Billfish species (families Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae) are caught in artisanal, recreational, and commercial fisheries throughout the Western Indian Ocean region. However, data and information on the interactions among these fisheries and the ecology of billfish in the WIO are not well understood. Using an in-depth analysis of peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, observation studies, and authors' insider knowledge, we summarize the current state of knowledge on billfish fisheries in 10 countries. To describe historical and current trends, we examined fisheries statistics from governmental and non-governmental agencies, sportfishing clubs' reports, diaries of sportfishing captains, and the catch and effort databases of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. We highlight two key points. First, billfish fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean are highly diverse, comprising two distinct segments-coastal and oceanic. However, data are poor for most countries with significant gaps in information especially for sport and artisanal fisheries. Second, the evidence assembled showed that billfish species have immense social, cultural, and economic value. Swordfish are targeted by both large-scale and semi-industrial fisheries, while other billfish species, particularly marlin, are highly sought after by sport fisheries in most countries. Our paper provides a comprehensive review of billfish fisheries and available information in the context of the WIO underscoring the need to strengthen data collection and reporting, citizen science, and collaborative sustainable development and management of billfish.
* Fisheries regulators rely on a culture of compliance to encourage adherence to fisheries legislation and regulations.
* Fisheries management mechanisms are routinely adopted to prevent non-compliance.
* Literature reveals a common culture of non-compliance across geographic locations and fisheries.
* Results are drawn from a study of 945 participants to understand the culture of compliance among West Australian fishers.
* Results improve understanding of non-compliance for this inshore fishery and how responses can encourage a compliant culture.
Somalia's semi-autonomous region of Puntland has moved to combat illegal fishing in its waters - the first ever move to fight against the illegal business
Somalia's semi-autonomous region of Puntland has moved to combat illegal fishing in its waters - the first ever move to fight against the illegal business