The blunt honesty with which Agee and Evans conveyed a bleak national situation resulted in Fortune's rejection of the story as too controversial, but Agee's account and thirty one of Evans's images were published in 1941 as Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. This photograph of Allie Mae Burroughs, the female head of one of three sharecropper families on whom Evans and Agee focused, has become an icon of twentieth century art. The simplicity of Mrs. Burroughs's self presentation, the shallow depth of field, and the narrow tonal range of the print seem to illustrate perfectly the austerity of her circumstances. But it is Evans's masterful rendering of her individual demeanor-the strength of will communicated through the intensity of her expression-that transforms the image from a sentimental portrait of socioeconomic vulnerability into a striking declaration of human determination.
  • David McLellan on 04 Oct 13
     
    This powerful 1936 portrait of Allie Mae Burroughs was originally taken in order to be used in a story for Fortune.  The story was rejected by Fortune for being too bleak, but the inconic image became one of the many famous Faces of the American depression.  The simplicity of the shot, coupled with the simplicity of subject and set up this now famous portrait by Walker Evans.
Omri Amit

women's movement - 1 views

www.britannica.com/...womens-movement

gender femininemystique NOW equalrights

shared by Omri Amit on 06 Nov 13 - Cached
  • Omri Amit on 06 Nov 13
     
    Encyclopedia Britannica's article about the women's movement in the United States offers insight to the movement's history and evolution. One of the catalysts it discusses is Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" which wrote about the suburban housewife's boredom and lack of fulfillment even though they have been educated that they had a nice house, children and husbands. The article also explains how the National Organization for Women (NOW) was created due to the slow understanding that Women needed a liberation group of their own equivalent to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. There is a paragraph about the movement's successes such as the backing of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which granted Women access to jobs in every corner of the U.S. economy.
Janet Thomas

Document Deep Dive: Rosa Parks' Arrest Records | History & Archaeology | Smithsonian Ma... - 1 views

www.smithsonianmag.com/...-Arrest-Records-181268201.html

#race #arrest #rosa #parks

shared by Janet Thomas on 05 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Janet Thomas on 05 Sep 13
     
    This Smithsonian site is a great place to get lots of information about many different subjects-including Rosa Parks arrest for riding in an "unauthorized" area of a bus. The details of the arrest record of Mrs. Parks and the (now historical) copies of her fingerprints together with a detailed diagram of the scene of her "crime" are astonishing to see.
eugene yates

Alabama Tenant Farmer Wife - 1 views

www.metmuseum.org/...hd_evan.htm

#class #walkerevans #alabamafarmerwife

shared by eugene yates on 04 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • The progenitor of the documentary tradition in American photography, Evans had the extraordinary ability to see the present as if it were already the past, and to translate that knowledge and historically inflected vision into an enduring art. His principal subject was the vernacular—the indigenous expressions of a people found in roadside stands, cheap cafés (1971.646.35), advertisements (1987.1100.59), simple bedrooms, and small-town main streets. For fifty years, from the late 1920s to the early 1970s, Evans recorded the American scene with the nuance of a poet and the precision of a surgeon, creating an encyclopedic visual catalogue of modern America in the making.
  • Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941), a lyric journey to the limits of direct observation. Its 500 pages of words and pictures is a volatile mix of documentary description and intensely subjective, even autobiographical writing, which endures as one of the seminal achievements of twentieth-century American letters. Evans' photographs for Let Us Now Praise Famous Men are stunningly honest representations of the faces (2001.415), bedrooms, and clothing of individual farmers living on a dry hillside seventeen miles north of Greensboro, Alabama. As a series, they seem to have elucidated the whole tragedy of the Great Depression; individually, they are intimate, transcendent, and enigmatic. For many, they are the apogee of Evans' career in photography.
  • David McLellan on 04 Oct 13
     
    This is a background into the style and history of the photographer of Allie Mae Burroughs, Walker Evans.  He was especially known for taking simplistic photographs and portraits of people in their natural surrounding and settings and by doing so Evans provided a documentary of what life was like in depression era America.  
  • eugene yates on 07 Oct 13
     
    This site contains a summary of who Walker Evans was and what his photography symbolizes. Within this site many images taken by Evans can be found along with essays and notes on the materials and techniques used.
David McLellan

Sharecropper (Floyd Burroughs), Hale County, Alabama − Walker Evans − E − Art... - 0 views

www.nationalgalleries.org/...22564

#class #labor #aged #eyes

shared by David McLellan on 04 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • This photograph was taken by Evans, while he was working for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). The subject of the photograph is one of the tenant farmers, whom Evans had got to know, while documenting life in Alabama's devastated cotton belt during the Depression. Evans intended these photographs to represent an objective, non-propagandist record of the Depression. He strove not to create iconic images, but, instead, to be descriptive and avoid stereotypes. Evans and the writer, James Agee who accompanied him on the project, later collaborated to make a book of photographs and writing, called 'Let Us Now Praise Famous Men.'
  • This photograph was taken by Evans, while he was working for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). The subject of the photograph is one of the tenant farmers, whom Evans had got to know, while documenting life in Alabama's devastated cotton belt during the Depression. Evans intended these photographs to represent an objective, non-propagandist record of the Depression. He strove not to create iconic images, but, instead, to be descriptive and avoid stereotypes. Evans and the writer, James Agee who accompanied him on the project, later collaborated to make a book of photographs and writing, called 'Let Us Now Praise Famous Men.'
  • David McLellan on 04 Oct 13
     
    This is a portrait of Allie Mae Burroughs husband, Floyd Burroughs, taken at the same time by Walker Evans.  This photograph uses the same basic layout with focused placed on the eyes and thin lipped straight-line mouth, made famous in the portrait of his wife, Allie Mae Burroughs.  
Heidi Beckles

Let Us Now Trash Famous Authors - 0 views

www.theatlantic.com/...307994

#class #jamesagee #value #privacy #alliemaeburroughs

shared by Heidi Beckles on 10 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Heidi Beckles on 10 Oct 13
     
    That book," Doug says, caused "a lot of bad blood" in his family. "That writer, Jimmy what's-his-name," never told the family he was writing a book, "exploited" them for profit, and "humiliated" them by laying bare the difficult reality of their lives. While the Burroughs family worked in the field, Agee and Evans stayed back at the house. The family assumed they were simply lazy, but later learned from the book that the "spies" spent their days poking through drawers to record every spool of thread, scrap of fabric, and clip of newsprint they discovered within. That was invading their privacy. This site really helps explain a lot of how people of lower class were manipulated, misused and how people of different skin tones other than black also dealt with the same harsh realities in America. Heidi Beckles
Drew Yost

Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies : NPR - 1 views

www.npr.org/...story.php

#race #rosa #death

shared by Drew Yost on 05 Sep 13 - Cached
  • Drew Yost on 07 Sep 13
     
    I love NPR!  For those of you who do not know NPR stands for National Public Radio: an organization delivering news over the airwaves, and now in many other waves as well.  I have the application for my iPad and absolutely love it.  This webpage is a memorial dedicated to the life of Rosa Parks at the time of her death in 2005.  Here you cannot only read about her accomplishments, but hear Mrs. Parks' voice from several recorded interviews.  Simply click on "Remembrance by Cheryl Corley" and a media player will appear and begin playing the broadcast.
Anamaria Liriano

Rosa Parks Chronology - 1 views

www.smithsoniansource.org/...viewdetails.aspx

#race #rosa #civil rights

shared by Anamaria Liriano on 05 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Anamaria Liriano on 05 Sep 13
     
    The following website lists the events surrounding Parks' arrest and that of the bus strike in chronological order, which can be helpful in making sense of the order in which things took place. This site in particular is very good for understanding the bus strike that took place only days after Parks' arrest in terms of understanding context and how much work and effort strike organizer's and participants went through to see that the strike would be successful. I was surprised to have learned about the lengths the Black community went through to see the strike be successful -carpooling, discounted taxi rides, regular meetings to discuss the state of the strike. Now having read the material hosted at this site, I look at the photograph and wonder if Parks had any idea what was come, what had been set in motion.
Roman Vladimirsky

Rosa Parks - 0 views

www.heroism.org/...parks.htm

#race #RosaParks #bus #civilrights

shared by Roman Vladimirsky on 08 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Roman Vladimirsky on 08 Sep 13
     
    This site tells the story of the infamous day when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Rosa Parks gives her own detailed description of the days events. In my opinion her most interesting thought was that she had no idea that what she had just done would change the course of American history forever. She had no idea of how people would react to her arrest. This is useful in exploring the image because now you have some first hand dialogue to go with the image after visiting this website.
Roman Vladimirsky

United States honors Rosa Parks - 0 views

mondoweiss.net/...ared-announces-segregated.html

#race #RosaParks #segregation #courage

shared by Roman Vladimirsky on 08 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Roman Vladimirsky on 08 Sep 13
     
    The site discusses how in March of 2013, President Obama honored Rosa Parks by dedicating a statue in her honor in the Capitol building in Washington D.C. According to the site, Rosa Parks served as an inspiration to stand up against injustice. The same site talks about bus segregation in Israel where there are now separate bus lines for Palestinians. This site is useful in exploring the image because it shows how important that day was in American history. It brought the country together in so many way. So much so that today there is a statue in the United States Capitol Building.
sassan31

On Rosa Parks' 100th Birthday, Recalling Her Rebellious Life Before and After the Montg... - 0 views

www.democracynow.org/...parks_100th_birthday_recalling

#race #rosaparks #civilrightsmovement

shared by sassan31 on 12 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • sassan31 on 12 Sep 13
     
    This source and site is very pertinent as it provides information on the life of Rosa Parks before and after the Montgomery Bus incident and subsequent boycott and the impact her legacy remains with us today. In particular, this source provides both video of a segment done on the subject as well as the text transcript. The reason that this site and source is important and relevant to the analysis of the image at hand is due to the fact that it provides us with the context of Rosa's struggle and how her struggle helped change the nature of America. This is a very relevant source that helps us place ourselves in the shoes of Rosa Parks and the struggle that she fought and overcome.
erin Garris

The Stonewall Inn: The Spark of the Revolution - 0 views

gvh.aphdigital.org/...1337

#gender #women #gayrights

shared by erin Garris on 19 Nov 13 - No Cached
  • erin Garris on 19 Nov 13
     
    This site shows photos of gay men holding up banners just like the banner that Donna Gottschalk held. Their banner read "Christopher Street Gay Liberation Day." This was the first of many more celebrations to come. Its 2013 about to be 2014 and the parade is still rocking. I work in a predominately gay area and every year I witness people coming from the annual parade. Now I wonder if these new participants know their history.
Alexa Mason

The 1930s" Turning Point for US Labor - 0 views

isreview.org/...The_1930s.shtml

#class #labor #unions #race #GreatDepression

shared by Alexa Mason on 07 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • But they spoke too soon. Before the decade was over, the U.S. economy had plunged into the worst depression in U.S. history. The 1929 stock market crash which marked the beginning of the Great Depression ushered in a period of immiseration for virtually the entire working class. By 1932 it was estimated that 75 percent of the population was living in poverty, and fully one-third was unemployed. And in many places, Black unemployment rates were two, three, or even four times those of white workers.
  • the richest people in society felt no sympathy for the starving masses.
  • hey banded together as a group to oppose every measure to grant government assistance to feed the hungry or help the homeless
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • In 1934, when 400,000 East Coast textile workers went on strike to win union recognition, the bosses responded with a reign of terror, provoking one of the bitterest and bloodiest strikes in U.S. labor history.
  • Most importantly, the working class was no longer segregated along racial lines. The slowdown in immigration after 1914 brought with it a corresponding increase in internal migration. A half-million Southern Blacks moved north during World War I. By 1930, more than 25 percent of Black men were employed in industrial jobs, compared with only 7 percent in 1890. By the mid—1930s, Black workers made up 20 percent of the laborers and 6 percent of the operatives in the steel industry nationally. And one-fifth of the workforce in Chicago’s slaughterhouses was Black. White workers couldn’t hope to win unless they united with Black workers–and that wouldn’t happen unless they organized on the basis of equality.1
  • Teamster President Daniel Tobin even repeated former AFL President Sam Gompers’ earlier insult, calling unskilled workers "garbage."
  • The workers of this country have rights under this law which cannot be taken from them, and nobody will be permitted to whittle them away but, on the other hand, no aggression is necessary now to attain these rights…. The principle that applies to the employer applies to workers as well and I ask you workers to cooperate in the same spirit.23
  • The NAACP proposed to the AFL "the formation of an interracial workers’ commission to promote systematic propaganda against racial discrimination in the unions." In 1929, the NAACP again appealed to the AFL to fight racial discrimination. In both instances, the AFL did not even bother to respond.17 B
  • n the early 1930s, unskilled workers who wanted to unionize had no choice but to apply for membership in the AFL, but became quickly disillusioned by the indifference–and sometimes hostility–toward them by the union leadership. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers who joined the AFL were quickly shuffled off into "federal locals"–as subsidiaries with fewer rights than the brotherhoods of skilled workers
  • Blacks were effectively excluded from receiving minimum wages established in particular industries, because the NRA allowed employers to exempt predominantly Black job categories from coverage. In the South, where Black workers were still concentrated, workers were routinely paid less than Northern workers for the same jobs in the same industries. And in industries in which Black and white workers’ wages were made equal, it was common practice for racist employers to simply fire all their Black workers and replace them with whites, arguing that the NRA wage minimums were "too much money for Negroes." It was with good reason that within a matter of months, the NRA was known among Black workers as the "Negro Removal Act" and the "Negro Robbed Again."
  • The Great Depression was the most significant period of class struggle that has ever taken place in the United States. The sheer intensity of the struggle led ever broader sections of the working class to become radicalized and to begin to generalize politically. For a very short period of time as the working class movement advanced–between 1935 and 1937–the level of radicalization was such that on a fairly large scale workers began to realize that if they were to have a chance at winning, they had to confront all the bosses’ attempts to divide and weaken the working-class movement. Workers had to break down racial barriers and build genuine unity and solidarity; they had to prepare themselves to confront the violence of the bosses, which grew in ferocity during this period; they had to fight against anti-communism; and they had to break with the Democrats and the Republicans and form an independent working-class party.
  • But the Communist Party developed its first national campaign against racism through its years-long effort to free the Scottsboro Boys. The Scottsboro Boys case began in 1931 and dragged on for nearly 20 years, making it one of the most important antiracist struggles in U.S. history. But it was also important because it marked the first time in the U.S. that Black and white workers had ever joined together in large numbers in a campaign against racism. The Scottsboro Boys were nine Black youths, aged 13 to 21, who were arrested in Alabama on a charge of gang-raping two white women on a train. There was no evidence to support a charge of rape, but that didn’t matter–particularly since Alabama is a Southern state, where it was common practice to convict Black men on unsubstantiated charges of raping white women. Within two weeks of the incident, the Scottsboro Boys had been tried, convicted and sentenced to death by an all-white jury–all while a huge lynch mob of white racists stood inside and outside the courtroom. The Scottsboro Boys case was primarily an issue of racism, but it also divided the Black population along class lines. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), a traditionally middle-class, liberal Black organization, refused to touch the case at first. As one author described, "[T]he last thing they wanted was to identify the Association with a gang of mass rapists unless they were reasonably certain the boys were innocent or their constitutional rights had been abridged."52 But the Communist Party had no such reservations. It immediately sent a legal delegation from its International Labor Defense (ILD) committee to offer to defend the Scottsboro Boys in court.
  • Alexa Mason on 07 Oct 13
     
    This webpage describes the conditions in America in the 1930s. It outlines the struggles of the working class as the depression hit. It illustrates the demarcation between classes, especially the working class and the business owners who fought to prevent unionized workers. The reader learns about the violence incited as a result the business owner's fight to limit unions. The webpage also goes on to discuss the plight of black workers in America. The site illustrates an intersection between race and class through examples such as the Scottsboro Boys' case.
David McLellan

Does Her Face Foretell Her Fate? | Walker Evans, Lucille Burroughs, Daughter of a Cotto... - 1 views

online.wsj.com/...3467004575574162690573540.html

#class #documentary #history #daughter

shared by David McLellan on 04 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Walker Evans's "Lucille Burroughs, Daughter of a Cotton Sharecropper. Hale County, Alabama" (1936).
  • Evans's portrait of Lucille is elegant in its simplicity. She is shown from the shoulders up, her face framed by a straw hat, standing against the wooden planking of one of the outbuildings of the farm the Burroughs family worked as tenants. There is nothing superfluous, and the 8-by-10 negative of Evans's view camera captures the textures of the included elements with great specificity. The rust bleeding from the nails in the untreated wood is a clue to the family's economic condition, but poverty is not evident elsewhere in the picture.
  • But it is Lucille Burroughs's face, the center of the image, that holds our attention. Our face-recognition apparatus sees she is young, white, of apparent Anglo-Saxon heritage, and although her features are regular, and even attractive, there is something in her face—in the picture of her face—that lets us know she was not born to wealth. More difficult than culling that sociological information is trying to suss out her expression. Her eyes are focused intently on Evans, the photographer who commands the black box with its bellows and dials and its one great all-seeing eye, a city man, a New Yorker, who came to their farm looking for what?
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • In "And Their Children After Them: The Legacy of 'Let Us Now Praise Famous Men,'" Dale Maharidge traces the later histories of the sharecropper families in Agee and Evans's book. Lucille Burroughs was married when she was 15. She divorced, married again and had four children. Her husband died young. She never became a teacher or a nurse, as she once dreamed, but picked cotton and then waited tables. She was poor. In 1971, at age 45, she committed suicide by drinking rat poison. You go back to look again at the picture of the 10-year-old, to see if any of that awful story was foretold, to see if there wasn't a way to make it come out better.
  • David McLellan on 04 Oct 13
     
    Here is the portrait of the Lucille Burroughs, daughter of Allie Mae Burroughs, taken by Walker Evans.  This gives a little more information into the lives and struggles and eventual history of the Burroughs family who were depression era share croppers in Hale county Alabama.  
David Martinez

Hungry Times In America - 1 views

www.yourdictionary.com/walker-evans

#america

shared by David Martinez on 03 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Kathryn Walker on 03 Oct 13
     
    This link tells a bit about the American photographer, Walker Evans (1903-1975) who was best known for his photographs of American life between the world wars. Everyday objects and people-the urban and rural poor, abandoned buildings, storefronts, street signs, and the like-are encapsulated in his laconic images of the 1930s and 1940s.
  • David Martinez on 06 Oct 13
     
    What an honor it is to have someone donate money to name a academic department on your name. It is well known that Walker Evans did so much for the world, and if I am right in recalling, I can perhaps paraphrase was Evans said: 'Art lasts a long time, but the period of time that exposes the art, does not last long." What a profound meaning this statement has. And, indeed, Ms. Burroughs' picture has lasted a long time and now it is a part of history that tells us about an economical depression in the 1930s that is relevant to us. This picture will never leave our heads. Evans provided the world with so much insight in exposing "hungry times."
Jasmine Wade

Who is the Nigger? -James Baldwin (clip) - YouTube - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

race

shared by Jasmine Wade on 30 Sep 13 - No Cached
    • Jasmine Wade
      Jasmine Wade on 30 Sep 13
       
      "Nigger" was created, as was the term "white" discussed by Pamela Perry. The "white" man did racially separate themselves from peoples that were different, primarily and entirely based on the complexion of the skin. The other people of dark complexions did place fear in the Europeans because it is a natural human function to fear what they do not know. The European men were simply too self-righteous and ignorant to recognize the worth of all human beings that exist, nonetheless the equality of all men. 0:49-0:56, 1:09-1:15
    • Jasmine Wade
      Jasmine Wade on 30 Sep 13
       
      Refer to definition of "Nigger" to give insight to why it was used, to belittle and dehumanize.
  • "There will be a Negro president of this country but it will not be the country that we are sitting in now."
Heidi Beckles

Allie Mae Burroughs, Wife of a Cotton sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama, 1936 - 1 views

www.high.org/...CollectionDetails.aspx

#class #greatdepression #poverty

shared by Heidi Beckles on 09 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Heidi Beckles on 09 Oct 13
     
    This portrait was made by Walker Evans during the summer of 1936 when he and writer James Agee were on assignment for Fortune magazine. Their story on tenant farmers in the South was finally released as a book in 1941, "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men". Critics of the time hailed the "naked realism" of Evans' stark portrayals, which would become iconic representations of American farming communities stricken by poverty during the Great Depression. This site is useful because it takes you in on the individual in the photo itself, allowing you to see the reverse effects of an unstable economy, in America where opportunity is to be boundless, especially for people that were considered the minority in this era.
erin Garris

Gender Roles of the 1930's - 0 views

sites.google.com/...genderrolesofthe1930s

#class #women # race depression

shared by erin Garris on 10 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • erin Garris on 10 Oct 13
     
    This site discusses gender roles during the Depression. Women no longer stayed home and took care of the house. They now had to go out a get low paying jobs. Women worked just as hard as men however they would only get paid have as much. I assume not being equal caused added stress. The picture that we are studying shows a young lady who's twenty seven years old but she looks twice her age.
Heidi Beckles

1933 List of New Deal Legislation - 0 views

rooseveltinstitute.org/...new-deal

#class #thenewdeal # politics #1933 #alabama

shared by Heidi Beckles on 10 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Heidi Beckles on 10 Oct 13
     
    When I first looked at this photo, the first thing that came to mind was the image of a hillbilly. As I searched the web for information about the photo I remembered visiting the tenement museum in the Lower Eastside, one of the things I remembered was Hard Times and the New Deal of the early mid 1930's. The New Deal came up when I typed in hillbilly in Hale County Alabama, which lead me to this site about Roosevelt and the New Deal. Since the onset of the Great Depression-initiated by the crash of the stock market in the fall of 1929-over $75 billion in equity capital had been lost on Wall Street, the gross national product had plunged from a high of $104 billion to a mere $74 billion, and U.S. exports had fallen by 62 percent. Over thirteen million people, nearly 25 percent of the workforce, were now unemployed. In some cities, the jobless rate was even higher. Caught in a web of despair, thousands of shabbily dressed men and women walked the streets in search of work, or a bit of food, doled out from one of the hundreds of soup kitchens set up by private charities to keep the wage-less from starvation. FDR's response to this unprecedented crisis was to initiate the "New Deal" - a series of economic measures designed to alleviate the worst effects of the depression, reinvigorate the economy, and restore the confidence of the American people in their banks and other key institutions. While the New Deal did much to lessen the worst affects of the Great Depression, its measures were not sweeping enough to restore the nation to full employment. Critics of FDR's policies, on both the right and the left, use this fact as a reason to condemn it. Conservatives argue, for example, that it went too far, and brought too much government intervention in the economy, while those on the left argue that it did not go far enough, and that in order to be truly effective, the Roosevelt Administration should have engaged in a far more comprehensive program of dire
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